This paper presents a novel data fusion framework that integrates Automatic Identification System (AIS) data with radar surveillance for real-time vessel monitoring in inland restricted waterways. The approach exploits the complementarity between heterogeneous sensors: AIS provides semantic information with temporal sparsity, while radar offers high-frequency observations without vessel identity. The proposed solution combines Kalman filtering and Newton interpolation (K-N) for high-resolution AIS resampling, followed by optimal data association using the Kuhn-Munkres (KM) algorithm. By formulating data association as a global optimization problem, the framework achieves globally optimal sensor fusion while effectively handling data imbalance through virtual point augmentation. Experimental validation using real-world data demonstrates a matching accuracy of 94.2% in low-density scenarios and 80.1% in high-traffic conditions, with computational efficiency suitable for real-time deployment. The system performs consistently across different waterway geometries, although performance varies slightly between curved and straight channels. By fusing the high temporal resolution of radar data with the rich identity information from AIS, this framework enables more accurate and reliable vessel tracking, providing waterway authorities with enhanced situational awareness for improved traffic management and scheduling in restricted waterways.
Yuriy Kvach, Carol A. Stepien, Galyna G. Minicheva
et al.
Abstract Background The effects of war on biodiversity, habitats, ecosystem services, and water, seafood, and fishing resources are complex and long-lasting, yet their ongoing environmental analyses are limited. The Russia–Ukraine War (2022–present) comprises a unique ecological situation to examine biodiversity effects on the distinctive cold-temperate northern Black Sea ecosystem, which has an intriguing biogeographic history and high endemism resulting from geographic isolation and differentiation. Results We summarize negative and positive effects from the War on the aquatic (marine, estuarine, and freshwater) biota and their habitats, focusing on investigations by the Institute of Marine Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Negative effects include toxins and habitat damage from oil spills, shelling, mining, explosions, flooding, and fires; along with disregard of Protected Areas. Positive effects are reduced anthropogenic loads from less shipping, fishing, trawling, recreation, hydraulic engineering, construction, and tourism. The Kakhovka Dam’s destruction on June 6, 2023 was the greatest ecological catastrophe to date, causing extensive downstream flooding with freshwaters and pollutants that destroyed many populations and habitats. We discern that many effects have been temporary, with habitats and species replenishing, and some reverting to their historical biota characteristic of lower salinity regimes. However, significant habitat destruction, disturbances, and pollutant damages remain. Since many of the native species evolved in conditions favoring broad salinity, temperature, and oxygen tolerances, the northern Black Sea ecosystem appears pre-adapted for ecological recovery and persistence, which may equate to ecological resilience during and after the War. Conclusions The native biota exhibits long-term adaptiveness to marked salinity and temperature fluctuations, alongside a background of invasive species. An evolutionary and recent history of broad environmental tolerances by a large proportion of Black Sea species may enhance their ability to withstand marked environmental changes, including habitat destruction, as during the Kakhovka Dam's breakage and other stressors that continue during the Russia–Ukraine War. The Black Sea community’s overall ecological resilience is likely to facilitate persistence and adaptation to the War’s effects and the accelerating impacts of climate change, increased global transportation, and invasive species—meriting worldwide conservation agency focus and cooperation.
Nguyen Thi Huyen Trang, Taiga Mitsuyuki, Yoshiaki Hirakawa
et al.
This study investigates the seakeeping performance of a wind power generation ship (WPG ship). This type of vessel uses rigid sails for propulsion and submerged turbines in the form of either two or four booms to generate energy. The research includes both tank tests and simulations using Ansys AQWA, validated with the new strip method (NSM). The vessel used in this study is the container ship KCS. Overall, the power generator increases the ship’s stability and reduces roll but has almost no impact on pitch. The findings show that the 4-boom configuration offers better stability and seakeeping than the 2-boom configuration. The ship’s speed has a significant impact on the ship’s RAO, especially roll and pitch, both for the bare hull and the hull with power generation equipment. When the ship’s speed increases slightly, the roll RAO tends to decrease, but as the speed becomes higher, the RAO tends to increase. Wind conditions notably increase the roll RAO peak, reducing stability, while pitch changes are minimal. The KCS model maintains operational capability in winds up to Beaufort scale 11.
Jacek Caban, Aleksander Nieoczym, Edgar Sokolovskij
et al.
The popularity of electric scooters as an individual means of transport results from their availability in the urban sharing system, ease of movement in the city and reduction of driving time compared to other means of passenger transport. The user can choose from a whole range of vehicles with different driving range and equipment with elements increasing the functionality of using the scooter. The article presents a proposal for changes to the design of a typical electric scooter. The main objective of the work is the engineering design of suspension and braking systems, in particular the swing arm suspension of the front and rear wheels and an additional disc brake. Increasing the diameter of the wheels and equipping it with a front and rear suspension system allowed for the reduction of vibrations and shocks transferred to the vehicle when driving on uneven surfaces. The results of analytical calculations confirming the positive effects of the introduced modifications were included. Adding a disc brake allowed for shortening the braking distance from 13.7 to 8.9 m, which has a positive effect on driving safety. A Finite Element Method (FEM) strength analysis was also performed, the results of which confirm the correctness of the new design. The modernized design improved the ride comfort and safety of using the electric scooter.
First published online 9 February 2026
ABSTRACT This paper primarily studies the control problem of disturbed vehicle platoon using fixed‐time control methods. With the proposed variable time headway policy, vehicles can maintain the desired distance to the preceding vehicle during constant speed cruising in advance based on their acceleration. Additionally, a fixed‐time disturbance observer is introduced to estimate the disturbances. The introduction of adaptive law and the hyperbolic tangent function, which replaces the sign function, aims to mitigate the chattering issue of the controller. Subsequently, a fixed‐time anti‐disturbance control strategy is proposed. To address the transient issues caused by non‐zero initial spacing errors, another improved approach is suggested. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed solutions are verified through numerical simulations.
Abstract Intelligent vehicles are prone to dangerous issues such as sideslip and instability when changing lanes to avoid obstacles under some extreme conditions. Therefore, to improve safety and stability during the obstacle‐avoidance process, this paper proposes a lane‐change control method that considers yaw stability based on distributed drive electric vehicles. Fuzzy adaptive model predictive control and proportional integral derivative (PID) control are, respectively, established to compute the optimal front wheel steering angle and vehicle longitudinal torque under lateral and longitudinal decoupling. Additionally, a direct yaw moment controller is constructed based on model predictive control to calculate the additional yaw moment, which is then distributed according to the tire adhesion utilisation rate to optimise yaw stability in lane‐changing obstacle‐avoidance scenarios. Finally, the proposed control framework is verified in typical obstacle‐avoidance scenarios. The results show that, compared to the control method that do not consider yaw stability, the average yaw rate deviation is reduced by 54.0% on high‐adhesion road surfaces and by 61.2% on low‐adhesion road surfaces, achieving further optimsation in the safety and stability of the obstacle‐avoidance process.
The construction industry, particularly in road projects, faces pressing challenges related to environmental sustainability and cost management. As road construction contributes significantly to environmental degradation and demands large-scale investments, there is an urgent need for innovative solutions that balance environmental impact with economic feasibility. Despite advancements in building technologies and energy-efficient materials, accurate and reliable predictions for environmental load and construction costs during the planning and design stages remain limited due to insufficient data systems and complex project variables. This study explores the application of machine-learning techniques to predict environmental loads and construction costs in road projects, using a dataset of 100 national road construction cases in the Republic of Korea. The research employs multiple regression analysis, regression tree models, and case-based reasoning (CBR) to estimate these critical parameters at both the planning and design stages. A novel aspect of this research lies in its comparative analysis of different machine-learning models to address the challenge of limited and non-ideal data environments, offering valuable insights for enhancing predictive accuracy despite data scarcity. The results reveal that while regression models perform better in the design stage, achieving error rates of 12% for environmental load estimation and 23% for construction costs, the case-based reasoning model outperforms others in the planning stage, with a 15.9% average error rate for environmental load and 19.9% for construction costs. These findings highlight the potential of machine-learning techniques to drive environmentally conscious and economically sound decision-making in construction, despite data limitations. However, the study also identifies the need for larger, more diverse datasets and better integration of qualitative data to improve model accuracy, offering a roadmap for future research in sustainable construction management.
Objective Digitization and intelligence (D&I) is essential for rail transit high-quality development. Currently, there is a lack of top-level design for high-speed maglev D&I, necessitating research to meet the requirements for the high-quality construction, operation, and sustainable development of high-speed maglev system. Method The progress of D&I advancements for railway and urban rail transit in China is introduced, and the characteristics of current D&I development in rail transit sector are summarized. Considering its unique technological characteristics, the practical foundation for high-speed maglev D&I are analyzed from aspects such as technological basis, time window, and social needs. The connotations of high-speed maglev D&I are identified from four levels of technology, business, management, and society. A basic evolution path for high-speed maglev D&I is proposed, elaborating on five key aspects: top-level design, technology-based construction, intelligent application deepening, organizational management optimization, and intelligent cycle establishment. Based on system engineering methods, the overall framework for high-speed maglev D&I is designed, abstracting the entire system into seven sub-frameworks: service, function, logic, technology, physics, data, and security. Result & Conclusion High-speed maglev D&I is not a simple technical concept, but a continuous process of development and evolution. Revolving around data as the main thread, the basic path is divided into two dimensions: evolution and implementation. Its overall framework is open, flexible, multi-dimensional, and multi-level, including four aspects: system engineering method, system abstraction, data system, and smart cycling. The conceptual connotation, basic path, and overall framework collectively constitute the foundation for high-speed maglev D&I top-level design.
Background: Site pollution in construction can be reduced by using high levels of prefabrication and industrialization. However, the lack of green concepts and methods during the prefabrication assembly process hinders its environmental benefits. Digital twin technology can monitor sites in real-time and provide data visualization for decision support, which has been used in construction management and risk control. Methods: We propose a six-dimensional digital twin framework that includes physical and virtual spaces, project management and service layers, twin data, and component connections. The framework integrates green factors of prefabricated construction into a model evolution framework and mechanism that enables real-time green services throughout the process. Results: The proposed framework, modeling method, and evolution method were tested in prefabrication projects in Tianjin. By applying these methods, inadequate management measures were promptly identified and strengthened. Energy consumption and pollution were reduced by comparing with the plan before construction. In addition, the model evolution method optimized green management measures and improved the level of green construction management on site. Conclusions: The application results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework, the model building method, and the evolution method in improving the green level of prefabricated construction.
As the material transportation system of the human body, the vascular network carries the transportation of materials and nutrients. Currently, the construction of functional microvascular networks is an urgent requirement for the development of regenerative medicine and in vitro drug screening systems. How to construct organs with functional blood vessels is the focus and challenge of tissue engineering research. Here in this review article, we first introduced the basic characteristics of blood vessels in the body and the mechanism of angiogenesis in vivo, summarized the current methods of constructing tissue blood vessels in vitro and in vivo, and focused on comparing the functions, applications and advantages of constructing different types of vascular chips to generate blood vessels. Finally, the challenges and opportunities faced by the development of this field were discussed.
Under the background of smart city construction, modern information technology has been continuously innovated and developed, which has effectively promoted the development of highway transportation in China, and GIS technology has effectively promoted the development speed of highway transportation informationization in China. As an important geographic information system, GIS technology has obvious technical advantages in traffic information data collection, information data analysis and processing, and promotes the road traffic to develop towards informationization gradually. In order to accelerate the mature development of road transportation, with the support of GIS technology, the road transportation digital twin system is gradually constructed. As a revolutionary technology in the development of highway transportation, digital technology promotes the development of highway transportation in a green, open, and shared direction, laying a solid foundation for the quality of highway engineering construction. Based on this, this article analyzes the overview of GIS technology, explores the digital twin technology, and specifically discusses the modeling process of the road traffic digital twin system, in order to verify the feasibility of the practical application of the road traffic digital twin system.
Renewable Energy Systems have been in the spotlight of the academic and industrial research for more than two decades, thanks to the development of several fields related to the Electrical Engineering. More recently, with the increasing complexity of the individual renewable energy systems and the interconnection to the grid, the scientific panorama has been witnessing to a convergence of different topics, which span across several IEEE-IES thematic areas: power electronics, electrical machines, smart grids, energy storage, transportation electrification and aerospace. After a brief overview of the renewable energy technologies, this work deals with how the convergence of multiple technologies developed to provide marginal support to the grid has evolved into the foundation of the future utility grid and expanded to transportation sector. It will be shown how the design of a renewable energy system cannot prescind anymore from the electrical grid and from the ancillary services that are requested. Example of convergence are given for a smart transformer application and for a transportation application.
Manipulation of cell-cell interactions via cell surface engineering has potential biomedical applications in tissue engineering and cell therapy. However, manipulation of the comprehensive and multiple intercellular interactions remain a challenge and missing elements. Herein, utilizing DNA triangular prism (TP) and branched polymer (BP) as functional modules, we fabricate tunable DNA scaffold networks on cell surface. The responsiveness of cell-cell recognition, aggregation and dissociation could be modulated by aptamer-functionalized DNA scaffold networks with high accuracy and specificity. By regulating the DNA scaffold networks coated on cell surface, the controlled intercellular molecular transportation is achieved. Our tunable network provides a simple and extendible strategy which addresses a current need in cell surface engineering to precisely manipulate cell-cell interactions and shows a promise as a general tool for controllable cell behavior.
The drivers' yielding distance to pedestrians at midblock crosswalks affects pedestrians' perceived safety. This distance can be influenced by either crosswalk-related or non-crosswalk. In most cases, crosswalk-related features are readily available or easy to collect compared to non-crosswalk features. However, the extent to which crosswalk-related features affect the spatial yielding compliance is not clear. This study evaluated the role of combined crosswalk-related features on drivers' spatial yielding compliance at signalized midblock crosswalks. The study used observational survey data collected from fifteen flash-based signalized midblock crosswalks located in Las Vegas, Nevada. Three logistic regression models, with crosswalk-related features only, non-crosswalk features only, and combined features, were developed and compared. It was revealed that the performance difference between the model with crosswalk-related features only and combined features was insignificant. This study found that the presence of state's law signs, “PED XING” signs, and placement of rectangular rapid flashing beacons (RRFBs) on the advanced pedestrians crossing signs (APCSs), are significant factors for high spatial yielding compliance. On the contrary, the yield line's presence at a distance greater than 40 ft from the crosswalk, presence of one stage crossing, and high Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) negatively affects the spatial yielding compliance. Moreover, the findings suggest that researchers should be careful about excluding the non-crosswalk features from the analysis. To improve spatial yielding compliance, several recommendations that the city planners and engineers can adopt are provided.
Bruno de Oliveira Lázaro, Maria Lígia Chuerubim, Rogério Lemos Ribeiro
et al.
Neste trabalho são apresentadas abordagens distintas de avaliação da condição da superfície de pavimentos urbanos, fundamentadas em conceitos derivados de técnicas tradicionais de levantamento expedito, como também em metodologias de análise espacial e geoprocessamento. A partir desta problemática, elaborou-se um estudo de caso ao longo da Avenida Segismundo Pereira, na cidade de Uberlândia/MG, Brasil, onde foram coletadas informações associadas à frequência, à intensidade e a localização de manifestações patológicas da superfície do pavimento, com base na avaliação subjetiva, e com o auxílio de técnicas de geoprocessamento e de procedimentos estatísticos de análise espacial. Por meio dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que a superfície do pavimento da avenida analisada se encontra em estado predominantemente bom. No entanto, esta condição não se estende aos trechos da avenida inseridos em regiões submetidas às mudanças no padrão de uso e ocupação do solo, a intensidade e a composição do tráfego típico, nos quais a condição da superfície do pavimento foi diagnosticada como sendo ruim ou péssima.
Express highways are roads of high speed, large capacity, and transportation flexibility. The network of express highways in China has been developed over the last 30 years to accommodate the needs of a growing population and to facilitate economic development. Part of the network is in permafrost regions, where the construction and maintenance of these roads present significant engineering challenges due to permafrost degradation induced by climate warming and by construction. This paper summarizes the engineering problems encountered in the construction and maintenance of these express highways, and the mitigation techniques used to overcome them on new transportation projects in permafrost regions. Ten types of engineering problems along the Qinghai‐Tibet Highway, the oldest and longest highway in the permafrost regions of China are identified. Their main cause is related to permafrost degradation in the subgrade beneath the road subbase. Settlement of the highway embankment due to thaw consolidation of degrading permafrost is the dominant mechanical distress observed. Mitigation techniques, mainly for enhancing heat convection beneath express highways, are discussed along with their effects. Research in China related to transportation projects may provide a reference for future express highway design and construction in permafrost regions around the world.
Abstract This study investigated the coupled influences of the content and methylene blue value (MBV) of microfines on the comprehensive performance of manufactured sand concrete. The results show that microfines with a low MBV improve the workability of fresh concrete and the compactness of hardened concrete, thus improving certain properties of the concrete. In contrast, microfines with a high MBV are detrimental to frost resistance and shrinkage. Furthermore, the requirements regarding the allowable content of microfines can be relaxed depending on the associated MBV in order to make full use of microfines in manufactured sand concrete. Finally, this study calculates the coefficient of the coupled effects of the content and MBV of microfines on the performance of manufactured sand concrete based on the correlation theory and provides the basis for updating the content and MBV requirements for microfines in actual engineering. Sand can be replaced with microfines in traditional construction, transportation engineering and bridge engineering, thereby alleviating shortages of river sand.
The paper presents a comparative study of the behaviour of 97% polyamide/3% elastane socks, named functional socks, and of 70% cotton/27% polyamide/3% elastane socks, called classic socks, both type used for moderate-intensity physical activity. Nowadays, the question always arises about what socks to wear: classic 100% cotton socks, cotton/polyamide/elastane socks, or polyamide/elastane socks. The wearing comfort of the socks is the determining factor in choosing the optimal variant. The functional socks are made of 100% synthetic yarns and are appreciated due to the properties of absorption and rapid transfer of moisture from the body to the environment. The classic socks are made of cotton or cotton yarns mixed with synthetic yarns, giving better wearing comfort compared to functional socks through the high moisture absorption capacity. But due to the small capacity to transfer moisture from the body to the outside environment, wearing for a long time can produce discomfort as a result of the humid environment that is created. The two types of socks were evaluated through a series of analyses as follows: weight per piece, optical microscopy, hygroscopicity, hydrophilicity, elasticity in the direction of stitches’ rows and degree of compression. The analysed data led to the conclusion that functional socks have superior elasticity and comfort properties compared to the classical ones.