Hasil untuk "Neurophysiology and neuropsychology"

Gabija Jarašiūnaitė-Fedosejeva, Erika Gibė, Gabija Juzėnaitė et al.

Body image concerns are highly prevalent among women during the perinatal period and early motherhood. These concerns have implications for maternal mental health, breastfeeding, intimate relationships, and long-term well-being. This systematic scoping review aimed to map and synthesize evidence on the types, theoretical frameworks, delivery modes, and outcomes of interventions designed to improve body image during pregnancy and up to five years postpartum. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, six databases were searched, yielding 3,133 records, of which 11 studies published between 2014 and 2023 were included. Interventions reflected diverse approaches, ranging from psychoeducation and cognitive-behavioural therapy to self-compassion meditation and photovoice method. Delivery modes ranged from therapist-led groups to digital platforms and social media-based programs. Interventions generally improved body appreciation, self-esteem, and functionality appreciation and reduced body dissatisfaction, shame, and psychological distress, though effect sizes were inconsistently reported. Digital interventions showed feasibility for mothers with limited time and access to in-person care. However, gaps remain in long-term effectiveness, cultural inclusivity, and ecological validity, with most evidence from Iran and the USA. Findings highlight the potential for psychologically grounded programs to enhance body image during perinatal period and early motherhood, and call for future research into diverse, inclusive, and sustainable intervention strategies.

Alexander Hedaya, Lawrence Ver Hoef

We describe a case of focal epilepsy with a semiology consisting of behaviors indicating an enthusiastic desire for those around him to get along and engage in friendly relations, which we refer to as “amity seizures”. The patient was a 41-year-old right-handed male with seizures since age 26. Semiology consisted of stereotyped enthusiastic behaviors such as expressing “Peace! Peace!… Come on, we all on the same team, right?!”, and giving hugs, kisses, and high-fives to those around him. On SEEG evaluation, 2 independent areas of seizure onset were identified, the right hippocampus and right posterior orbitofrontal area. Locally confined seizures had bland manifestation. However, spread from right hippocampus to right orbitofrontal area, or vice versa, elicited his typical amity seizure semiology. To our knowledge this is the first report of the seizure semiology we have coined “Amity seizures”. While emotions were once thought to localize to discrete brain regions, they are now accepted to arise from networks across multiple brain regions. The fact that this behavior only occurred when seizures spread from either of 2 onset zones to the other suggests that this semiology results from network engagement between, and likely beyond, either onset zone.

Maedbh King, Sienna Bruinsma, Richard B. Ivry

Dilip Arumugam, Mark K. Ho, Noah D. Goodman et al.

Abraham D. Killanin, Thomas W. Ward, Christine M. Embury et al.

Numerous investigations have characterized the oscillatory dynamics serving working memory in adults, but few have probed its relationship with chronological age in developing youth. We recorded magnetoencephalography during a modified Sternberg verbal working memory task in 82 youth participants aged 6–14 years old. Significant oscillatory responses were identified and imaged using a beamforming approach and the resulting whole-brain maps were probed for developmental effects during the encoding and maintenance phases. Our results indicated robust oscillatory responses in the theta (4–7 Hz) and alpha (8–14 Hz) range, with older participants exhibiting stronger alpha oscillations in left-hemispheric language regions. Older participants also had greater occipital theta power during encoding. Interestingly, there were sex-by-age interaction effects in cerebellar cortices during encoding and in the right superior temporal region during maintenance. These results extend the existing literature on working memory development by showing strong associations between age and oscillatory dynamics across a distributed network. To our knowledge, these findings are the first to link chronological age to alpha and theta oscillatory responses serving working memory encoding and maintenance, both across and between male and female youth; they reveal robust developmental effects in crucial brain regions serving higher order functions.

Kwanghoon Park, Hoyong Park, ChiHye Chung

Synaptic plasticity in the amygdala plays an essential role in the formation and inhibition of fear memory; however, this plasticity has mainly been studied in the lateral amygdala, making it largely uninvestigated in other subnuclei. Here, we investigated long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) to the medial division of the central amygdala (CEm) synapses of juvenile C57BL/6N (B6) and 129S1/SvImJ (S1) mice. We found that in naïve B6 and S1 mice, LTP was not induced at the BLA to CEm synapses, whereas fear conditioning lowered the threshold for LTP induction in these synapses of both B6 and S1 mice. Interestingly, fear extinction disrupted the induction of LTP at the BLA to CEm synapses of B6 mice, whereas LTP was left intact in S1 mice. Both low-frequency stimulation (LFS) and modest LFS (mLFS) induced LTD in naïve B6 and S1 mice, suggesting that the BLA to CEm synapses express bidirectional plasticity. Fear conditioning disrupted both types of LTD induction selectively in S1 mice and LFS-LTD, presumably NMDAR-dependent LTD was partially recovered by fear extinction. However, mLFS-LTD which has been known to be endocannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R)-dependent was not induced after fear extinction in both mouse strains. Our observations suggest that fear conditioning enhances LTP while fear extinction diminishes LTP at the BLA to the CEm synapses of B6 mice with successful extinction. Considering that S1 mice showed strong fear conditioning and impaired extinction, strong fear conditioning in the S1 strain may be related to disrupted LTD, and impaired extinction may be due to constant LTP and weak LFS-LTD at the BLA to CEm synapses. Our study contributes to the further understanding of the dynamics of synaptic potentiation and depression between the subnuclei of the amygdala in juvenile mice after fear conditioning and extinction.

V. I. Galkin, C. G. Azra, E. A. Bonvech et al.

A new Cherenkov telescope of the SPHERE type is under development. Its main goal is to promote the solution of the problem of the primary cosmic ray mass composition at ultra high energies (1--100 PeV) using a newly developed technique of the primary mass assignment to EAS event on event-by-event basis. The telescope will carry out measurements of both the Cherenkov light reflected from the snow surface as well as the direct one. Sensitivity of the direct Cherenkov images' shapes to the primary mass is demonstrated.

Chia-Hsien Shih, Noel Naughton, Udit Halder et al.

Inspired by the unique neurophysiology of the octopus, we propose a hierarchical framework that simplifies the coordination of multiple soft arms by decomposing control into high-level decision making, low-level motor activation, and local reflexive behaviors via sensory feedback. When evaluated in the illustrative problem of a model octopus foraging for food, this hierarchical decomposition results in significant improvements relative to end-to-end methods. Performance is achieved through a mixed-modes approach, whereby qualitatively different tasks are addressed via complementary control schemes. Here, model-free reinforcement learning is employed for high-level decision-making, while model-based energy shaping takes care of arm-level motor execution. To render the pairing computationally tenable, a novel neural-network energy shaping (NN-ES) controller is developed, achieving accurate motions with time-to-solutions 200 times faster than previous attempts. Our hierarchical framework is then successfully deployed in increasingly challenging foraging scenarios, including an arena littered with obstacles in 3D space, demonstrating the viability of our approach.

Weiyu Hu, Xiaolin Zhao, Yadong Liu et al.

In the previous 10 years, researchers have suggested a critical role for the brain reward system in stress resilience. However, no study has provided an empirical link between activity in the mesostriatal reward regions during stress and the recovery of cortisol stress response. Moreover, although reward sensitivity as a trait has been demonstrated to promote stress resilience, it remains unclear whether it modulates the brain reward system in stress resilience and how this effect is achieved by the inherent neuroendocrine system. To investigate these uncertainties, 70 young adults were recruited to participate in a ScanSTRESS task, and their brain imaging data and saliva samples (for cortisol assay) were collected during the task. In addition, we assessed reward sensitivity, cortisol awakening response, and intrinsic functional connectivity of the brain in all the participants. We found that left putamen activation during stress exposure positively predicted cortisol recovery. In addition, reward sensitivity was positively linked with activation of the left putamen, and this relationship was serially mediated by the cortisol awakening response and right hippocampus-left inferior frontal gyrus intrinsic connectivity. These findings suggest that reward sensitivity modulates reward pathways in stress resilience through the interplay of the diurnal stress response system and network of the hippocampus-prefrontal circuitry. Summarily, the current study built a model to highlight the dynamic and multifaceted interaction between pertinent allostatic factors in the reward-resilience pathway and uncovered new insight into the resilience function of the mesostriatal reward system during stress.

Haley A. Vecchiarelli, Maria Morena, Tiffany T.Y. Lee et al.

Research over the past few decades has established a role for the endocannabinoid system in contributing to the neural and endocrine responses to stress exposure. The two endocannabinoid ligands, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), both play roles in regulating the stress response and both exhibit dynamic changes in response to stress exposure. Most of this previous research, however, was conducted in male rodents. Given that, especially in rodents, the stress response is influenced by sex, an understanding of how these dynamic responses of endocannabinoids in response to stress is influenced by sex could provide insight into sex differences of the acute stress response. We exposed adult, Sprague Dawley rats to different commonly utilized acute stress modalities, specifically restraint, swim and foot shock stress. Thirty minutes following stress onset, we excised the amygdala, hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, corticolimbic brain regions involved in the stress response, to measure endocannabinoid levels. When AEA levels were altered in response to restraint and swim stress, they were reduced, whereas exposure to foot shock stress led to an increase in the amygdala. 2-AG levels, when they were altered by stress exposure were only increased, specifically in males in the amygdala following swim stress, and in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex overall following foot shock stress. This increase in 2-AG levels following stress only in males was the only sex difference found in stress-induced changes in endocannabinoid levels. There were no consistent sex differences observed. Collectively, these data contribute to our further understanding of the interactions between stress and endocannabinoid function.

Matteo Ferrante, Andera Duggento, Nicola Toschi

Systems biology and systems neurophysiology in particular have recently emerged as powerful tools for a number of key applications in the biomedical sciences. Nevertheless, such models are often based on complex combinations of multiscale (and possibly multiphysics) strategies that require ad hoc computational strategies and pose extremely high computational demands. Recent developments in the field of deep neural networks have demonstrated the possibility of formulating nonlinear, universal approximators to estimate solutions to highly nonlinear and complex problems with significant speed and accuracy advantages in comparison with traditional models. After synthetic data validation, we use so-called physically constrained neural networks (PINN) to simultaneously solve the biologically plausible Hodgkin-Huxley model and infer its parameters and hidden time-courses from real data under both variable and constant current stimulation, demonstrating extremely low variability across spikes and faithful signal reconstruction. The parameter ranges we obtain are also compatible with prior knowledge. We demonstrate that detailed biological knowledge can be provided to a neural network, making it able to fit complex dynamics over both simulated and real data.

Sirui Liu, Bo Hou, Yiwei Zhang et al.

Abstract Background The inter-scanner reproducibility of brain volumetry is important in multi-site neuroimaging studies, where the reliability of automated brain segmentation (ABS) tools plays an important role. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of ABS tools on the consistency and reproducibility of the quantified brain volumetry from different scanners. Methods We included fifteen healthy volunteers who were scanned with 3D isotropic brain T1-weighted sequence on three different 3.0 Tesla MRI scanners (GE, Siemens and Philips). For each individual, the time span between image acquisitions on different scanners was limited to 1 h. All the T1-weighted images were processed with FreeSurfer v6.0, FSL v5.0 and AccuBrain® with default settings to obtain volumetry of brain tissues (e.g. gray matter) and substructures (e.g. basal ganglia structures) if available. Coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated to test inter-scanner variability in brain volumetry of various structures as quantified by these ABS tools. Results The mean inter-scanner CV values per brain structure among three MRI scanners ranged from 6.946 to 12.29% (mean, 9.577%) for FreeSurfer, 7.245 to 20.98% (mean, 12.60%) for FSL and 1.348 to 8.800% (mean value, 3.546%) for AccuBrain®. In addition, AccuBrain® and FreeSurfer achieved the lowest mean values of region-specific CV between GE and Siemens scanners (from 0.818 to 5.958% for AccuBrain®, and from 0.903 to 7.977% for FreeSurfer), while FSL-FIRST had the lowest mean values of region-specific CV between GE and Philips scanners (from 2.603 to 16.310%). AccuBrain® also had the lowest mean values of region-specific CV between Siemens and Philips scanners (from 1.138 to 6.615%). Conclusion There is a large discrepancy in the inter-scanner reproducibility of brain volumetry when using different processing software. Image acquisition protocols and selection of ABS tool for brain volumetry quantification have impact on the robustness of results in multi-site studies.

Jelmer J. Zondergeld, Ron H.H. Scholten, Barbara M.I. Vreede et al.

The YOUth cohort study aims to be a trailblazer for open science. Being a large-scale, longitudinal cohort following children in their development from gestation until early adulthood, YOUth collects a vast amount of data through a variety of research techniques. Data are collected through multiple platforms, including facilities managed by Utrecht University and the University Medical Center Utrecht. In order to facilitate appropriate use of its data by research organizations and researchers, YOUth aims to produce high-quality, FAIR data while safeguarding the privacy of participants. This requires an extensive data infrastructure, set up by collaborative efforts of researchers, data managers, IT departments, and the Utrecht University Library. In the spirit of open science, YOUth will share its experience and expertise in setting up a high-quality research data infrastructure for sensitive cohort data. This paper describes the technical aspects of our data and data infrastructure, and the steps taken throughout the study to produce and safely store FAIR and high-quality data. Finally, we will reflect on the organizational aspects that are conducive to the success of setting up such an enterprise, and we consider the financial challenges posed by individual studies investing in sustainable science.

Mayer P, Herrero Babiloni A, Beetz G et al.

Pierre Mayer,1 Alberto Herrero Babiloni,1– 4 Gabrielle Beetz,2 Serguei Marshansky,1 Zeina Kaddaha,1 Pierre H Rompré,3 Vincent Jobin,1 Gilles J Lavigne1– 3 1Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; 2Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’île-de-Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; 3Department of Oral Health, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; 4Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, CanadaCorrespondence: Alberto Herrero BabiloniResearch Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montreal, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Université De Montréal, 5400 Boul Gouin O, Montréal, QC H4J 1C5, CanadaTel +1 514-338-2222Fax +1 514-238-2531Email herre220@umn.eduBackground: Autonomic arousals can be considered as surrogates of electroencephalography (EEG) arousals when calculating respiratory disturbance index (RDI). The main objective of this proof of concept study was to evaluate the use of heart rate acceleration (HRa) arousals associated with sleep respiratory events in a population undergoing full polysomnography (type 1) and in another undergoing portable monitor study (type 3). Our hypothesis is that when compared to other commonly used indexes, RDI based on HRa will capture more events in both types of recording.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in two different populations of patients with suspected OSA: a) 72 patients undergoing one night of type 1 recording and b) 79 patients undergoing one night of type 3 recording. Variables for type 1 were 4% oxygen desaturation index (ODI), apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), RDI based on EEG arousals (RDIe), and RDI based on HRa with threshold of 5bpm (RDIa5). For type 3, variables were 4% ODI, AHI, and RDIa5 (it is not possible to calculate RDIe due to the absence of EEG). Calculated data were 1) Mean values for each sleep disturbance index in type 1 and 3 recordings; 2) Frequency of migration from lower to higher OSA severity categories using RDIa5 in comparison to AHI (thresholds: ≥ 5/h mild, ≥ 15/h moderate, ≥ 30/h severe); and 3) Bland–Altman plots to assess agreement between AHI vs RDIe and RDIa5 in type 1 population, and AHI vs RDIa5 in type 3 populations.Results: More respiratory disturbance events were captured with RDIa5 index in both type 1 and type 3 recordings when compared to the other indexes. In type 1 recording, when using RDIa5 37% of patients classified as not having OSA with AHI were now identified as having OSA, and a total of 59% migrated to higher severity categories. In type 3 recording, similar results were obtained, as 37% of patients classified as not having OSA with AHI were now identified as having OSA using RDIa5, and a total of 55% patients migrated to higher severity categories. Mean differences for RDIa5 and AHI in type 1 and 3 populations were similar.Conclusion: The use of autonomic arousals such as HRa can help to detect more respiratory disturbance events when compared to other indexes, being a variable that may help to capture borderline mild cases. This becomes especially relevant in type 3 recordings. Future research is needed to determine its validity, optimization, and its clinical significance.Keywords: sleep apnea, autonomic arousals, apnea-hypopnea index, respiratory disturbance index, polysomnography, portable monitor devices

Almeneessier AS, Alballa NS, Alsalman BH et al.

Almeneessier AS, Alballa NS, Alsalman BH, Aleissi S, Olaish AH, BaHammam AS. Nat Sci Sleep. 2019;11:231– 239. The authors have advised affiliation 1 on page 231 is incorrect. The correct affiliation should read “ 1Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, the University Sleep Disorders Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia”. The authors apologize for this error. Read the original article

Raziye Aminalsadat, Fariborz Dortaj, Ali Delavar et al.

Aim and Background: Love is one of the most amazing emotions a person can experience and emotional failure is one of the most painful problems that can happen to anyone during a romantic relationship. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of hypnotherapy on positive and negative affect and self-efficacy of women with a history of emotional failure. Methods and Materials: The present study is of quasi-experimental with design pre-test, post-test and follow up with the control group. The statistical population included all women referring to counseling centers in Amol city with a history of emotional failure in 2017. 30 subjects were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. In order to conduct the research, Ross's emotional injury (1999), Panas Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) (1988) and self-efficacy questionnairs (Shaurzerz and Grosselm, 1995) were used. The experimental group received hypnotherapy for 8 sessions of 2 hours weekly. The research findings were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc in SPSS software. Findings: The results of repeated ANOVA test showed that 8 sessions of hypnotherapy training significantly increased the positive affect (p<0.001) and self- efficacy (p<0.001) but decreased the negative effect (p<0.001) in the experimental group to the control group that showed a significant effect of hypnotherapy on the recovery of people with a history of emotional failure. Conclusions: According to research findings, hypnotherapy can be used to improve the quality of life and increase hope for the future in people with a history of emotional failure.

Marc W. Howard, Michael E. Hasselmo

Memory for the past makes use of a record of what happened when---a function over past time. Time cells in the hippocampus and temporal context cells in the entorhinal cortex both code for events as a function of past time, but with very different receptive fields. Time cells in the hippocampus can be understood as a compressed estimate of events as a function of the past. Temporal context cells in the entorhinal cortex can be understood as the Laplace transform of that function, respectively. Other functional cell types in the hippocampus and related regions, including border cells, place cells, trajectory coding, splitter cells, can be understood as coding for functions over space or past movements or their Laplace transforms. More abstract quantities, like distance in an abstract conceptual space or numerosity could also be mapped onto populations of neurons coding for the Laplace transform of functions over those variables. Quantitative cognitive models of memory and evidence accumulation can also be specified in this framework allowing constraints from both behavior and neurophysiology. More generally, the computational power of the Laplace domain could be important for efficiently implementing data-independent operators, which could serve as a basis for neural models of a very broad range of cognitive computations.

Eric Ecklund-Johnson, Caleb M. Pearson

Steven L. Small, Gregory Hickok

Chiara Bulgarelli, Anna Blasi, Carina C.J.M. de Klerk et al.

How and when a concept of the ‘self’ emerges has been the topic of much interest in developmental psychology. Self-awareness has been proposed to emerge at around 18 months, when toddlers start to show evidence of physical self-recognition. However, to what extent physical self-recognition is a valid indicator of being able to think about oneself, is debated. Research in adult cognitive neuroscience has suggested that a common network of brain regions called Default Mode Network (DMN), including the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), is recruited when we are reflecting on the self. We hypothesized that if mirror self-recognition involves self-awareness, toddlers who exhibit mirror self-recognition might show increased functional connectivity between frontal and temporoparietal regions of the brain, relative to those toddlers who do not yet show mirror self-recognition. Using fNIRS, we collected resting-state data from 18 Recognizers and 22 Non-Recognizers at 18 months of age. We found significantly stronger fronto-temporoparietal connectivity in Recognizers compared to Non-Recognizers, a finding which might support the hypothesized relationship between mirror-self recognition and self-awareness in infancy. Keywords: Self-awareness, fNIRS, Functional connectivity, Resting-state, Toddler development, Default mode network