Improving body image perception during the perinatal period and early motherhood: a systematic scoping review of intervention types and approaches

Body image concerns are highly prevalent among women during the perinatal period and early motherhood. These concerns have implications for maternal mental health, breastfeeding, intimate relationships, and long-term well-being. This systematic scoping review aimed to map and synthesize evidence on the types, theoretical frameworks, delivery modes, and outcomes of interventions designed to improve body image during pregnancy and up to five years postpartum. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, six databases were searched, yielding 3,133 records, of which 11 studies published between 2014 and 2023 were included. Interventions reflected diverse approaches, ranging from psychoeducation and cognitive-behavioural therapy to self-compassion meditation and photovoice method. Delivery modes ranged from therapist-led groups to digital platforms and social media-based programs. Interventions generally improved body appreciation, self-esteem, and functionality appreciation and reduced body dissatisfaction, shame, and psychological distress, though effect sizes were inconsistently reported. Digital interventions showed feasibility for mothers with limited time and access to in-person care. However, gaps remain in long-term effectiveness, cultural inclusivity, and ecological validity, with most evidence from Iran and the USA. Findings highlight the potential for psychologically grounded programs to enhance body image during perinatal period and early motherhood, and call for future research into diverse, inclusive, and sustainable intervention strategies.