Hasil untuk "Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence"

Jorge Alberto Witker Velásquez, Reyes Enrique Vázquez May

Este artículo tiene como propósito principal el registro y examinación de estándares más relevantes que han sido aplicados para resolver casos relacionados con posibles medidas regresivas y falta de recursos disponibles en contextos de crisis económicas. Para tal propósito, se examinan las evaluaciones desarrolladas y empleadas en las decisiones judiciales de los tribunales constitucionales de España, Portugal, Colombia y México, en contraste con aquellas del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos, especialmente en el Sistema Universal y los sistemas regionales europeo e interamericano. Todo lo anterior para identificar un test de medidas regresivas que atienda a los elementos en común de los DESCA: el núcleo esencial, las obligaciones básicas y sus dimensiones.

I.A. Haliakhmetov

Within the European Union property law is, for the most part, governed by the laws of the member states, where property law is foremost state law. Only in certain areas fragments of “european” (i. e., European Union) property law can be found. The European Union only has limited competences to legislate, and if it legislates in the field of property law, member states try to limit this by invoking article 345 of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU), which on its face even seems to exclude property law completely from any EU interference. EU law, so it looks like, is not seen by member states as a tool to effectively protect property rights, but as undesirable interference in their national systems of property law. Particularly when it comes to effective protection of property rights, it frequently is not the European legislator who is the most important actor, but the Court of Justice of the European Union, by invoking the principle of “effet utile”: EU law should be given full effect by courts to protect, for instance, the rights which consumers have on the basis of both primary (treaty based) and secondary (EU directives and regulations based) law. The European acquis communautaire in the field of property law is to a large extent still unexplored. This study has aimed to shine a light on EU member states property law. It provides an overview of the existing acquis communautaire in property law and presents a proposal for the future development of this field of law. It deals with the influence of the EU’s four freedoms – of goods, persons, services and capital – on national property law and discusses whether or not the EU would have the competence to actively create property law, and the extent to which it has already done so. Having conducted a thorough search on the basis of several key terms of property rights, the author was able to determine the numerus clausus in the development and formation of the system of European property law. The resulting picture of EU member states property law is a fragmented one. National legal systems generally operate on the basis of a closed system of property rights (a numerus clausus). Existing European Property Law research looks into the rise of European property law and the existence of principles such as the numerus clausus, in European legislation. This article focuses on the Court of Justice of the European Union and investigates whether EU law has its own numerus clausus: a list of property rights defined autonomously in European case law and legislation.

Diego Alejandro Martínez Castillo

El derecho internacional humanitario (DIH) es uno de los instru­mentos que, junto con el derecho internacional penal (DIP) y el derecho inter­nacional de los derechos humanos (DIDH), se constituyen en esenciales para limitar los efectos de los conflictos armados. El DIH y la figura de los acuerdos especiales en conflictos armados no internacionales (CANI) pueden ampliar el ámbito de aplicación del DIH, con nuevas obligaciones que apoyen la norma humanitaria. Estos acuerdos permiten establecer compromisos más amplios que los contemplados en los Convenios de Ginebra. Según el CICR, un acuerdo de paz puede ser un acuerdo especial humanitario, como se menciona en el comentario 850 del artículo 3 común. Los Acuerdos de La Habana de 2016 entre las FARC-EP y el Gobierno de Colombia son un ejemplo, ya que establecen obligaciones adicionales para fortalecer mecanismos humanitarios. Estas medidas incluyen la creación de un sistema de rendición de cuentas, la búsqueda de personas desaparecidas y la “amnistía más amplia posible”. Otra medida introducida por las partes es su incorporación al ordenamiento jurídico interno para garantizar su cumplimiento.

M. I. Ilyashev

Стаття присвячена особливостям визначення та розмежування умов цивільно-правової відповідальності Держави за дії державних органів та дії юридичних осіб, що належать Державі. На відміну від підстав цивільної відповідальності, що є юридичними фактами, умовами такої відповідальності прийнято вважати ознаки, які характеризують ці підстави. Автор наголошує на тому, що умовами настання цивільної відповідальності Держави є усі класичні елементи відповідальності суб’єкта цивільних правовідносин: 1) протиправна поведінка, 2) шкода, 3) наявність причинно-наслідкового зв’язку між протиправною поведінкою та шкодою, 4) вина. Однак, особливості правової природи цивільної відповідальності Держави можуть також слугувати підставою для існування спеціальних умов, до яких слід віднести, зокрема, необов’язковість вини як умови відшкодування шкоди за правилами спеціальних деліктів, відсутність протиправності у діях державних органів, якими завдано шкоди. Фактично, спеціальні умови цивільно-правової відповідальності походять від загальних, які властиві всім чи більшості випадкам, конкретизуючи їх з врахуванням обставин певної юридично значимої поведінки. Автор приділяє окрему увагу випадкам цивільної відповідальності Держави за дії державних органів та дії юридичних осіб, що належать Державі, без вини та без факту протиправності вчиненої дії. Така ґрунтується на принципі безумовної відповідальності, де Держава бере на себе обов’язок компенсувати шкоду навіть у випадку цілком правомірної поведінки фактичного завдавача шкоди. Обставини, за яких цивільна відповідальність Держави за дії державних органів може наставати без вини та за шкоду, заподіяну правомірними діями, сприяють виконанню одного із завдань цивільного права, яке полягає у забезпеченні захисту прав та інтересів постраждалих. Попри численні наукові дискусії стосовно доцільності існування концепції «відповідальність без вини» у цивільному праві, автор цієї статті все ж дотримується думки, що така концепція є виправданою у випадках, коли існують специфічний суб’єкт цивільних правовідносин (державний орган, Держава), специфічний об’єкт цивільних правовідносин (дії чи бездіяльність щодо якого можуть завдати руйнівної шкоди) чи окремі специфічні цивільні-правовідносини (зберігання, перевезення тощо). Варто зауважити, що відсутність вини як обов’язкового елементу цивільної відповідальності Держави не означає необов’язковість доведення такої вини, в разі наявності, та інших умов такої відповідальності: факту вчинення правопорушення (якщо таке мало місце) чи правомірної дії, що спричинила завдання шкоди, шкоди та причинно-наслідкового зв’язку.

I.V. Rushchak, M.V. Bielova

The article examines the legality of transactions in the civil law of Ukraine, their historical development from Roman law to the present day, and the influence of Roman law constructions on the formation of the modern institution of transactions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the correlation of the concepts of «legality» and «legality» in the context of transactions, where legality is considered a broader concept, including compliance not only with the norms of positive law but also with other sources of civil law, its principles, and customs. The issue of public order as a criterion for the validity of transactions is analyzed in detail. The content of the concept of «public order» in the context of Article 228 of the Civil Code of Ukraine and its correlation with the private law nature of the transaction are investigated. The need for a broader interpretation of the concept of «public order» as an evaluation criterion enshrined in public law regulatory acts of the state is substantiated. It is proposed to consider as violating public order, transactions aimed at violating public legal regulations that determine the foundations of state order, political system, and economic security of the state. The article considers current problems of judicial practice regarding the recognition of transactions as invalid on the grounds of violating public order, in particular in cases of claims by tax authorities. The position is substantiated, according to which the definition of a transaction as violating public order should be preceded by the establishment of the parties’ intention in criminal or administrative proceedings. It is proposed to improve the mechanism for applying Article 228 of the Civil Code of Ukraine by establishing clear criteria for defining a transaction as violating public order and the need for prior establishment of the relevant offense in criminal or administrative proceedings. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of both historical sources of Roman law and modern civil legislation of Ukraine, judicial practice and scientific works of leading civilists. The results of the study have both theoretical significance for the development of the science of civil law and practical significance for improving law enforcement practice in the field of invalidating transactions.

N.Yu. Kantor

On the basis of a generalization of those dominant viewpoints on objectives of administrative law that are developed within Ukrainian administrative legal science, the author determined that they are united by the recognition of the following to be objectives of administrative law: (1) specifying and ensuring the implementation of human rights and freedoms in the public-legal sphere through the introduction of mechanisms administrative legal regulation and protection in the public administration domain; (2) determination of the standards for the exercise of public management functions by administrative authorities and the provision of administrative services by them, as well as the establishment and improvement of substantive and procedural tools for activities of administrative authorities, including the means of legal protection against violations on their part as well as mechanisms of civil control over their activities. According to the outcomes of the study of approaches to understanding of the tasks of administrative law in world scientific community, the article notes that according to the national tradition of the common law countries, which was adopted by many states that represent the civil law legal tradition, the fundamental objective of administrative law is recognized to be the determination of optimal (from the point of view of the rule of law and good governance) limits of the margin of appreciation of administrative authorities and providing private individuals with legal protection against abuse of administrative power. Moreover, it is particularly noticeable that a special emphasis is placed on guaranteeing the transparency and accountability of administrative authorities to civil society. Less important is the task of administrative law, which consists in establishing the principles, substantive rules and procedures for the performance of administrative functions by government authorities, as well as the accumulation in administrative practice and judicial case-law of the potential for increasing the effectiveness of administrative law.

Oscar Expósito-López

Technological advancements in the field of artificial intelligence are increasingly bringing us closer to the possibility of incorporating automation in administrative decision-making. This tool would yield significant benefits in key areas such as efficiency and improvement of public services. However, it also poses risks, such as the potential loss of empathy that public workers contribute to decision-making and even the displacement of administrative personnel engaged in the processing of files. This study aims to delve into the aspects where the implementation of automated administration would be feasible, distinguishing between rule-based and discretionary decisions. Administrative mediation and artificial intelligence have distinct but teleologically complementary scopes of applicability within these powers. Consequently, we will explore how the role of the administrative mediator can represent a new administrative employment opportunity resulting from these new technological advancements, in search of the empathy and humanity compromised by the purely objective and amoral actions of any form of artificial intelligence.

V. Chernobuk

The article examines certain shortcomings of the current Code of Ukraine on administrative offenses in comparison with the provisions of the new administrative code. The examples show individual shortcomings of the new regulatory regulation. The author of the article also notes that in recent years, Ukraine has implemented the largest regulatory and legal measures to modernize administrative and tort legislation._The unstoppable increase in the number of registered administrative offenses makes us think again about the lagging of the law-making process from the real needs of society. The article singles out some aspects of improving the legislation on administrative offenses and the administrative- delict process, specifying the concept and legal meaning of the norm on administrative responsibility, rethinking some scientific dogmas, leading scientists to the need to clarify the concepts that constitute the essence of legal regulation of relations in the field of administrative responsibility: administrative- delict relations, administrative-delict law, norm of administrative-delict law for further regulation of legal relations in the sphere of administrative liability. On the basis of rethinking the views established in science about administrative responsibility as one of the institutes of administrative law, the author substantiates the conclusion that the norms regulating the issue of this type of legal responsibility form an independent branch of Ukrainian law - administrative tort law. Administrative-delict law carries out material-legal regulation of administrative liability. The opinion of academics is also noted, who note that the Code of Criminal Procedure in its current state is outdated in many respects and requires a radical adjustment on a new conceptual and doctrinal basis. The set of its constituent norms has its own subject, method of legal regulation, separate organization of regulatory material on administrative offenses. Modern administrative and tort law is characterized by integration with criminal law, which allows more effective use of their powers in the prevention of offenses.

Vadym O. Anokhin

The article is devoted to the study of the areas of legal work in public authorities on the example of the State Tax Service. The article proposes to divide legal work into two main components: work related to support of court cases and work not related to court work. The author notes that the concepts of "function" and "area of work" are similar in content, but "area of work" is a narrower concept and is part of the function which is broader in content. As a result of the analysis of the areas of legal work, it is established that such areas are directly based on certain priority principles, which are also proposed for consideration. Research by practitioners and scholars suggests that the area of legal work related to compliance with the law actually gives legal departments a control and supervisory function over other structural units of public authorities, since compliance with the law is the key to reducing complaints and lawsuits. As a result of the analysis of the developments of national scholars, it is found that the information resource is influential for legal work, its directions and prompt adoption of lawful and reasonable decisions, and the process of transition from paper to electronic document flow only contributes to the improvement of the organization of work of a public authority. The proposed work, in the context of the areas of legal work, contains definitions and understanding of such terms as: lawmaking activity; law enforcement activity; law application activity; control and supervision activity; constituent activity; preventive activity. The analysis of the activities of legal departments in public authorities leads to the conclusion that the areas of work under consideration relate not only to legal departments, but also to other structural units of a public authority.

Jyh-An Lee** Rita Matulionyte*

In Thaler v The Comptroller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks (DABUS), Smith J. held that an AI owner can possibly claim patent ownership over an AI-generated invention based on their ownership and control of the AI system. This AI-owner approach reveals a new option to allocate property rights over AI-generated output. While this judgment was primarily about inventorship and ownership of AI-generated invention in patent law, it has important implications for copyright law. After analysing the weaknesses of applying existing judicial approaches to copyright ownership of AI-generated works, this paper examines whether the AI-owner approach is a better option for determining copyright ownership of AI-generated works. The paper argues that while contracts can be used to work around the AI-owner approach in scenarios where users want to commercially exploit the outputs, this approach still provides more certainty and less transaction costs for relevant parties than other approaches proposed so far.

Giorgio Resta

Andri Wetson. R.

Easy access to the world of information technology currently impacts the rise of cybercrime, including the crime of online gambling. Many efforts have been made by the government and law enforcers, including, in this case, the police, to prevent and take action against this online gambling crime, either block sites that are gambling arenas or improve the national security system to stop these gambling sites. This research aims to look at law enforcement against online gambling crimes in Bandar Lampung City and determine the factors that became an obstacle in law enforcement of online gambling crimes at Lampung Regional Police. This research method uses a normative juridical approach. Based on the discussion and research results, law enforcement against online gambling crimes in Bandar Lampung City is carried out by applying the instrument of Article 303 of the Criminal Code rather than Article 27 Paragraph (2) Jo. Article 45 of the ITE Law. The research also shows the factors that became an obstacle in law enforcement of online gambling crimes at Lampung Regional Police are: (1) Longer Detention Period for Online Gambling Crimes in the Criminal Code Instruments than the Gambling Control Act, (2) Lack of Investigators' Awareness in Information Technology, (3) Use of Electronic Evidence Requires Expert Information is inhibiting law enforcement against online gambling crimes in Bandar Lampung. Suggestions from the research are to conduct information technology guidance training to the Bandar Lampung Police Investigation and Criminal Unit.

Keymer Avila

Muchas gracias por la iniciativa y por la invitación, para mí es muy grato el reencuentro con maestros, colegas y amigos que tanto aprecio y respeto. Es un honor formar parte de estas jornadas y de este panel con profesores cuyas obras son referencias obligadas para mí.

Danang Adi Suryo

<p>Anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Anak adalah anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum, anak yang menjadi korban tindak pidana, dan anak yang menjadi saksi tindak pidana. Anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum atau anak pelaku tindak pidana adalah anak yang telah berumur dua belas tahun tetapi belum berumur delapan belas tahun yang diduga melakukan  tindak  pidana.  Salah satu kegiatan dalam  rangkaian  kegiatan  sistem peradilan pidana dilaksanakan oleh Balai Pemasyarakatan (BAPAS) yang merupakan bagian dari kegiatan sub sistem pemasyarakatan narapidana atau sub-sub sistem peradilan pidana. Tugas dan fungsi Balai Pemasyarakatan selanjutnya disebut BAPAS dalam hal ini, mendampingi dan membantu sistem peradilan pidana anak. Diharapkan dapat memperlancar dan memberi masukan pada hakim yang mengadili perkara anak dengan melihat hasil dari kerja BAPAS khususnya Pembimbing Kemasyarakatan dalam membuat hasil penelitian kemasyarakatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan tentang analisis efektifitas BAPAS dalam menangani pembimbingan kemasyarakatan sebagai bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap Anak. berkonflik dengan hukum yang mendapatkan pembebasan bersyarat. Menganalisis kendala yang dialami BAPAS dalam melakukan pembimbingan terhadap anak yang mendapatkan pembebasan bersyarat</p><p>Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian jenis yuridis sosiologis, dengan mengkaji ketentuan hukum dari data primer yang diperoleh dari informan dan narasumber dengan melakukan  penelitian  di  lapangan  berupa pengamatan  dan  wawancara      serta data sekunder berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif dan hasil analisis yang dijelaskan dengan metode deskriptif. Lokasi penelitian di BAPAS Purwokerto</p><p>Dari hasil penelitian dan pembahasan dapat disimpulkan bahwa efektifitas BAPAS Purwokerto dalam membina dan membimbing anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum yang mendapatkan pembebasan bersyarat sudah sesuai dengan ketentuan yang tertuang dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 1995 Tentang Pemasyarakatan serta Undang- Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak, namun dalam pelaksanaanya  belum   berjalan  secara  efektif,  karena  terdapat   klien   anak   yang melakukan   pengulangan   tindak   pidana   atau   residivis.   Faktor   kendala   BAPAS Purwokerto dalam memberikan pembebasan bersyarat terhadap anak yang berhadapan dengan hukum yaitu adanya kendala dari kurangnya kelengkapan sarana prasarana  kurangnya sumber daya, baik sumber daya manusia maupun sumber pembiayaan bimbingan klien yang menyangkut tentang jadwal bimbingan klien anak.</p><em></em><em></em>

Andrés Gascón Cuenca

Despite the general consensus about freedom of expression being a basic fundamental right on every democratic society, the debate about its boundaries has never found such a pacific agreement. Thus, the Spanish Penal Code has several articles that punish its abuse that are highly contested, like articles 490.3 and 543 that penalize the offenses directed towards national symbols or State representatives. This being so, this article examines the controversy generated by the application of this articles through the analysis of two judgements issued by the European Court of Human Rights against Spain, and a third one issued by the Spanish Constitutional Court that could follow the same path. This work will be done to describe the clash that exists between the caselaw of these two jurisdictions, in order to critically analyze the approach Spanish courts have to behaviors that criticize national symbols and state representatives.

‘When I was your age, Pluto was a planet’ was a popular joke after the celestial body’s reclassification as a ‘dwarf planet’. In many ways, the story of Pluto is an appropriate metaphor for the United Kingdom after Brexit. Just as textbooks on astronomy had to be updated to reflect Pluto’s changed status, legal scholarship needs to adapt to the fact that the UK is relegating itself into the outer orbits of the European system of integration and cooperation, yet remains unable to break free from the centre’s gravitational pull. Crucially, the UK has become an object of EU external action, rather than a subject that can manipulate the levers from the inside. This change is also of particular significance for the scholarship of EU external relations. Highlighting, organising, and explaining the changes that Brexit causes for the field and with a view to charting its way forward, this article argues that the UK’s withdrawal will contribute to the further normalisation of EU external relations law as a field of scholarship. Following a brief explanation of why EU external relations law is a doubly peculiar area of scholarship and an overview of the origins and development of EU external relations law as a field, the article elaborates on three main consequences of Brexit for EU external relations law research and explains how each contributes to normalisation: disposing of the most ‘awkward member’, boosting reforms for greater effectiveness, and infusing a sense of geopolitical realism.

Sima Najafi, Bijan Moaveni

This study is concerned with the real-time delay recovery problem in metro loop lines. Metro is the backbone of public transportation system in large cities. A discrete event model for traffic system of metro loop lines is derived and presented. Two effective automatic controllers, linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and model predictive controller (MPC), are used to recover train delays. A newly-designed real-time algorithms for constrained LQR and constrained MPC in the presence of operational constraint on control actions is introduced. MPC and LQR automatic controllers are compared for traffic regulation in metro loop lines. To facilitate fair comparison of the performance of the automatic controllers, different scenarios are considered. The results are then compared to determine the relative effectiveness of the controllers.

Jørn Jacobsen

Samandrag Artikkelen tematiserer dei overordna linjene i utviklinga i det strafferettslege reaksjonssystemet. Ein gjennomgang av hovudtrekka i reaksjonslærene til kriminallova, straffelova 1902 og straffelova 2005 vert nytta som utgangspunkt for å problematisere reaksjonslæra slik den i dag er. Analysen tek utgangspunkt i ei forståing av straff primært som klander, der reaksjonslæra først og fremst skal formast gjennom eit proporsjonalitetsprinsipp. Sett frå det perspektivet vert det peika på fleire spenningsfylte trekk i reaksjonssystemet som kan indikere ei orientering mot reaksjonar på individuelle karakterar. Utviklinga skapar eit behov for nye teoretiske grunnlagsarbeid.

C. Anyangwe