Hasil untuk "Cities. Urban geography"

J. Peck, N. Theodore, N. Brenner

Cleo Valentine, Heather Mitcheltree, Ian Hosking et al.

Abstract Architectural façades significantly influence human health as primary interfaces between individuals and urban visual environments, however neurophysiological responses to architectural features across historical periods and at varied viewing distances remains an area yet to be examined. This study identifies visual stressors in Seoul’s building façades across five historical epochs and examines how design characteristics influence visual stress at different viewing distances. This study analyzed 77 façade samples using Visual Stress Analysis (ViStA) across five architectural periods: Late Joseon Dynasty, Japanese Colonial, Post-Korean War Reconstruction, High-Density Urban Expansion, and Digital-Transitional Era. Standardized photographs at three distances (10–15, 20–30, 40–60 m) were assessed using Fourier-based computational methods. In doing so, this research identifies specific design characteristics within each epoch that correlate with distinct patterns that may be visually stressful. Traditional Korean architecture demonstrates a spatial profile associated with organic surface variations and traditional screening systems, while Colonial period façades exhibit a spatial profile linked to systematic fenestration and regularized compositions. Post-war reconstruction architecture shows spatial features correlated with repetition and standardized building elements, whereas the Post-Industrial Transition period (1980–2000) displays the highest peak visual stress levels—associated with contrasting material juxtapositions and complex geometric arrangements. Contemporary architecture reveals visual stress characteristics linked to advanced glazing systems, perforated metal cladding, and computationally derived patterns; nonetheless, these systems afford fine-grained control over spatial frequency and contrast that can reduce predicted stress despite their complexity. The study integrates image-based computational analysis with architectural feature identification to offer insights into how specific design elements, rather than historical periods per se, influence neurophysiological responses in urban visual environments.

Mashael Jassim Nasser, Gyanendra Singh Sisodia, Rajesh Mohnot

This study attempts to investigate the historical and economic narratives, highlighting missed points in the comprehension of globalization and the effects on present-day labor markets in developing countries – India and Nigeria, between 1990 and 2023. The study fills a noticeable gap in the extant literature about the impacts of globalization on labor market dynamics in developing countries. There are positive and negative impacts of globalization, including perceived negative impacts such as loss of employment and positive impacts such as shifts in global wage dynamics. Finding correlations between employment quality and globalization-related variables such as technological advancements, foreign direct investments (FDI), time-specific events, and policy implications can help in developing policies capable of mitigating the adverse effects of globalization on the labor market. The study adopted a panel data analysis that used a fixed effects model to analyze data from the World Bank’s development indicators, the International Labor Organization (ILO) statistics, and the KOF Globalization Index. The study found that while globalization boosted economic integration, it worsened job security, with a globalization coefficient of −0.35 (p < 0.001) and increased wage disparities with a coefficient of 0.58 (p < 0.001). Other findings show a positive correlation between technological advancement and employment quality with a coefficient of 0.10 (p = 0.020); a negative correlation between FDI and employment quality at −0.03 and P = 0.010, and a positive correlation between policy variables and employment quality with a coefficient of 0.25 (p = 0.002). The findings suggest that robust national policies can be used to mitigate the negative consequences of globalization and the policymakers must adopt comprehensive policy measures to benefit from globalization effects while addressing emanating challenges. This study contributes to the literature by offering a nuanced exploration of the multifaceted relationship between global economic integration and local labor market outcomes.

Sneh Singh, Siddhant Walia, Himangshu Kedia

PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the practical dimensions of integrating indoor plants into interior design from aesthetic, functional and psychological perspectives.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-methods design was used, combining a quantitative survey of 112 gardening enthusiasts analyzed using the relative importance index with in-depth interviews of 10 participants.FindingsResults indicate that indoor plants enhance perceptions of air quality, reduce stress and function as integral features of well-designed spaces incorporating sustainable and biophilic design principles. Cultural insights revealed that participants value houseplants for fostering positive environmental connections.Research limitations/implicationsFindings are limited to gardening hobbyists and may not reflect broader societal trends. The study excluded households without indoor plants; future research should include such participants to identify barriers to adoption. Diversifying cultural and regional contexts would strengthen generalizability. The focus on gardening enthusiasts introduces potential bias, as these participants likely hold favorable attitudes toward indoor plants, limiting broader applicability.Practical implicationsThe study provides actionable insights for interior designers and homeowners to integrate indoor plants as sustainable, functional design elements. Commercial nurseries can leverage these findings for consumer outreach and promoting sustainable indoor planting practices.Social implicationsThe study advocates wider societal acceptance of indoor plants by emphasizing their psychological and environmental benefits, supporting well-being and sustainable living practices.Originality/valueThis paper offers a holistic analysis of indoor plants in residential design by integrating qualitative and quantitative perspectives, informing contemporary interior design practice.

Lais Ribeiro Silva

Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de periodização do setor sucroenergético brasileiro com base na relação entre o fenômeno técnico e a política que, em cada momento histórico, conformam as bases para a transformação do espaço. Justifica-se esse esforço de análise pois é na relação entre técnica e política que se compreende o tempo como realidade que é, também, geográfica. Com base nesses pressupostos, foram delineados quatro períodos distintos que se diferenciam pelas possibilidades de uso do território pelas atividades da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil, desde o período colonial. Ao passo em que as atividades da cana-de-açúcar se mesclam à própria formação socioespacial brasileira, espera-se que essa proposta possa contribuir para demonstrar a importância da análise temporal sob a ótica da Geografia. 

Detlef Briesen

Buchrezension.

Yao Yao, Jiale Wang, Ye Hong et al.

Abstract Human perception of place refers to residents' psychological feelings about urban areas. Many studies of human perceptions have focused on a specific geographic location. Whether the distribution of human perceptions in continuous city space shows specific characteristics and how to disclose these phenomena remains a direction worth exploring. Due to cities' heterogeneity, quantitatively identifying the homogeneous perception regions at a fine scale within large urban regions is challenging. This study proposed a novel method to discover the homogeneous geographic domain of human perception using massive street view images. First, human perceptions of the urban visual environment were evaluated using street view images. Next, perception network models were constructed based on the road network and perception assessment results. Then, the Infomap community detection algorithm was used to identify homogeneous human perception communities. The qualitative and quantitative results verified our approach's effectiveness for capturing human perceptions' homogeneous geographic domain. Moreover, driving factor analysis was conducted to determine the urban function that may cause a community to be perceived differently based on point-of-interest (POI) data. In general, our method for combining human perceptions and the topology of urban roads could identify the homogeneous perception domain, which is valuable for urban structure studies and human perception assessment.

Sara Safransky

Abstract City governments are embracing data-driven and algorithmic planning to tackle urban problems. Data-driven analytics have an unprecedented capacity to call urban futures into being. At the same time, they can depoliticize planning decisions. I argue that this shift calls urban studies scholars to investigate geographies of algorithmic violence?a repetitive and standardized form of violence that contributes to the racialization of space and spatialization of poverty. This article examines this broader phenomenon through the case of a proprietary market value assessment that is being used to guide development in cities across the United States. The assessment employs an algorithm that helps city officials make critical decisions about which neighborhoods to target for investment, disinvestment and public service upgrades or disconnections. I argue that the racial, infrastructural, and epistemological violence associated with this evaluation can potentially lead to a new kind of municipal redlining. The article brings insights from critical race theory into conversation with critical scholarship on algorithms by analyzing how algorithmic violence works through data-driven planning technologies to depoliticize and leverage power while further entrenching racism and inequality.

S. Elwood

Digitality is deeply implicated in sociospatial processes of exclusion, adverse incorporation, impoverishment and enrichment. Theorizing digital practices of life and thriving is politically and epistemologically urgent, and more robustly intersectional theory in digital geographies scholarship offers crucial pathways. I argue for theorizing digital geographies at the intersection of feminist relationality and Black, queer and feminist code studies. I demonstrate these theoretical horizons through an analysis of ‘glitch politics’ that refuse normative digital-social-spatial relations of technocapitalist urban life, and catalyze sociospatial relations of thriving otherwise, drawing examples from digital practices of street newspapers sold by unsheltered people in cities worldwide.

Huizhong Shen, S. Tao, Yilin Chen et al.

Population migration has upgraded the direct energy consumption with remarkable benefits on air quality and health in China. Direct residential and transportation energy consumption (RTC) contributes significantly to ambient fine particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in China. During massive rural-urban migration, population and pollutant emissions from RTC have evolved in terms of magnitude and geographic distribution, which was thought to worsen PM2.5 levels in cities but has not been quantitatively addressed. We quantify the temporal trends and spatial patterns of migration to cities and evaluate their associated pollutant emissions from RTC and subsequent health impact from 1980 to 2030. We show that, despite increased urban RTC emissions due to migration, the net effect of migration in China has been a reduction of PM2.5 exposure, primarily because of an unequal distribution of RTC energy mixes between urban and rural areas. After migration, people have switched to cleaner fuel types, which considerably lessened regional emissions. Consequently, the national average PM2.5 exposure concentration in 2010 was reduced by 3.9 μg/m3 (90% confidence interval, 3.0 to 5.4 μg/m3) due to migration, corresponding to an annual reduction of 36,000 (19,000 to 47,000) premature deaths. This reduction was the result of an increase in deaths by 142,000 (78,000 to 181,000) due to migrants swarming into cities and decreases in deaths by 148,000 (76,000 to 194,000) and 29,000 (15,000 to 39,000) due to transitions to a cleaner energy mix and lower urban population densities, respectively. Locally, however, megacities such as Beijing and Shanghai experienced increases in PM2.5 exposure associated with migration because these cities received massive immigration, which has driven a large increase in local emissions.

Carmen Sánchez-Guevara, M. Núñez Peiró, Jonathon Taylor et al.

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and duration of hot weather and its associated adverse health effects. In dense urban areas, these phenomena will be exacerbated by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and indoor overheating. This paper assesses population exposure and vulnerability to high summer temperatures by exploring the geospatial connection between the UHI, housing energy efficiency and overheating risk, and social vulnerability indicators, such as income and the elderly population. Focusing on Madrid and London, two European cities with strong UHIs but contrasting drivers of indoor heat risk, the spatial distribution of selected indicators were analysed by means of Geographical Information Systems, and areas with the highest vulnerability towards summer energy poverty were identified. It was found that while 'hot and vulnerable' areas are present in both Madrid and London, there are significant differences in climate, socioeconomic distribution and housing between the two cities. In warmer climates such as Madrid, energy poverty-traditionally defined by wintertime heating-requires its definition to be broadened to include summertime cooling needs; in the context of climate change and urban warming trends, this may soon also be the case in northern cities such as London.

Efa Tadesse Debele, Taye Negussie

Access to housing is a fundamental necessity for individuals. Even though the motives of informal housing are complex, analyzing the issue from a political economy perspective needs to be adequately addressed. This study analyzed why informal housing continues and is challenging to eradicate. It motivated researchers to understand the phenomenon from a political economy approach, assuming it offers a holistic understanding. A mixed research design was adopted by considering the nature of the problem and the research objectives intended to be achieved. Three hundred eighty-four respondents were randomly selected to substantiate research questions. Empirical findings indicated that informal housing had become the prevailing housing market. Researchers identified that the motives of speculators, the shelter needs of individuals, the motives of brokers, the interests of farmers, and the level of structural hospitality are significantly associated with the prevalence of informal housing. However, gain motives, need motives, and structural hospitalities were significant variables that significantly predicted the intensity and prevalence of informal housing.In contrast, brokers' motives and farmers' cooperation did not significantly predict the informal housing scenario. Thus, prospective intervention is expected to reverse the scenario by implementing a political economy analysis-based intervention framework, expanding adequate, affordable housing for the urban low-income people who need shelter, developing land and housing database to reduce structural hospitality, and taking proactive measures against the structural actors who are rent-seekers and exploited opportunities of informal housing. Furthermore, researchers seek to analyze informal housing issues in a political economy approach to understand the problem holistically.

Simon Marvin, Andrés Luque-Ayala, Colin Mcfarlane

H. Slabbekoorn

Raphaël Le Magoariec

This paper focuses on an unpublished topic, the 2022 World Cup stadiums. The somewhat unusual research subject will tend to question their role as real protagonists of this sporting event. Through this article the main purpose is to understand how Qatar thinks its new sports venues. These stadiums turn out to be central elements of its world communication by a staging of its territory, but also symbolic places in the construction of the representation of its power within the Gulf and its society. As future centers of attention, in 2022, these stadiums are also a reflection of many barriers that the emirate faces in the recent direction of its foreign policy on a global scale. Reflections of the acceleration of the political time of the emirate on the world stage, the stadiums also testify to the gap which persists between the global image that the power tries to project from Qatar and the internal realities to its society. Finally, by their centrality during the next World Cup these stadiums concentrate the struggles for leadership that are playing out on the Gulf political scene and so around this major event. Beyond these new sports venues, the goal is to put in an historical and geopolitical perspective the development of sport in Qatar to be able to understand the issues and the subtle logic of the recent integration of the emirate within the spheres of the sport show industry.

Redaktion sub\urban

Ingo Mose, Thomas Hammer, Dominik Siegrist et al.

This paper addresses development and experiences of an international group of researchers with a focus on area protection in Europe. Under the acronym "NeReGro" (for "New regional development and large protected areas") four university research groups in geography from Switzerland, Austria and Germany practice successfully a rather lose, informal way of collaboration for almost20 years. Core subject of their joint activities is the considerable change experienced in area protection in Europe for quite some time. This is especially mirrored by large protected areas, many of which carry out a multitude of functions beyond the classical tasks of nature conservation. A considerable part of this research appears relatively isolated though, relatively disconnected and with limited mutual recognition. The development of NeReGro well illustrates the benefits that can be generated instead from ways of systematic collaboration for research on protected areas at large. These regard the development of a comparative international research agenda, the recognition of the societal implications of area protection, and the enhancement of the local-regional research perspective by a global view. Besides the added value of collaboration visibale through the work of NeReGro, the case of the research group equally illustrates limits of collabation similarly characteristic for protected areas research in Europe at large. Against this background, the consistent development of appropriate forms of research collaboration at European scale are demanded in order to meet future challenges caused by planning and management of protected areas.

Stefan Lammer, B. Gehlsen, D. Helbing

The urban road networks of the 20 largest German cities have been analysed, based on a detailed database providing the geographical positions as well as the travel-times for network sizes up to 37,000 nodes and 87,000 links. As the human driver recognises travel-times rather than distances, faster roads appear to be ‘shorter’ than slower ones. The resulting metric space has an effective dimension δ>2, which is a significant measure of the heterogeneity of road speeds. We found that traffic strongly concentrates on only a small fraction of the roads. The distribution of vehicular flows over the roads obeys a power law, indicating a clear hierarchical order of the roads. Studying the cellular structure of the areas enclosed by the roads, the distribution of cell sizes is scale invariant as well.

Bill Randolph, Andrew Tice

Thomas Terfrüchte, Stefan Greiving, Florian Flex

The topic of “central places” (again) steadily gains relevance in spatial science as well as in regional planning. Emphasising the requirement to verify central-place concepts empirically, corresponding aims of comprehensive regional planning can be justified in a reasonable way. It has so far remained open which methodological demands have to relate to this validation and how in particular these specifications should be fulfilled. These questions form the background for this article. It introduces four optional approaches towards the empirical foundation of central-place concepts as an indispensable prerequisite for legal certainty and proposes in the end an iterative approach as ideal type.