Hasil untuk "Chemical engineering"

Adinda Pitaloka, Komar Sutriah, Sri Mulijani et al.

Used cooking oil (UCO) contains peroxide and FFA, which can impede UCO processing and lower the quality of downstream products. The majority of pretreatment techniques currently in use have drawbacks, such as excessive chemical use. An alternative that is more successful and efficient is photocatalysis. No research has been conducted on the photodegradation of UCO using TiO2/ZnO/CuO/HDTMA-Br composites. Precipitation was used to create the composite. The TiO2/ZnO/CuO composite has a high crystallinity, specifically 74.54% in the 1 CMC-modified catalyst, according to the characterization results. The spectrum of the synthesized TiO2/ZnO/CuO composite showed the presence of H2O and CO2 groups in addition to the primary groups of TiO2, ZnO, and CuO. Additionally, the 1 CMC modification increased pore volume and surface area. The surfactant-modified composite exhibited a more consistent morphology, as observed by SEM analysis. The best results from photocatalytic testing at different temperatures, times, and surfactant concentrations were obtained at 120 °C for an hour with a surfactant concentration of 1 CMC. These results show that degradation using TiO2/ZnO/CuO photocatalysts can lower the FFA and peroxide contents of UCO by 65% and 59%, respectively, under ideal conditions. This study focuses on FFA and peroxide value parameters as a preliminary investigation into alternative UCO pretreatment solutions. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Pooja Singh, Lokendra Singh, Sameer Yadav et al.

A serious worldwide health concern, tuberculosis (TB) necessitates creative methods for quick and precise diagnosis. This paper presents the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB) using a two-way approach utilizing refractive index (RI) sensors and machine learning (ML) techniques. The approach is validated by adopting a Fano resonance (FR) sensor which consists of freshly prepared cerium oxide nanostructures (CNS) covered sensing slots. The CNS is prepared by using combustion technique and characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The RI values sensed through the sensor yield a high sensitivity and autocorrelation coefficient of 163 nm RIU ^−1 and ${R}^{2}=92.37\, \% $ , respectively. The microscopic sputum smear examination is used to detect mTB through five different ML classifiers. Among all, the random forest classifier provides the highest accuracy of 96%. According to preliminary findings, the suggested system provides a quick, affordable, and non-invasive diagnostic option with excellent accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The approach addresses important TB diagnostic problems and is more suitable for low-resource environments. This hybrid strategy can transform TB detection, enhance patient outcomes, and support TB control initiatives.

Seid Reza Falsafi, Sneh Puniabangar, Monica Trif et al.

Abstract The development of bioformulations based on food protein hydrolysates (FPHs) has gained significant traction in the food and pharmaceutical sectors due to their biophysical and biochemical properties, including health‐promoting effects, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, the oral delivery of FPHs presents notable technical challenges, largely due to their inherent limitations such as (bio)stability, permeability, bioavailability, and molecular size. This review provides a comprehensive overview of FPHs, including their structural characteristics, origins, methods of preparation, and associated health benefits. Additionally, it highlights the challenges related to their oral delivery. Recent advancements in the formulation and delivery of FPHs through biopolymeric controlled release systems—such as micro‐ and nanoparticles, hydrogels, biofunctional films and composites, and electrospun fibers—are discussed. We also explore lipid‐based delivery platforms, including liposomes, chitosomes, emulsions, Pickering emulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and surfactant‐based carriers. Furthermore, this article emphasizes the importance of controlled delivery and targeted release of FPHs following oral administration. The challenges in designing effective lipid/biopolymer‐based carriers for FPHs, along with future prospects and opportunities in this growing field, are also thoroughly examined.

Wang Ruimeng, Xie Yawei, Zhao Zhongxing et al.

Efficient adsorption and purification of low concentration volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon dioxide (CO2) mixture in high-humidity environments remain a daunting challenge for researchers. In this study, a dual spatial region synergistic adsorption strategy was proposed to achieve synchronous and efficient capture of formaldehyde and CO2 on flexible chlorine (Cl) based ionic hypercross-linked polymer (Cl-IHCP). Through the ordered self-assembly of ionic monomers, the array-distributed free Cl, terminal Cl, and pyrrole nitrogen (N) sites were integrated into the skeletal network of Cl-IHCP and formed ultra-microporous environment with two different adsorption regions. Different adsorption regions exhibited varying adsorption affinities for formaldehyde and CO2 molecules on three sites, thereby weakening their competitive adsorption and achieving high adsorption for both. Besides, the strong binding force of formaldehyde and CO2 molecules in different regions makes the skeleton-responsive swelling of Cl-IHCP, and created new adsorption microenvironments for the other adsorbate. This manner considerably enhanced the adsorption capacity of Cl-IHCP for formaldehyde and CO2 in mixed-component, increasing by approximately 45% and 70% respectively compared to single component formaldehyde and CO2. These fascinating properties enabled Cl-IHCP to synergistically adsorb formaldehyde and CO2 mixtures in high humidity environments. This study innovatively proposed a simple and cost-effective strategy for removing VOCs and CO2 under high humidity, providing a feasible solution for green air purification technology.

Nada M. Al‐Ananzeh, Khalid Bani‐Melhem, Hussam Elddin Khasawneh et al.

Abstract Jordan's energy sector faces significant challenges due to rising fuel prices, making the exploration of local energy resources crucial. The abundant oil shale deposits in Wadi Thamad present a promising opportunity. Since Wadi Thamad oil shale has never been studied before, this research focuses on the Wadi Thamad basin near Madaba, Jordan, aiming to comprehensively characterize its oil shale using advanced analytical techniques. Using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry, this study assesses the mineralogical, chemical, and thermal properties of Wadi Thamad oil shale. The findings reveal calcite and quartz as the primary minerals, with significant aliphatic, CO2, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups. Elemental analysis highlights essential oxides, such as CaO and SiO2. Fischer assay results indicate an oil content of 5.3–10.1 wt%, a gross‐calorific value of 4.56–7.69 MJ/kg, and a sulfur content of 1.77–2.10 wt%. The peak pyrolysis temperature is 432.4°C from TGA. This research's novelty lies in its comprehensive approach to characterizing the underexplored Wadi Thamad oil shale basin. The findings enhance the understanding of Wadi Thamad's geological composition and underscore its potential as a local energy resource, contributing valuable data to Jordan's energy portfolio and offering economic benefits.

Wei Xia, Zhijie Zhou, Liangzheng Sheng et al.

Abstract The separation of fluorinated propane/propylene mixtures remains a major challenge in the electronics industry. Inspired by biological ion channels with negatively charged inner walls that allow selective transport of cations, we presented a series of formic acid-based metal-organic frameworks (MFA) featuring biomimetic multi-hydrogen confined cavities. These MFA materials, especially the cobalt formate (CoFA), exhibit specific recognition of hexafluoropropylene (C3F6) while facilitating size exclusion of perfluoropropane (C3F8). The dual-functional adsorbent offers multiple binding sites to realize intelligent selective recognition of C3F6, as supported by theoretical calculations and in situ spectroscopic experiments. Mixed-gas breakthrough experiments validate the capability of CoFA to produce high-purity (>5 N) C3F8 in a single step. Importantly, the stability and cost-effective scalable synthesis of CoFA underscore its extraordinary potential for industrial C3F6/C3F8 separations. This bioinspired molecular recognition approach opens new avenues for the efficient purification of fluorinated electronic specialty gases.

Kunal Singh, Ajit Khosla, Shilpa Gupta

Soft robotics, offering precise actions in complex environments, stands at the brink of transformative advancements across diverse fields. To realize this potential, the field must address five key challenges: creation of soft power and control mechanisms, emphasis on sustainability, cultivation of advanced intelligence, and the imperative for standardization. This perspective argues for solutions grounded in sensory feedback systems, aiming to fortify the foundation of soft robotics, ensure its sustainability, enhance adaptability in robot intelligence, and set the stage for scalable robot production. Addressing these challenges, we aim to pave the way for a more inclusive era of soft robotic technology.

Kai Zhu, Baiqing Xiong, Xiwu Li et al.

During the immersion quenching process, severe temperature changes and significant temperature differences between the core and superficial area can give rise to high residual stresses within the aluminum alloy thick plate to cause subsequent machining distortion of the thin-walled part. Reducing the residual stress within the thick plate can effectively minimize the distortion in part. In this research, ABAQUS software was adopted to simulate the internal temperature and stress fields of thick plates of Al7055 alloy during the quenching and pre-stretching processes, sequentially and respectively. In addition, the x-ray residual stress measurement method was used to measure and characterize the surface residual stress of the plates. The results indicate that the medium temperature affects residual stress inside the thick plate significantly during the immersion quenching process. The level of which inside the plate gradually increases as the medium temperature decreases. Further, the pre-stretching treatment can effectively reduce residual stresses within the thick plate, and the residual stress level gradually decreases with the pre-stretching ratio increasing. The experimental results verify the feasibility of numerical simulation to predict the status of quenching stress in thick plates. Subsequently, a simulation study for material removal processes was carried out based on the above studies. The results reveal that the thin-walled part’s machining distortion degree improves as the raw thick plate’s initial quench residual stress level decreases.

Dhivyaprasath Kasinathan, Praveena Prabhakar, Preethi Muruganandam et al.

Metal oxide and metal dichalcogenide heterostructure composites are promising candidates for electrochemical use. In this study, a hybrid heterostructure composite electrode material was made using a straightforward hydrothermal process using transition metal oxide (NiO) and metal dichalcogenide (MoS₂). The surface of the flower-like structured MoS₂ was grown with granular structured NiO, and this heterostructure composite exhibited considerably improved specific capacitance when compared to the pure NiO and MoS₂ materials. The pseudocapacitive performance was effectively supported by the heterostructure combination of transition metal oxide (TMOs) and metal dichalcogenide (MDC), which greatly improved ion transport within the material and storage. At a current density of 1 A/g, the prepared heterostructure composite electrode material exhibited a specific capacitance of 289 F/g, and, after 2000 cycles, the capacitance retained 101% of its initial value. The symmetric device was constructed and put through tests using LED light. This finding opens up a new avenue for the quickly increasing the field of heterostructure materials.

Abbas H. Abdulabbas, Murtada A. Ismael

The loads in the deep beams are transmitted diagonally from the load area to the support area by means of the strut and the tie. It is characterized by having a small span to depth ratio. which causes the distribution of stresses to be non-linear within the beam, which motivates researchers to study the effect of the placing of longitudinal hollows and the extent to which these holes affect the behavior and distribution of stresses for these types of beams. In addition to the advantages added by longitudinal hollow to the beam such as reducing weight and passing various electrical and mechanical services...etc. This study investigated the effect of making longitudinal circular holes (with a diameter of 50mm) with a slope on the structural behavior of three deep beams with a solid sample as a reference where the slope used was 0%, 4.3%, and 7.8%. The results showed that making holes reduces the load capacity of the deep beam, a decrease in the failure load was observed by 7.56%, 8.96%, and 11.2% for hollow beams with a slope of 0%, 4.3%, and 7.8%, respectively. Also, the appearance of flexural cracking increased by 2.66%, 2.66%, and 6.66%.and 2.14%, 3.52%, and 7.14%, respectively, for shear cracks. While the effect was small for the neutral axis location as well as for the vertical deflection.

Sehrish Manan, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Mazhar Ul-Islam et al.

Over the last couple of decades, the introduction of living systems to material science for the synthesis of functional materials from biological resources is receiving immense consideration. This is also in accordance with the need for green and sustainable development of new materials. For example, the growing concerns of the degradation of synthetic plastics are shifting the direction of materials-related research to the use of polymeric materials acquired from renewable resources. For example, the fungal mycelium-based materials are produced by growing the vegetative part of mushroom-forming fungi on different organic substrates. Such fungi are known for their ability to degrade agricultural wastes such as straws and sawdust. The mycelium-based composites having tailored structural, physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties are relying on the strain, feeding substrate, and the manufacturing process. The mycelium cell wall mainly contains the chitin, glucans, proteins, and lipids, whose concentrations depend upon the feeding substrate that ultimately defines the final properties of the synthesized materials. The mycelium-based functional materials with tunable properties are synthesized by selecting the desired components and the synthesis method. The pure and composites of stiff, elastic, porous, less dense, fast-growing, and low-cost mycelium-derived materials with efficient antimicrobial, antioxidant, and skin whitening properties pave their way in various applications such as construction, packaging, medicine, and cosmetics. This review describes the synthesis and structural organization of mycelium-based materials. It further discusses the effect of different factors on the material properties. Finally, it summarizes different applications of mycelium-based materials in medicine, cosmetics, packaging, and construction fields.

Shelby L. Foster, Prashant Acharya, Mojtaba Abolhassani et al.

Bimetallic nanoparticles comprised of iron and nickel were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated to optimize the ideal metal ratio for azo dye removal from water systems. Results show that changing the molar ratio of nickel to iron caused different removal rates, as well as the extent of overall elimination of azo dye from water. Lower molar ratios, from Ni₁Fe₁₀ to Ni_2.5Fe₁₀, exhibited a higher removal efficiency of 80-99%. Higher concentrations of Ni in the catalyst, from Ni₃Fe₁₀ to Ni₅Fe₁₀, resulted in 70-90% removal. The lower molar ratios of Ni exhibited a consistent removal rate of 0.11 g/L/min, while the higher molar ratios of Ni displayed varying removal rates of 0.1-0.05 g/L/min. A second order kinetic model was fit to the first twenty minutes of the reaction for all nickel to iron compositions, where there is a decrease in rate constant with an increase in molar ratio. During the last forty minutes of reaction, azo dye removal fit a zero order kinetic model. All as-synthesized nanoparticle samples were found to be structurally disordered based on the lack of distinct peaks in XRD spectra. Post-reaction samples were found to have Fe₂O₃ and FeOOH cubic peaks.

Verónica Marcillo-Parra, Mayra Anaguano, Maritza Molina et al.

Mango peel is gaining recognition for its nutritional and functional value. This by-product shows variable composition depending on different factors such as variety, stage maturity, and geographic site of production. This work sought to evaluate mango peel composition, bioactive compound content, antioxidant activity, and carotenoid and phenolic profiles for the three most commercial varieties of the equatorial region using UV–Vis spectroscopy, HPLC, and UPLC. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between all varieties regarding the content of bioactive compounds. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid content ranged from 2930 to 6624 mg GAE/100 g, 502–795 mg CE/100 g, and 3.7–5.7 mg/100 g, respectively. A high positive correlation (r = 0.961) between the phenolic content and ABTS radical-scavenging activity was found for all samples. β-Carotene and lutein were identified and quantified, the samples of cvs. Haden and Kent showed the highest β-carotene content (8 mg/100 g). Gallic acid and rutin were identified in all samples, whereas mangiferin had the highest amount (314 mg/100 g) in cv. Tommy Atkins. The results suggest that mango peel has bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant properties, which can be used as functional ingredients in different industrial products.

S. Wang, N.L. Pomerantz, Z. Dai et al.

Highly selective and lightweight protective suits featuring excellent breathability, mechanical robustness, and catalytic degradation performance toward chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are highly desirable for first responders and the military. However, current multilayered state-of-the-art chemical/biological (CB) protective textiles containing activated carbon and separate aerosol-protective layers exhibit several drawbacks including high thermal burden and secondary contamination. Herein, we present for the first time, a highly sorptive, breathable, and mechanically strong aerosol-protective layered fabric with prominent catalytic degradation capability of CWA simulant, through novel material selection and engineering design. The electrospun polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) fiber web with hierarchical porosity is used as a matrix material, preventing toxic gas penetration while providing pathways for air and water vapor molecules. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers assembled with PIM-1 fibers via a layer-by-layer electrospun-deposition approach are shown to achieve significantly enhanced mechanical integrity and filtration efficiency, due to the high polar chemical structure and small fiber diameter of PAN. The subsequent incorporation of UiO-66-NH2 particles, a Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF), further enhances the sorption capacity while maintaining excellent filtration efficiency, mechanical strength, and breathability, and also endows the fiber web with remarkable catalytic degradation towards CWA simulants. The resulting PIM/PAN/MOF composite fiber mat demonstrates unprecedented integrated properties with water vapor transmission rate of 1,013 g/m2·24 h, surface area of 574 m2/g, increased tensile strength (more than 70 times compared to neat PIM-1 fiber web), and PM2.5 and PM10 filtration efficiency of 99.88% and 99.94%, respectively, comparable to commercial polypropylene (PP) non-woven textile. This facile and effective fabrication of such a multifunctional composite fiber mat is valuable for the design of protective garments in health care, personal protective gear, and law enforcement and military uniforms.

Carolina Díaz-Cárdenas, Laura Yinneth Rojas, Susana Fiorentino et al.

Previous studies revealed the potential of <i>Labrenzia aggregata</i> USBA 371 to produce cytotoxic metabolites. This study explores its metabolic diversity and compounds involved in its cytotoxic activity. Extracts from the extracellular fraction of strain USBA 371 showed high levels of cytotoxic activity associated with the production of diketopiperazines (DKPs). We purified two compounds and a mixture of two other compounds from this fraction. Their structures were characterized by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The purified compounds were evaluated for additional cytotoxic activities. Compound <b>1</b> (cyclo (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Pro-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Tyr)) showed cytotoxicity to the following cancer cell lines: breast cancer 4T1 (IC₅₀ 57.09 ± 2.11 µM), 4T1H17 (IC₅₀ 40.38 ± 1.94), MCF-7 (IC₅₀ 87.74 ± 2.32 µM), murine melanoma B16 (IC₅₀ 80.87 ± 3.67), human uterus sarcoma MES-SA/Dx5 P-pg (−) (IC₅₀ 291.32 ± 5.64) and MES-SA/Dx5 P-pg (+) (IC₅₀ 225.28 ± 1.23), and murine colon MCA 38 (IC₅₀ 29.85 ± 1.55). In order to elucidate the biosynthetic route of the production of DKPs and other secondary metabolites, we sequenced the genome of <i>L. aggregata</i> USBA 371. We found no evidence for biosynthetic pathways associated with cyclodipeptide synthases (CDPSs) or non-ribosomal peptides (NRPS), but based on proteogenomic analysis we suggest that they are produced by proteolytic enzymes. This is the first report in which the cytotoxic effect of cyclo (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Pro-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">l</span>-Tyr) produced by an organism of the genus <i>Labrenzia</i> has been evaluated against several cancer cell lines.

Precious Chukwuweike Eze, Cornelius Mduduzi Masuku

Vapour–liquid equilibrium (VLE) modeling is of paramount importance since it affects the efficiency of downstream processing during product recovery in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) was used to simultaneously model VLE of 1533 gas-liquid solubilities divided over sixty binary systems at pressures up to 5.5 MPa and temperatures from 293 to 553 K using literature data. The network was trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm in MATLAB® for developing and optimizing the model while Bayesian regularization was used to improve the performance of the network. Results obtained from the network suggest that the MLPNN has a better capability in estimating VLE when compared to conventional thermodynamic models. Keywords: Fischer–Tropsch reaction, Machine learning, Thermodynamic modeling, Phase equilibrium

M. Mohammadpour, G. D. Najafpour, M. Rahimnejad et al.

In this paper, HZSM5 zeolite was synthesized through reflux method on support material CaO (25, 35 and 45 wt%) in two specific methods: microwave and impregnation at high temperature. The zeolite catalyst was modified with impregnation of NaOH (2, 4, 8, 12 wt%) at room temperature. The modified zeolite was used in transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol in abatch catalytic process.In transesterification of rapeseed oil, the catalyticactivities of HZSM5, NaZSM5, KZSM5 were considered. The prepared catalysts were characterized by several techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area and also the surface image was scanned by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The parameters affecting on biodiesel yield at optimum reaction conditions were investigated. The maximum yield was achieved with 8wt% of NaOH loaded on HZSM5 at reaction temperature of 65˚C, reaction time of 12 hours and catalyst/oil mass ratio of 9. Also the yield of CaO loaded with impregnation at high temperature was more desired than CaO loaded with microwave. Meanwhile the catalytic activity of HZSM5, NaZSM5 and KZSM5 was nearly zero; and the catalytic activity of modified zeolite was HZSM5>NaZSM5>KZSM5 subsequently.

Vidian Fajri, Novia, Suryatra Andy

The production of gasses from lignite coal gasification is one of alternative fuel for the boiler or gas turbine. The prediction of temperature distribution inside the burner is important for the application and optimization of the producer gas. This research aims to provide the information about the influence of excess air on the temperature distribution and combustion product in the non-premixed burner. The process was carried out using producer gas from lignite coal gasification of BA 59 was produced by the updraft gasifier which is located on Energy Conversion Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department Universitas Sriwijaya. The excess air used in the combustion process were respectively 10%, 30% and 50%. CFD Simulations was performed in this work using two-dimensional model of the burner. The result of the simulation showed an increase of excess air, a reduction in the gas burner temperature and the composition of gas (carbon dioxide, nitric oxide and water vapor).

F. Ascione, A. Zuorro, M. Fidaleo et al.

Honey is widely used for treating wounds, burns and ulcers, due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, it has been shown that it can also promote tissue repair. However, the mechanisms of action in the wound healing process are still far from full comprehension. In this work we propose an experimental methodology to investigate the potential role of honey as wound repair enhancer, by analyzing in vitro cell motility and proliferation, that are the main mechanisms involved in the wound repair. Our methodological approach is based on the well-assessed in vitro Wound Healing (WH) assay, coupled with Time-Lapse Microscopy (TLM) and image analysis techniques. Our methodology was applied to test the potential healing activities of several kinds of honeys and mixtures of selected honeys, on monolayers of HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. The honeys were also characterized for their antimicrobial activity. Overall, this work is focused on raising new therapeutic interest in the valuable natural product honey.

G. Di Benedetto, A. Patel, P.M. Armenante

Not available.