Hasil untuk "Auxiliary sciences of history"

Anacary Castro, Rosendo Martínez Rodríguez, Paulina Latapí

En este trabajo se abordan las concepciones de cien docentes de educación primaria de Sonora, México, en torno a la selección de personajes y acontecimientos de la historia de México. Se analizan los motivos por los que otorgan relevancia histórica a unos u otros contenidos, así como la perspectiva histórica de sus argumentaciones. La metodología empleada fue mixta, con la aplicación y análisis de un cuestionario con preguntas cerradas y abiertas. Entre los resultados destacan: la notoriedad que los docentes otorgan a determinados personajes y eventos transformadores de la historia contemporánea de México, de carácter eminentemente político, militar y social; la muy escasa presencia de las mujeres como sujetos históricos, entre otros grupos invisibilizados. La muestra justifica sus preferencias desde una perspectiva histórica restringida, que ensalza valores positivos y pocas veces cuestiona los relatos hegemónicos de la historia nacional.

Lokhov A.Yu., Eremin I.E., Natsvin A. V.

The paper considers the technology of computer reconstruction of a lost unique historical architectural defensive complex, implemented using various sources in their content reflecting only fragmentary background information on the problem under study. In this case, the authors verified the excavations contained in the schemes of topographic plans of archaeological expeditions of different periods, which are presented in detail on the created synthetic topographic plan. I.e. the architectural objects discovered during various expeditions were systematically arranged in accordance with the reference to modern topographic data. Such detailed excavation of various fortress buildings, as well as a detailed study of their architectural analogues, allow us to identify linear parameters objectively necessary for their three-dimensional computer modeling. In other words, the authors have taken an integrated approach in reproducing the unique appearance of the fortification, which maximally corresponds to the basic concept of construction and the requirements for military fortifications of the period under study. The uniqueness of this work lies in the fact that the use of modern information technologies acts as a tool, which allow not only to restore the lost appearance of the first military-administrative center of the Amur region, but also to promote promising research on the history of the development of the Russian Far East.

Синика Виталий Степанович, Разумов Сергей Николаевич, Лысенко Сергей Дмитриевич et al.

В статье впервые публикуются и анализируются материалы, полученные при исследовании венгерского погребения 3 кургана 7 группы «ДОТ» у с.Глиное Слободзейского района на левобережье Нижнего Днестра. Захоронение было совершено в прямоугольной яме возле юго-восточной полы насыпи. Костяк лежал в вытянутом положении на спине, головой на запад-юго-запад. У левого плеча находилась левая плечевая кость овцы. Подобный обряд зафиксирован не только в венгерских могилах Северного Причерноморья, но и восточнее – в Подонье, в Поволжье и на Урале. В качестве жертвенных животных венгры использовали не только овец, но и лошадей, а также крупный рогатый скот. В ногах была поставлена деревянная колода. У левого колена был найден железный нож, у левой стопы – железная пластина. Поверх левого крыла таза лежали две серединные костяные накладки от лука. На правой лучевой кости располагались остатки колчана в виде пяти железных наконечников стрел и железного шила. Под правым запястьем, у крыла таза, зафиксированы фрагменты железного кресала и кресальный кремень. Аналогии наконечникам стрел, а также радиоуглеродные даты позволяют датировать захоронение концом IX – первой половиной Xвв. Это погребение, вместе с ранее исследованными на левобережье Нижнего Днестра венгерскими могилами, позволяет фиксировать пребывание венгров в регионе с середины IX по середину Xвв.

Oktay Özgül, Burak Bingöl

The Eastern Anatolia region, a high plateau, is exceptionally rich in paintings on rocks. Rock paintings in Ardahan, Kars, Erzurum, Erzincan, and Van-Hakkari mountainous region constitute a large part of this wealth. The technique of line, engraving, carving, and pecking was generally used in rock paintings drawn on andesitic and basalt stones in the region. The motifs encountered in rock painting areas are human (shaman), horse, bull - ox - cow, deer, wolf, dog, and sheep - ram - mountain goat. Furthermore, scenes of hunting and war, ceremonial and geometric scenes, and celestial shapes are among the covered themes. Sixteen rock painting areas were identified in the Northeast Anatolian region. Nine centers were examined in the study; Çıldır Başköy, Borluk Valley/Azat village, Camuşlu, Digor/Dolaylı, Geyiklitepe, Kurbanağa, Dilli Valley, Cunni Cave, and Şenkaya Kaynak village are rock paintings. There are more than 368 figures in these paintings, of which 119 are mountain goat figures. In the study, the morphology of the mountain goat motif in the related rock painting areas was examined, and its symbolic meaning and place in the hunting ritual and the possible cosmic world were analyzed.

Natàlia Moragas Segura

Las preguntas sobre el origen de Teotihuacan siguen siendo todavía cuestiones por resolver. Teotihuacan es la principal cultura que se desarrolla durante el periodo clásico en el Altiplano mexicano y su influencia abarcará toda Mesoamérica. Las cuestiones sobre su origen son básicas para comprender su desarrollo posterior pero resultan muy difíciles de conocer por la falta de registros arqueológicos de las fases tempranas. Afortunadamente, algunas ideas pueden ser esbozadas desde las investigaciones arqueológicas realizadas en el yacimiento de Tetimpa en Puebla. En este artículo queremos aportar algunos datos que complementan las investigaciones realizadas por las Dras. Plunket y Uruñuela. Para ello sugerimos que grupos étnicos del área poblano Tlaxcalteca tuvieron un papel determinante en el origen de la ciudad clásica.   ABSTRACT Questions about the origin of Teotihuacan are still unresolved issues. Teotihuacan is the main culture during the classical period in the Mexican Plateau and its influence cover all Mesoamerica. The questions about their origin are basic to understanding their subsequent development but are very difficult to know by the lack of archaeological records of early phases. Fortunately, some ideas can be outlined from the archaeological research conducted at the site of Tetimpa in Puebla. In this article we provide some data that complement the research conducted by Drs. Plunket and Uruñuela. We suggest that ethnic groups in the area poblano tlaxcaltecas had a determining role in the origin of the classical city. KEY WORDS: Teotihuacan; Tetimpa; Lajas Altares

Romain Andenmatten

Des sites occupés par des militaires romains durant la seconde moitié du premier siècle avant J.-C. ont été mis en évidence entre 2300 et 3100 m d’altitude dans les Alpes poenines. Après une introduction au programme de recherche sur ces positions, un catalogue présente les résultats des investigations sur les sites valaisans. La confrontation de ces découvertes aux sources historiques et plus particulièrement aux événements ayant amené à l’établissement de l’hégémonie romaine sur cette région, ainsi que le rappel des réserves méthodologiques inhérentes à cet exercice font office de conclusion. L’ensemble amène un nouvel éclairage sur la période tardo- républicaine dans cette partie des Alpes et présente un état des lieux de cette recherche toujours en cours.

Özgür Yılmaz

Uzun yıllardan beri Paris’te, INALCO’da (l’Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales) “études ottomanes et histoire turque”, Osmanlı Araştırmaları ve Türk Tarihi kürsüsünde akademik çalışmalarını sürdüren Prof. Dr. Faruk Bilici OsmanlıFransız ilişkileri konusunda yapmış olduğu önemli çalışmalara bir yenisini daha ekleyerek, bu kez “L’expédition d'Égypte, Alexandrie et les Ottomans: l’autre histoire [Mısır Seferi, İskenderiye ve Osmanlılar: Öteki Tarih]” adlı yeni çalışmasıyla İskenderiye’yi merkez alarak Napolyon’un Mısır Seferi’ne dair farklı bir bakış açısı ortaya koyuyor.

R. Nilsson, A. Veicht, P. A. Godfrey et al.

The nearby Sun-like star GJ 758 hosts a cold substellar companion, GJ 758 B, at a projected separation of ≲30 au, previously detected in high-contrast multi-band photometric observations. In order to better constrain the companion’s physical characteristics, we acquired the first low-resolution (R ∼ 50) near-infrared spectrum of it using the high-contrast hyperspectral imaging instrument Project 1640 on Palomar Observatory’s 5 m Hale telescope. We obtained simultaneous images in 32 wavelength channels covering the Y, J, and H bands (∼952–1770 nm), and used data processing techniques based on principal component analysis to efficiently subtract chromatic background speckle-noise. GJ 758 B was detected in four epochs during 2013 and 2014. Basic astrometric measurements confirm its apparent northwest trajectory relative to the primary star, with no clear signs of orbital curvature. Spectra of SpeX/IRTF observed T dwarfs were compared to the combined spectrum of GJ 758 B, with χ2 minimization suggesting a best fit for spectral type T7.0 ± 1.0, but with a shallow minimum over T5–T8. Fitting of synthetic spectra from the BT-Settl13 model atmospheres gives an effective temperature Teff = 741 ± 25 K and surface gravity dex (cgs). Our derived best-fit spectral type and effective temperature from modeling of the low-resolution spectrum suggest a slightly earlier and hotter companion than previous findings from photometric data, but do not rule out current results, and confirm GJ 758 B as one of the coolest sub-stellar companions to a Sun-like star to date.

Bogordayeva A.А.

The aim of this study is to systematize information on kerchiefs that the Mansi present to the guardian spirits. The analysis is based on the typological method. The article analyzes materials kerchiefs are made of and their ornaments, ways of throwing on and tying, their functions. The research is based on information gathered during ethnographic expeditions, studies of museum collections and ethnographic literature. It is found out that kerchiefs are the most common type of sacrificial offerings at contemporary Mansi shrines. Regardless of sex, they are presented to female and male guardian spirits. A coin tied into a corner is a distinctive feature of sacrificial kerchiefs. Kerchiefs with pendants made of seed beads, beads, bells or small bells sewn on have a special status. Two types of sacrificial kerchiefs are distinguished: home-made and tailor-made kerchiefs. Currently, the most common kerchiefs are tailor-made. It was determined that sacrificial kerchiefs perform a number of functions at sanctuaries. They form part of a costume of the images of guardian spirits as headdresses, belts, bedspreads, etc. Sometimes they completely replace clothes in the images of guardian spirits. Kerchiefs often form a basis of a figure depicting a guardian spirit. They are used to cover the skin of a bear during a bear feast. It is found out that kerchiefs exercise magical (apotropaic and carpogonical) functions in family rites.

Simone Becker

FOUCAULT, Michel. O corpo utópico, as heterotopias. Posfácio de Daniel Defert. São Paulo: Edições n-1, 2013.

Valeria Merola

Recensione / Book review Monica Martinat (2013), Tra storia e fiction. Il racconto della realtà nel mondo contemporaneo, Milano: Et al., 185 pp.

Daniele Artoni

This essay aims at finding autobiographical traces of Modest Musorgsky’s childhood in his composition Detskaia – The Nursery (1873). Musorgsky is the author of both the music and the lyrics. He structured the piece from a child’s point of view, which is characterised by incoherence and behavioural gaps. This total immersion in the child’s world is further enhanced by the structure of the music, which is free from the western tenets and rich in rhythm variations and dissonant harmonies. Letters, biographies and autobiographical sketches are precious sources for finding connections between the child’s world and Musorgsky’s vision of childhood, based on his own.

Vivian Theda Gavilán Vega, Felipe Lagos Candia

Los procesos de integración/inclusión del pueblo aymara a la comunidad política y nacional constituye el interés central de una investigación en curso, cuyo punto de partida fue conocer la respuesta de la colectividad aymara de la Región de Arica-Parinacota a las iniciativas estatales de discriminación positiva. Revisamos aquí antecedentes relacionados con el proceso de acreditación de la condición indígena, provenientes de la Corporación Nacional para el Desarrollo Indígena (CONADI). El análisis de estos datos nos planteó varias preguntas en torno a las experiencias de ser ciudadano e indígena hoy, y que son abordadas en este artículo. Una estrategia metodológica complementaria fue entrevistar a personas que solicitaron la certificación, con la finalidad de conocer sus argumentos y explorar en los significados que elaboran los actores. Los resultados muestran que el Estado persiste en políticas asistencialistas, en tanto que la colectividad aymara continúa buscando nuevas formas de cumplir sus aspiraciones de ser parte de la sociedad mayor.   The main purpose of this research is the process of integration/inclusion of the Aymara people into political and national community. The starting point was to know the answer or response of Aymara community (Arica-Parinacota) to the affirmation politic raised from the state. Here we analyzed data related to the process called indigenous condition accreditation, impulse by the national corporation for the indigenous development (CONADI). This raised several questions about the experience of being and indigenous citizen today addressed in this article. A complementary methodology was to interview people who applied for the certification, with the intention to now their argument and study the meanings elaborated by the actors. The data analyses show that the state insist in paternalistic politics, meanwhile the Aymara community keep looking for new ways to by a part of the hegemonic society.  

Christian Bromberger

First publication: Bromberger Ch. Pour une analyse anthropologique des noms de personnes // Langages. n° 66 (juin 1982): Le Nom Propre. P. 103-124. Translated by D. V. Spiridonov

Pierre Bonte

El destino de Ahl Shaykh Mâ al-cAynîn está conectado a la resistencia contra la colonización europea en el Sahara y Marruecos. La literatura colonial francesa ha concebido la lucha del Sheij como consecuencia de un panislamismo activista. El contexto tribal regional lleva al Sheij a oponerse a la colonización francesa en Mauritania y Marruecos cuestionándose la legitimidad dinástica alawi. El desarrollo de la yihad concluyó con el nombramiento del sultán de Marruecos. Se subraya las contradicciones de un proyecto político basado en el guerrero tlamid del Sheij y las movilizaciones tribales contra el orden colonial. The fate of the Ahl Shaykh Mâ al-cAynîn is connected to the resistance against the European colonization in Sahara and Morocco. The french colonial literature has conceived the Shaykh’s fight as a consequence of an activistic panislamism. As a matter of fact it is located in a tribal regional context leading the Shaykh to be opposed to the French colonization in Mauritania and Morocco and to question finally the calawi dynastic legitimacy. The development of the jihad concluded in the name of the Moroccan Sultan underlines the contradictions of a political project depending on the warrior tlamid of the Shaykh and tribal mobilizations against the colonial order. The check of the jihad reduces the family’s part in the organization of the resistance; after 1920 this part becomes a secondary one.

Truffaut, T.

Este artículo quiere ser una contribución al conocimiento de los estudios sobre el "oso" en la vieja Europa, y más concretamente en la zona de la "Novempopulania". Esta región inscrita en la Aquitania Romana fue instaurada en el siglo II de nuestra era y está carazterizada principalmente por la influencia lingüística del euskara presente en la toponimia y el sustrato lingüístico conservado tanto en el gascón como en el bearnés, ambos dialectos del occitano. El estudio de la presencia del oso será abordado tomando como base diversas fuentes culturales, religiosas y festivas de esta zona, tanto antiguas como contemporáneas, a través de cuatro temáticas relevantes y representativas: -La importancia de las reprentaciones de osos en el arte prehistórico. -La presencia significativa del oso en la evangelización del arzobispado de Auch. -El oso y el hombre salvaje en las creencias, cuentos, leyendas y relatos de estas comarcas, concretamente en los relatos de caza, y el calendario. -La arraigada costumbre de disfrazarse de oso en las diversas manifestaciones invernales y carnavalescas.

Fábio de Oliveira Freitas, Maria Jacqueline Rodet

Procurou-se determinar distintas fontes de características culturais das populações humanas pré-históricas, que viveram no Vale do Peruaçu - Minas Gerais - Brasil, ao longo de seu perfil temporal, desde 10.000 anos atrás, mas principalmente entre o período de 2000 e 500 anos atrás, a fim de embasar à construção dos cenários vivenciados no cotidiano daquelas populações. E, a partir da análise das características e a evolução deste conjunto de fatores materiais, deixados pelas populações, vislumbrar e intuir parte da cultura e costumes imateriais locais. As análises se basearam em ferramentas da indústria lítica; alimentos utilizados, principalmente o milho; sepulturas; estruturas de "armazenamento" de alimentos; e dados próprios e da literatura sobre os sítios arqueológicos da regi;ao. Assim, poderemos afirmar que houve uma grande mudança cultural na região entre 2000 e 500 anos atrás, questão aprofundada na discussão do artigo.

D. Batcheldor, A. B. C. I. O. Technology, Space Telescope Science Institute

The repeated discovery of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at the centers of galactic bulges, and the discovery of relations between the SMBH mass (M•) and the properties of these bulges, have been fundamental in directing our understanding of both galaxy and SMBH formation and evolution. However, there are still many underlying questions surrounding the SMBH–galaxy relations. For example, are the scaling relations linear and constant throughout cosmic history, and do all SMBHs lie on the scaling relations? These fundamental questions can only be answered by further high quality direct M• estimates from a wide range in redshift, before further refinements to galaxy evolution models can be made. In this article we determine the observational requirements necessary to directly determine SMBH masses, across cosmological distances, using current M• modeling techniques. We also discuss the SMBH detection abilities of future facilities. We find that if different M• modeling techniques, using different spectral features, can be shown to be consistent, then both 30 m ground-based and 16 m space-based telescopes will theoretically be able to sample M• ∼ 109 M⊙ across ∼95% of cosmic history. In addition, SMBHs as small as 106 M⊙ will be sampled at a distance of the Coma cluster, and SMBHs as small as 104 M⊙ will be sampled in the Local Group. However, we find that the abilities of ground-based telescopes critically depend on future advancements in adaptive optics systems; more limited AO systems will result in limited effective spatial resolutions, i.e., SMBH detection efficiency, and will force observations toward the near-infrared where spectral features are weaker and more susceptible to sky features. Ground-based AO systems will always be constrained by relatively bright sky backgrounds and atmospheric transmission. The latter forces the use of multiple spectral features and dramatically impacts the SMBH detection efficiency. The most efficient way to advance our database of direct SMBH masses is therefore through the use of a large (16 m) space-based UVOIR telescope.

Christian Stouvenot