Hasil untuk "Animal biochemistry"

Rasha M. Reda, Eman M. Zaki, Ahmed A. A. Aioub et al.

Abstract The aquaculture sector is facing environmental issues because of rising chemical pollution of aquatic systems, which may be caused by man-made or natural causes. The combined action of these mixtures can produce an effect that is either severalfold higher or severalfold lower than the overall toxicity of the individual components. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of three individual toxicants: lead (Pb 0.088 mg L−1), mercury (Hg 0.084 mg L−1), and pendimethalin (PM 0.355 mg L−1) and their combinations on the behavior, oxidative stress, immunology, biochemistry, and histopathological changes in Nile tilapia. The results show that mortality was evident across all treatment groups and was highest in the mixture (MIX) group, at 33.4%. Some of these behavioral changes included increased mucus secretion, fin rot, and dark skin coloration of the fish, all of which were evidently exacerbated in the MIX group. The erythrocyte and hemoglobin indices presented marked reductions in the MIX and PM groups in comparison to the control group. The MIX group had higher levels of serum creatinine and urea, as well as the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. They also had higher levels of malondialdehyde and lower levels of total antioxidant capacity, which showed oxidative stress. The stress biomarkers, cortisol and glucose, showed greater impact on the MIX and PM groups. The neurobehavioral assessment demonstrated noticeable decreased acetylcholinesterase levels in PM and MIX-exposed groups. In the serum immunological parameters, levels of nitric oxide and lysozyme were lower, especially in the MIX and PM groups. In all experimental groups, especially the MIX group, the levels of spleen pro-inflammatory cytokine genes were higher. The histopathological examination revealed marked lesions in the gills, liver, and brains in the form of inflammation, necrosis, and circulatory alterations. Among the exposed groups, the MIX group exhibited the highest histopathological changes. Collectively, our findings demonstrated significant toxic effects of heavy metals and herbicides on Nile tilapia, revealing a synergistic impact on both physiological and histopathological responses resulting from combined exposures. The data evidently indicate the ecological hazards associated with heavy metals and herbicides in aquatic ecosystems.

Giovana Scuissiatto de Souza, Julia Unicki Philipp, Elisana Julek et al.

There is a high demand for free-range eggs, although these systems may offer a greater microbiological challenge. Therefore, the aim with this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 30% propolis extract and 1% sodium hypochlorite in reducing the microbiological contamination of free-range eggs. Eighteen eggs were divided into three groups—treated with propolis, hypochlorite and a control—and tested for mesophilic bacterial count. For the eggshells treated by propolis, the average count was 0.6 log CFU·mL⁻¹, for hypochlorite it was 1.3 log CFU·mL⁻¹ and for the control it was 3.26 log CFU·mL⁻¹. It can be concluded that both methods were effective, with propolis being more efficient.

Nattanan Panjaworayan T-Thienprasert, Titiradsadakorn Jaithon, Pavit Klomkliew et al.

The gut microbiota is pivotal to chickens’ overall health, influencing digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Dietary compounds significantly impact gut microbiota composition. House crickets (<i>Acheta domesticus</i>) have emerged as an alternative protein source for animal feed, rich in proteins and beneficial fatty acids. This study compared the gut microbiota in the cecum and ileum of Thai indigenous chicken breeds (Betong Chicken, white feather with black bone chicken, and black feather with black bone chicken) fed with or without house crickets. Using Oxford Nanopore Technology of 16S rDNA, this study found a similar relative abundance of gut bacteria across groups, with dominant bacteria including Firmicute, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. LEfSe analysis identified differential abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as <i>Ruminococcaceae</i>, <i>Rikenella</i>, and Deferribacteres, in the cecum of the black feather with black bone chicken after cricket feeding. Additionally, <i>Lactobacillaceae</i> exhibited differential abundance in the ileum of this breed post-cricket diet. Consequently, this study provides new data into the gut microbiota of Thai indigenous chickens. It suggests that house cricket diets did not significantly alter microbiota diversity but may enhance beneficial bacteria in certain breeds.

Magdalena Szemraj, Małgorzata Piechota, Kamila Olszowiec et al.

Infections caused by <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> are increasing worldwide. We evaluated the antibiotic resistance profile, biofilm production, and the frequency of 12 genes encoding carbapenemases and 13 virulence factors in 90 isolates from patients of three hospitals in various regions of Poland. Antibiotic resistance survey was performed using the disc-diffusion method, genes encoding resistance to carbapenems and virulence factors were detected with PCR, and biofilm formation was tested using microtiter plates. A total of 52.2% of isolates were resistant to all tested antibiotic groups (penicillins with β-lactamase inhibitors, cephalosporins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole). Among the genes encoding carbapenem resistance, the <i>bla</i>_OXA-23 (68.9%), <i>bla</i>_OXA-40 (83.3%), and ISAba-<i>bla</i>_OXA-51 (18.9%) were detected. The <i>ompA</i>, <i>ata,</i> and <i>recA</i> genes responsible for biofilm formation, adhesion, and stress response, respectively, occurred in all isolates. Genes responsible for the production of other adhesins (<i>bap</i>—94.4%, <i>espA</i>—4.4%, <i>chop</i>—37.7%), biofilm formation (<i>pbpG</i>—90.0%), production of siderophore (<i>basD</i>—97.7%), toxins (<i>lipA</i>—92.2%, <i>cpaA</i>—1.1%), glycoconjugates (<i>bfmR</i>—84.4%), and inducing host cell death (<i>fhaB</i>—71.1%, <i>abeD</i>—93.3%) were also found. A total of 68.8% of isolates produced biofilm. The isolates from Masovia had more virulence genes than isolates from the other regions; moreover, all isolates from Masovia and West Pomerania were multidrug-resistant (MDR), including resistance to carbapenems.

Majid Khan, Sobia Ahsan Halim, Luqman Shah et al.

Utilizing multi-target drugs shows great promise as an effective strategy against polygenic diseases characterized by intricate patho-mechanisms, such as ulcers, skin dermatitis, and cancers. The current research centers around the creation of hybrid compounds, connecting dibenzazepine and isoxazole, with the aim of exploring their potential as inhibitors for urease and tyrosinase enzymes. Analogs 6a, 6b, 6d, 6 h-6j, and 6 l demonstrated strong inhibitory potential against tyrosinase enzyme with IC50 values of 4.32 ± 0.31–12.36 ± 0.48. Whereas analogs 6a, 6c, 6e, 6f, 6h-6m, and 6r exhibited potent inhibitory activities against urease enzyme with IC50 values of 3.67 ± 0.91–15.60 ± 0.18 μM. Furthermore, compounds 6i, 6n, and 6r showed weak toxic effect in BJ-cell line, whereas the remaining compounds were found non-toxic to normal cell line. The mechanistic studies of potent inhibitors of both the enzymes showed competitive mode of inhibition. Molecular docking was employed to establish the relationship between structure and activity and to elucidate the interaction mechanism. This analysis revealed that the active analogs exhibited crucial interactions with the active site residues of urease and tyrosinase, thus corroborating our experimental results. Hence, the generated derivatives of dibenzazepine-linked isoxazoles present intriguing starting points for further investigations into their potential as inhibitors of urease and tyrosinase, with the potential for future modification and enhancement.

Sabrina Ferdous, Joya Chowdhury, Tanjila Hasan et al.

Abstract In safari parks and zoos, wild animals are kept mainly for recreational purposes. Animals in these enclosures are also crucial for the education, research, and conservation aspect. To ensure better management and good health of wild animals in captivity, it is essential to monitor the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic (helminths and protozoa) infections. The current investigation was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of GI parasitic infections in wild mammals at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib (BSM) safari park and Chattogram (CTG) zoo of Bangladesh. A total of 72 individual faecal samples were collected from 25 species of wild mammals. Routine qualitative (e.g. direct smear, sedimentation, and flotation) and quantitative (e.g. McMaster technique) tests were performed to identify the eggs or oocysts of helminths and protozoa. Results demonstrated that wild mammals of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo were infected with a total of 17 genera/species of helminths and protozoa. The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infections in wild mammals of both zoological parks was 65.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 53.14–76.12), whereas it was 72.4% (95% CI: 52.76–87.27) in the BSM safari park and 60.5% (95% CI: 44.41–75.02) in the CTG zoo. In both zoological parks, infection with nematodes was more frequent compared to other helminth into the wild mammals. The herbivores were more infected with GI parasites than carnivores and omnivores of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo. The mean eggs/oocysts per gram of faeces was the highest in the carnivores compared to herbivores and omnivores of both enclosures. The findings of the current study demonstrated that wild mammals of both BSM safari park and CTG zoo suffered from various GI parasitic infections. Regular monitoring along with proper therapeutic measures may reduce the severe consequences of GI parasitic infections in captive wild animals.

Elmira Saljnikov, Nikola Koković, Tara Grujić et al.

Microbially mediated soil organic matter is an extremely sensitive pool that indicates subtle changes in the quality parameters. The calculation of different carbon pools (organic carbon—OC, labile carbon—PMC, light carbon—LFC and microbial carbon—MBC), their sequestration rate (Csr) and efficiency (Cse), as affected by 50 yrs. of mineral fertilization, was carried out. The C sequestration rates between the fertilized plots were not significantly different except for the control plot. The sensitivity index, which indicates the response of soil organic matter to changes in different carbon fractions, demonstrated a strong correlation with the amount of light-fraction organic matter (OM). The use of mineral N over 50 years resulted in increase of soil labile C, but did not result in greater C sequestration efficiency. The results give a deeper insight into the behavior of carbon pools and can serve as a reliable basis for further studies focused on neutral carbon emissions and effective C sequestration.

Muhammad Sohail Sajid, Asif Iqbal, Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan et al.

<i>Theileria</i> sp. (Piroplasmida: Theileriidae) is one of the most widely known infections transmitted by hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and has been linked to significant economic losses across the globe. The study’s main emphasis was theileriosis, a disease that is common in Pakistan and has an incidence ranging from 0.6% to 33%. Through DNA screening of the vector ticks and host blood, this study sought to determine the risk of tick-borne theileriosis in populations of buffalos (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>) and cattle (<i>Bos indicus</i>) in Toba Tek Singh district of Punjab, Pakistan. Identified tick species include <i>Hyalomma anatolicum</i> (35.4%), <i>Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus</i> (30.2%), and <i>R. sanguineus</i> (25%). Tick specimens were collected from animals and their respective microenvironments. PCR assays targeting <i>Theileria annulata</i> were used to investigate the infection in the DNA extracted from the collected blood samples from large ruminants and salivary glands (SGs) of the <i>Hyalomma</i> ticks. The 18S rRNA of <i>T. annulata</i> was amplified using specific primers. Positive <i>T. annulata</i> amplicons were sequenced and verified using BLAST analysis. Overall, 50% of SGs contained <i>T. annulate</i> DNA. Female ticks, and those collected from cattle and from riverine environments had significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) rates of <i>Theileria</i> infection in their acini. Overall prevalence of <i>Theileria</i> infection was 35.9% in blood collected from large ruminants. Cattle had a substantially greater frequency of bovine theileriosis (43.2%) than buffalos (28.7%). Age and sex of large ruminants were significantly positively associated (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with <i>Theileria</i> infection. Furthermore, compared to non-riverine cattle (35%) and buffalo (19.5%), riverine cattle (52.2%) and buffalo (36.2%) showed a considerably higher prevalence. The results of this study, which is the first in Pakistan to examine the blood of large ruminants and vectorial function of Ixodid ticks in the transmission of <i>T. annulata</i> along with associated risk factors, offer an important insight for risk assessment of <i>Theileria</i> infection in livestock using vectorial infectivity.

Dejan Arsenijević, Milena Jovanović, Katarina Pecić et al.

The aim of this study was to the evaluate impact of ethyl acetate extract of <i>Laetiporus sulphureus</i> on the viability of HeLa cells in 2D cell cultures and in a co-culture system with <i>Saccharomyces boulardii</i>. Also, the migratory potential of <i>S. boulardii</i> through agar in this co-culture system was investigated. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue staining after 12 and 24 h. Tested extract had no cytotoxicity on HeLa cells in the 2D cell cultures. Our results indicate a potential cytotoxic effect of <i>S. boulardii</i> on HeLa cells which could be a consequence of physical contact between yeast and cancer cells, after migration of <i>S. boulardii</i> through agar toward cancer cells, or metabolic activity of <i>S. boulardii</i>. Also, <i>L. sulphureus</i> extract induced strong migration of yeast in co-culture after 12 h, compared to control. Further studies should be conducted regarding this mushroom in a co-culture system with <i>S. boulardii.</i>

Ying Zhang, Zishen Lin, Lixue Wang et al.

The charcoal–herb extract complex (CHC) is a product of activated charcoal sorption of herb extracts that contain phenolic acids and flavonoids. The effective dose of CHC to promote animal growth is about one tenth of effective dosage of activated charcoal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential cooperative interactions between activated charcoal and herb extracts. Two feeding experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, a responsive dose of CHC to broiler growth was determined to be 250 mg/kg of the diet. In Experiment 2, CHC increased growth performance and improved meat quality, but decreased indices of oxidative stress and inflammation as compared with similar doses of activated charcoal or herb extracts. CHC also increased concentrations of serum cholesterol, bile acid in the gallbladder, and bile acid in feces. The herb extracts present in CHC were largely represented by phenolic acids (PAs, caffeic acid, and vanillin) and flavonoids (FVs, daidzein, and quercetin-D-glucoside) in the detoxification activity of CHC in a mouse rescue test when the mice were gavaged with T-2 mycotoxin. PAs and FVs significantly increased the expression of <i>CYP7A1</i>, <i>PXR</i>, <i>CYP3A37</i>, <i>Slco1B3</i>, and <i>Bsep</i> in chicken primary hepatocytes. In conclusion, CHC integrated the cooperative interactions of activated charcoal and herb extracts via the FXR/RXR-PXR pathway to detoxify mycotoxins.

Linas Balčiauskas, Laima Balčiauskienė, Jos Stratford

Previously, we showed that registration effort and traffic intensity explain 90% of variation in roadkill numbers, 70% of variation in numbers of recorded species and 40% of diversity variation. Here we analysed the comparatively rare roadkills of semi-aquatic mammals in Lithuania, northern Europe, covering the period of 2007–2021, relating these to monitoring effort. From over 30,000 roadkills, European beaver was registered 43 times, American mink 26 times, otter 22 times and muskrat two times, with the average roadkill indexes being 0.000065, 0.00076, 0.00061 and 0.00010 ind./km/day, and the maximum indexes being 0.067, 0.028, 0.048 and 0.016 ind./km/day, respectively. These data show the roadkills are not common events. Their occurrences did not correspond to population numbers (beaver over 40,000, American mink about 8–10,000 and otter about 3–5000 individuals in 2020–2021) nor to traffic intensity. However, for all these species, registration effort (number of times the route was driven, this being 300–400 on the most investigated routes) was the main factor, with more registrations being on the small number of best-sampled main roads. As two of these species, American mink and muskrat, are invasive species in EU, while otter is protected in most of the countries, registrations of their roadkills should be enhanced (using targeted efforts by hunters or citizen scientists for example) in order to obtain a better approximation of the roadkilled numbers of these species and thus be able to use this knowledge in species management.

Thong Ba Nguyen, Duy Ngoc Do, Tung Nguyen-Thanh et al.

Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers and the top leading cause of cancer death globally. However, the molecular mechanisms of liver tumorigenesis and progression remain unclear. In the current study, we investigated the hub genes and the potential molecular pathways through which these genes contribute to liver cancer onset and development. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WCGNA) was performed on the main data attained from the GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) database. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was used to evaluate the association between prognosis and these hub genes. The expression of genes from the black module was found to be significantly related to liver cancer. Based on the results of protein–protein interaction, gene co-expression network, and survival analyses, DNA topoisomerase II alpha (<i>TOP2A</i>), ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (<i>RRM2</i>), never in mitosis-related kinase 2 (<i>NEK2</i>), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (<i>CDK1</i>), and cyclin B1 (<i>CCNB1</i>) were identified as the hub genes. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in the immune-associated pathways. These hub genes were further screened and validated using statistical and functional analyses. Additionally, the TOP2A, RRM2, NEK2, CDK1, and CCNB1 proteins were overexpressed in tumor liver tissues as compared to normal liver tissues according to the Human Protein Atlas database and previous studies. Our results suggest the potential use of <i>TOP2A, RRM2,</i> <i>NEK2, CDK1,</i> and <i>CCNB1</i> as prognostic biomarkers in liver cancer.

Mveleli Marareni, Caven Mguvane Mnisi

Na Yeon Kim, Sang Ho Moon, Seong Jin Kim et al.

Objective The study sought to estimate the relationship between body surface temperature (BST) and temperature humidity index (THI) and to present the validity of THI as a heat stress index in the field. Methods Eight Hanwoo heifers (20 to 32 month) were examined in a field trial, with a space allowance of 10 m2 per head. The BST was measured using an infrared thermographic camera. The BST of five body regions (eyes, hindquarters, nose, part of horns, and ears), ambient temperature (AT), and relative humidity (RH) were measured 7 times daily (07, 09, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19 h) during each season with three replicates. Results The THI ranged 34.0 to 56.9 during spring (AT, −1.0°C to 13.4°C), 75.1 to 84.7 during summer (AT, 24.9°C to 33.6°C), 55.8 to 70.9 during autumn (AT, 13.0°C to 26.0°C) and 17.5 to 39.2 during winter (AT, −10.4°C to 1.0°C). In the regression analysis, the coefficient of determination (R2) between THI and BST was 0.88, 0.72, 0.83, 0.86, and 0.85 for the eyes, hindquarters, nose, part of horn, and ears area, respectively. This indicates that BST has a strong correlation with AT and RH. Expression equations were estimated as Y (THI) = 31.54+0.1085X (BST of eyes) and Y (THI) = 30.48+0.1147X (BST of hindquarters) by simple linear regression analysis in this experiment. Conclusion Consequently, the upper bound for heat stress estimation can be specified ranging from THI of 65 (eyes) to 70 (hindquarters). From this we can expect a precise feeding system for Korean native cattle in the field.

IX EMEAP

El principal objetivo del IX Congreso de Ecología y Manejo de Ecosistemas Acuáticos Pampeanos fue el abordaje, desde la investigación, del estudio de los ecosistemas acuáticos de la llanura pampeana. Su principal propósito fue abrir un ámbito de debate sobre temas relevantes como los relacionados con la calidad del agua y del hábitat de lagos, lagunas, embalses, ríos y estuarios, la conservación de la biodiversidad y de la integridad biótica y ecológica de los ecosistemas acuáticos. Asimismo se incluyeron temas relacionados con los efectos de la contaminación proveniente de los distintos usos del suelo; la evaluación, manejo y aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos acuáticos como también sobre rehabilitación y restauración de los cuerpos de agua. En esta oportunidad se congregaron más de 130 participantes, entre profesionales y estudiantes, interesados en conocer los últimos avances de los estudios sobre los cuerpos de agua diseminados en la ecorregión pampeana.

N Sumru Bayin, Alexandre Wojcinski, Aurelien Mourton et al.

Outside of the neurogenic niches of the brain, postmitotic neurons have not been found to undergo efficient regeneration. We demonstrate that mouse Purkinje cells (PCs), which are born at midgestation and are crucial for development and function of cerebellar circuits, are rapidly and fully regenerated following their ablation at birth. New PCs are produced from immature FOXP2+ Purkinje cell precursors (iPCs) that are able to enter the cell cycle and support normal cerebellum development. The number of iPCs and their regenerative capacity, however, diminish soon after birth and consequently PCs are poorly replenished when ablated at postnatal day five. Nevertheless, the PC-depleted cerebella reach a normal size by increasing cell size, but scaling of neuron types is disrupted and cerebellar function is impaired. Our findings provide a new paradigm in the field of neuron regeneration by identifying a population of immature neurons that buffers against perinatal brain injury in a stage-dependent process.

A. Roy, P. Trudinger

A. Alberts

Qin Ping Yu, Ding Yuan Feng, Juan Xiao et al.

Objective This experiment investigated meat color, myoglobin content, enzyme activities, and expression of genes associated with oxidative potential of pigs slaughtered at different growth stages. Methods Sixty 4-week-old Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire pigs were assigned to 6 replicate groups, each containing 10 pigs. One pig from each group was sacrificed at day 35, 63, 98, and 161 to isolate longissimus dorsi and triceps muscles. Results Meat color scores were higher in pigs at 35 d than those at 63 d and 98 d (p<0.05), and those at 98 d were lower than those at 161 d (p<0.05). The total myoglobin was higher on 161 d compared with those at 63 d and 98 d (p<0.05). Increase in the proportions of metmyoglobin and deoxymyoglobin and a decrease in oxymyoglobin were observed between days 35 and 161 (p<0.05). Meat color scores were correlated to the proportion of oxymyoglobin (r = 0.59, p<0.01), and negatively correlated with deoxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin content (r = −0.48 and −0.62, p<0.05). Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity at 35 d and 98 d was higher than that at 161 d (p<0.05). The highest lactate dehydrogenase/MDH ratio was achieved at 161 d (p<0.05). Calcineurin mRNA expression decreased at 35 d compared to that at 63 d and 98 d (p<0.05). Myocyte enhancer factor 2 mRNA results indicated a higher expression at 161 d than that at 63 d and 98 d (p<0.05). Conclusion Porcine meat color, myoglobin content, enzyme activities, and genes associated with oxidative potential varied at different stages.

J. Weete