Hasil untuk "Physiology"

Yilin Lyu, Zhen Li, Vu Tran et al.

Digital twins are virtual replicas of physical entities and are poised to transform personalized medicine through the real-time simulation and prediction of human physiology. Translating this paradigm from engineering to biomedicine requires overcoming profound challenges, including anatomical variability, multi-scale biological processes, and the integration of multi-physics phenomena. This survey systematically reviews methodologies for building digital twins of human organs, structured around a pipeline decoupled into anatomical twinning (capturing patient-specific geometry and structure) and functional twinning (simulating multi-scale physiology from cellular to organ-level function). We categorize approaches both by organ-specific properties and by technical paradigm, with particular emphasis on multi-scale and multi-physics integration. A key focus is the role of artificial intelligence (AI), especially physics-informed AI, in enhancing model fidelity, scalability, and personalization. Furthermore, we discuss the critical challenges of clinical validation and translational pathways. This study not only charts a roadmap for overcoming current bottlenecks in single-organ twins but also outlines the promising, albeit ambitious, future of interconnected multi-organ digital twins for whole-body precision healthcare.

Ali Abedi, Charlene H. Chu, Shehroz S. Khan

Frailty in older adults is associated with increased vulnerability to functional decline, reduced mobility, social isolation, and challenges during the transition from hospital to community living. These factors are associated with rehospitalization and may adversely influence recovery. Neighborhood environments can further shape recovery trajectories by affecting mobility opportunities, social engagement, and access to community resources. Multimodal sensing technologies combined with data-driven analytical approaches offer the potential to continuously monitor these multidimensional factors in real-world settings. This Data Descriptor presents GEOFRAIL, a longitudinal geospatial multimodal dataset collected from community-dwelling frail older adults following hospital discharge. The dataset is organized into interconnected tables capturing participant demographics, features derived from multimodal sensors, biweekly clinical assessments of frailty, physical function, and social isolation, and temporal location records linked to neighborhood amenities, crime rates, and census-based socioeconomic indicators. Data were collected over an eight-week post-discharge period using standardized pipelines with privacy-preserving spatial aggregation. Technical validation demonstrates internal consistency across geospatial, sensor-derived, and clinical measures and reports baseline performance of machine learning models for characterizing recovery trajectories.

Al Viandari Nourma, Suswatiningsih Tri Endar, Hindarwati Yulis et al.

Nutrient application into soil with the right dose and time will support growth and increase rice yield. This study aimed to determine the nutrient management based on differences in the frequency and timing of application in supporting plant growth and increasing rice productivity in dry land. The study was conducted in dry land Gunungkidul, D.I. Yogyakarta, Indonesia, during dry season. NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer at the dose of 300 kg ha-1 and N 46% at the dose of 200 kg ha-1 were used in this research. Nutrient management with three fertilizer applications was compared with farmer practices with two fertilizer applications, repeated 11 times. The results showed that nutrient management increased grain productivity by 1.16 times compared to farmer practices, and straw productivity by 1.02 times. Nutrient management reduced the percentage of empty grain, by 33.63% compared to farmer practice. Nutrient management also increased the tiller number at harvest, and carbon absorption in grain and straw. Adoption of nutrient management at farmer level is user-friendly and gives beneficial impact on nutrient. Nutrient management application can be suitable strategy to support dry land agriculture.

Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Md. Sahidullah, Tomi Kinnunen

Children's automatic speech recognition (ASR) often underperforms compared to that of adults due to a confluence of interdependent factors: physiological (e.g., smaller vocal tracts), cognitive (e.g., underdeveloped pronunciation), and extrinsic (e.g., vocabulary limitations, background noise). Existing analysis methods examine the impact of these factors in isolation, neglecting interdependencies-such as age affecting ASR accuracy both directly and indirectly via pronunciation skills. In this paper, we introduce a causal structure discovery to unravel these interdependent relationships among physiology, cognition, extrinsic factors, and ASR errors. Then, we employ causal quantification to measure each factor's impact on children's ASR. We extend the analysis to fine-tuned models to identify which factors are mitigated by fine-tuning and which remain largely unaffected. Experiments on Whisper and Wav2Vec2.0 demonstrate the generalizability of our findings across different ASR systems.

Glen Pridham, Yoav Hayut, Noa Lavi-Shoseyov et al.

Menopause reshapes female physiology, yet its full temporal footprint is obscured by uncertainty in the age of the final menstrual period (FMP). Here we analyse cross-sectional data on 300 million laboratory tests from more than a million women in two population-scale cohorts (Israel-Clalit and US-NHANES). We apply a deconvolution algorithm inspired by astronomical image "de-blurring" to align each test to time-from-FMP rather than chronological age. Nearly every assay - spanning endocrine, bone, hepatic, lipid, osmolality, inflammatory and muscular systems - exhibits a jump at FMP that is absent in males and highly concordant between cohorts. Jumps were largest in the sex hormones, followed by bone, toxins, red blood cells, liver, iron, lipids, kidney, and muscle. Changes are mostly detrimental except iron indices and anemia that improve post-menopause, and depression scores that spike only transiently. Hormone-replacement therapy attenuates many of the step-like changes. Sex hormone dysregulation occurs more than 10 years prior to FMP. These findings reveal the step-like dysregulation across physiology caused by loss of sex hormones and establish deconvolution as a general strategy for disentangling age-related transitions in large, noisy datasets.

Gul Sahika Gökdemir, Sümeyye Çakmak, Berjan Demirtas et al.

In order to investigate the effects of acute CO poisoning and subsequent oxygen therapy on cardiac necrosis in rats, with a specific focus on adiponectin levels, twenty–one male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups (Control, CO, CO+O2). The Control group was placed in a container and exposed to room air for 30 min. Acute CO poisoning was induced in the CO group and CO+O2 group by exposing the rats to CO gas for 30 min. Following CO exposure, the CO+O2 group received oxygen therapy for 30 min, while the CO group did not receive any additional intervention. The animals were euthanized by cardiac puncture under anesthesia, following the approved ethical procedures. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase myocardial band (CK–MB), C–reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as cardiac and serum adiponectin levels were measured. CO poisoning caused necrosis in cardiac tissue however, oxygen therapy alleviated the negative effect of CO on cardiac injury. COHb and LDH levels in CO group were increased, whereas both cardiac and serum adiponectin levels were decreased (all, P<0.05). There were no changes in CK, CK–MB, CRP levels among groups (all, P>0.05). Oxygen therapy decreased COHb, but increased both cardiac and serum adiponectin levels (all, P<0.05). Adiponectin and LDH may serve as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of cardiac necrosis caused by acute CO poisoning. The assessment or quantification of adiponectin can also be useful for the early prognosis of cardiac necrosis after oxygen therapy.

Dayana Cabral-da-Silva, Ariane M. Zanesco, Fernando Valdivieso-Rivera et al.

Abstract Background Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is highly expressed in the hypothalamus where it exerts regulatory functions over neurogenesis, reproduction, energy balance, and metabolism. Analyzing a hypothalamic single-nucleus transcriptomic, we identified Fezf1 ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) neurons as an important source of BDNF. During development, Fezf1 neurons are involved in the organization of the olfactory bulb, and mutations on this gene are responsible for Kallmann syndrome; however, in adult life, little is known about the functions of Fezf1 neurons. Methods In this study, we aimed at providing advance in the characterization of Fezf1 neurons and exploring the role of Fezf1-BDNF in the regulation of the metabolic phenotype of mice. Hypothalamic immunofluorescence was employed to determine the distribution and projections of Fezf1 neurons. Mice with a Fezf1-specific knockout of BDNF were constructed and used in the determination of the metabolic phenotype. Results Using a Cre-Lox system to express mCherry specifically in Fezf1 neurons of the VMH, we identified projections to the dorsomedial hypothalamus and the zona incerta, regions involved in metabolic control and motor activity, respectively. The Fezf1-specific knockout of BDNF resulted in increased cold tolerance in males, and protection against diet-induced obesity due to a reduction in food intake and increased spontaneous ambulatory activity in females. This was accompanied by protection against glucose intolerance, and increased insulin sensitivity, in females. Conclusions Thus, the present work provides advance in the understanding of the biology of VMH Fezf1 neurons, revealing the details of its distribution and projections, and demonstrating that the expression of BDNF in these neurons is involved, according to a sexual dimorphic pattern, in the regulation of metabolic function. In addition, this is the first evidence that, in a specific hypothalamic cell population, BDNF may have a detrimental rather than positive role in the regulation of systemic metabolism.

Toshkov Nesho, Kodinova Siyka, Simitchiev Apostol et al.

Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seeds which are considered as waste have a high nutritional value due to the high content of proteins, minerals and unsaturated fatty acids and for that reason they are suitable for production of functional extruded products. Therefore the focus of this experiment is to investigate the effect of watermelon seed flour content, temperature of the matrix and moisture content on the density and expansion ratio of extrudates from corn grits. A single screw extruder Brabender 20 DN was used for the extrusion cooking. A full factorial experiment 23 with independent parameters watermelon seed flour content (3 % and 10 %), temperature of the matrix (160 °C and 180 °C) and moisture content (14 % and 18 %) was applied. The expansion ratio varies between 1.76 and 2.56 while the density change from 0.103 g/cm3 to 0.159 g/cm3 respectively. The statistical analysis showed that the expansion ratio decrease with the increase of the moisture content and watermelon seed flour content while the density increase.

Jiankai Tang, Xinyi Li, Jiacheng Liu et al.

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) emerges as a promising method for non-invasive, convenient measurement of vital signs, utilizing the widespread presence of cameras. Despite advancements, existing datasets fall short in terms of size and diversity, limiting comprehensive evaluation under diverse conditions. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the VitalVideo dataset, the largest real-world rPPG dataset to date, encompassing 893 subjects and 6 Fitzpatrick skin tones. Our experimentation with six unsupervised methods and three supervised models demonstrates that datasets comprising a few hundred subjects(i.e., 300 for UBFC-rPPG, 500 for PURE, and 700 for MMPD-Simple) are sufficient for effective rPPG model training. Our findings highlight the importance of diversity and consistency in skin tones for precise performance evaluation across different datasets.

Mark J. Hadley

This is a model of consciousness. The hard problem of consciousness, what it feels like, is answered. The work builds on medical research analyzing the source and mechanisms associated with our feelings. It goes further by describing a generic model with wide applicability. The model is fully consistent with medical pathways in humans, but easily extends to animals and AI. The essence of the model is the interplay between associative memory and physiology. The model is a clear and concrete counterexample to the famous philosophical objections to a scientific explanation.

Cheng Wan, Chenjie Xie, Longfei Liu et al.

Continuous blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential for timely diagnosis and intervention in critical care settings. However, BP varies significantly across individuals, this inter-patient variability motivates the development of personalized models tailored to each patient's physiology. In this work, we propose a personalized BP forecasting model mainly using electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals. This time-series model incorporates 2D representation learning to capture complex physiological relationships. Experiments are conducted on datasets collected from three diverse scenarios with BP measurements from 60 subjects total. Results demonstrate that the model achieves accurate and robust BP forecasts across scenarios within the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standard criteria. This reliable early detection of abnormal fluctuations in BP is crucial for at-risk patients undergoing surgery or intensive care. The proposed model provides a valuable addition for continuous BP tracking to reduce mortality and improve prognosis.

Oqba Basal, Tahoora Batool Zargar, Szilvia Veres

Abstract The global production of soybean, among other drought-susceptible crops, is reportedly affected by drought periods, putting more pressure on food production worldwide. Drought alters plants’ morphology, physiology and biochemistry. As a response to drought, reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations are elevated, causing cellular damage. However, lower concentrations of ROS were reported to have an alleviating role through up-regulating various defensive mechanisms on different levels in drought-stressed plants. This experiment was set up in a controlled environment to monitor the effects of exogenous spray of different (0, 1, 5 and 10 mM) concentrations of H2O2 on two soybean genotypes, i.e., Speeda (drought-tolerant), and Coraline (drought-susceptible) under severe drought stress conditions (induced by polyethylene glycol) during flowering stage. Furthermore, each treatment was further divided into two groups, the first group was kept under drought, whereas drought was terminated in the second group at the end of the flowering stage, and the plants were allowed to recover. After 3 days of application, drought stress significantly decreased chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b, total carotenoids, stomatal conductance, both optimal and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm and Df/Fm, respectively), relative water content, specific leaf area, shoot length and dry weight, and pod number and fresh weight, but significantly increased the leaf concentration of both proline and total soluble sugars, the root length, volume and dry weight of both genotypes. The foliar application of 1 mM and 5 mM H2O2 on Speeda and Coraline, respectively enhanced most of the decreased traits measurably, whereas the 10 mM concentration did not. The group of treatments where drought was maintained after flowering failed to produce pods, regardless of H2O2 application and concentration, and gradually deteriorated and died 16 and 19 days after drought application on Coraline and Speeda, respectively. Overall, Speeda showed better performance under drought conditions. Low concentrations of foliar H2O2 could help the experimented soybean genotypes better overcome the influence of severe drought during even sensitive stages, such as flowering. Furthermore, our findings suggest that chlorophyll fluorescence and the cellular content of proline and soluble sugars in the leaves can provide clear information on the influence of both drought imposition and H2O2 application on soybean plants.

Allesandra Stratigakis, Dylan Paty, Peng Zou et al.

The development of an effective method for predicting the transfer of biologics from plasma into breast milk is important to ensure the safe use of medications during lactation. The aim of this study was to develop a regression model that could predict the transfer of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Fc-fusion proteins from plasma into breast milk. By searching various databases, a list of eleven mAbs and Fc-fusion proteins with available information of presence in the breast milk was generated. Physicochemical properties such as the isoelectric point (pI), molecular weight (MW), dissociation constant (Kd), and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters such as clearance (CL), volume of distribution (Vd), and half-life (T1/2) were collected or calculated. A two-variable non-linear regression analysis and a multivariate regression analysis were employed to establish correlation of milk-to-plasma (M/P) ratios with different combinations of two physicochemical properties. The 3D isoelectric point (pI) of the Fv region and the buried surface area (BSA) between the light and heavy chains (LC_HC) were two factors that emerged as a promising predictor of the milk-to-plasma concentration ratio (M/P). The correlation between M/P ratio, 3D pI of Fv region, and BSA_LC_HC was found to be good with R2 of 0.9058. Other combinations of the physicochemical properties did not show a statistically significant correlation. The multivariate regression model was used to predict the MP ratios for 79 different mAbs. We believe that this regression model could serve as a valuable tool to estimate the M/P ratios of mAbs and Fc-fusion proteins. Further model validation is necessary when the M/P ratios of additional biologics are available. This could inform clinical decision-making and improve the safety of large molecule drug use during lactation.

Xiong Liu, Yifang Wang, Ziyi Weng et al.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) polycystin-3 (TRPP3) is a non-selective cation channel activated by Ca2+ and protons and is involved in regulating ciliary Ca2+ concentration, hedgehog signaling and sour tasting. The TRPP3 channel function and regulation are still not well understood. Here we investigated regulation of TRPP3 by calmodulin (CaM) by means of electrophysiology and Xenopus oocytes as an expression model. We found that TRPP3 channel function is enhanced by calmidazolium, a CaM antagonist, and inhibited by CaM through binding of the CaM N-lobe to a TRPP3 C-terminal domain not overlapped with the EF-hand. We further revealed that the TRPP3/CaM interaction promotes phosphorylation of TRPP3 at threonine 591 by Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II, which mediates the inhibition of TRPP3 by CaM.

Shivsharan B. Dhadde, Shivsharan B. Dhadde, Mallinath S. Kalshetti et al.

The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of Chromium-D-phenylalanine (Cr (D-phe)3) on the reproduction and development of Drosophila melanogaster. Cr (D-phe)3 was synthesized and characterized by infrared spectral analysis, melting point (DSC), and UV spectral analysis. D. melanogaster was raised in corn flour agar medium containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 μg/mL of Cr (D-phe)3. The effect of Cr (D-phe)3 was evaluated by observing the larval period, pupal period, percentage of egg hatching, morphometric analysis of eggs, larvae, pupae and adults, fertility, fecundity, lifespan of the emerged flies, and levels of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the supernatant of flies homogenate suspension. The study results indicate that Cr (D-phe)3 showed beneficial effects on reproduction and development in D. melanogaster. Cr (D-phe)3 significantly improved the larval period, pupal period, percentage of egg hatching, morphometric characters of the larva, pupa, and adult, fertility, fecundity, and lifespan of D. melanogaster. Moreover, Cr (D-phe)3 also significantly elevated the levels of catalase (p &lt; 0.01), GST (p &lt; 0.05), and SOD (p &lt; 0.01) in D. melanogaster, and results were statistically significant at the dose of 15 μg/mL. The study results indicate that Cr (D-phe)3 has a positive effect on the reproduction and development of D. melanogaster. The literature review revealed that there is a strong relationship between the physiology of metabolism, oxidative stress and reproduction and development. Several studies propose that Cr(III) influences insulin sensitivity and thereby the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Cr (D-phe)3 also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, the observed beneficial effects of Cr (D-phe)3 on reproduction and development of D. melanogaster may be attributed to its physiological effect on carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Marc Courchesne, Colin Wakefield, Karen Nygard et al.

The efferent and afferent effects of the vagus nerve on the developing brain have remained enigmatic. Here we review the evidence of such effects on microglial plasticity in the sheep model of human fetal development, one of the most recognized and deployed models of human fetal physiology. We show that vagotomy alters microglial phenotype and that this effect is hormetic under conditions of mild systemic inflammation, as may occur antepartum with chorioamnionitis. We present the methodology to assess not only biomarker-based microglial activation but also the morphometric features of the microglia. Together, these assessments provide a more comprehensive toolbox of glial phenotypical characterizations, especially in the context of investigating the locoregional vagal control of glial function. The presented findings support the earlier discoveries in preclinical and clinical models of adult physiology whereby vagotomy appeared neuroprotective for Parkinson disease, explained, at least in part, by the effects on microglia. In addition, we present the approach to measure and the findings on regional cerebral blood flow changes in relation to vagus nerve manipulation. In summary, the body of evidence underscores the importance of both the efferent and the afferent vagal pathways, via the vagus nerve, in the programming of microglial phenotype in the developing brain. The significance of these relationships for developing and treating early susceptibility to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders in later life requires further studies.

Amira Awadalla, Eman T. Hamam, Fardous F. El-Senduny et al.

Objective To investigate the renoprotective, the antioxidant, and the anti-inflammatory impact of a combination of SPL and ZnO-NPs to combat against chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods In total, 50 males of rats were distributed into 5 groups (10 rats each); normal group, adenine sulfate (0.25% in diet for 10 days) (CKD) group. After the last dose of adenine sulfate, rats were divided into three groups: SPL + Adenine sulfate group; rats were treated orally by mixing SPL (20 mg/kg/day) into chow for 8 weeks, ZnO-NPs + Adenine sulfate group; rats were injected intraperitoneally with ZnO-NPs (5 mg/kg) three times weekly for 8 weeks, ZnO-NPs + SPL + Adenine sulfate group; rats were injected with the same previous doses for 8 weeks.Results Each of SPL and ZnO-NPs up-regulated antioxidant genes (Nrf2 and HO-1), down-regulated fibrotic and inflammatory genes (TGF-β1, Wnt7a, β-catenin, fibronectin, collagen IV, α-SMA, TNF-α, and IL-6) compared to CKD. Furthermore, a combination of SPL and ZnO-NPs resulted in a greater improvement in the measured parameters than a single treatment.Conclusion The therapeutic role of SPL was enhanced by the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory role of ZnO-NPs, which presented a great renoprotective effect against CKD.

Nirmalya Manna, Ria Mukherjee, Parthasarathi Bhattacharya et al.

Background: COVID vaccines have been rolled out all over the world after emergency use authorization in the prevailing pandemic situation. However, hesitancy about its safety and efficacy exists among beneficiaries. Vaccine hesitancy can be a barrier to adequate immunization coverage. Aims and Objectives: This qualitative study was undertaken among health care workers in the rural field practice area of a tertiary care hospital, to find out their perceptions about COVID vaccines, and reasons behind hesitancy toward the same. Materials and Methods: Six focused group discussions (FGD) were held with the help of moderator. Each FGD had five members, so 30 members were included in the study. Health care workers included doctors, nurses, ANM/ASHAs, and other health care workers. Results: There were 17 males and 13 females. Doctors had a positive attitude toward vaccination, but other health care workers had mixed perception regarding vaccination. Most grass root level workers were sceptical about the efficacy of the vaccine. Conclusion: Mostly positive attitude toward COVID vaccines was observed in the present study. Hesitancy toward vaccines was observed in some health care workers, and it likely rooted from their inadequate knowledge about the vaccine. [Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 12(9.000): 1458-1462]

Mohammad Arif Ul Alam

Cognitive fatigue has been a common problem among workers which has become an increasing global problem since the emergence of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. While existing multi-modal wearable sensors-aided automatic cognitive fatigue monitoring tools have focused on physical and physiological sensors (ECG, PPG, Actigraphy) analytic on specific group of people (say gamers, athletes, construction workers), activity-awareness is utmost importance due to its different responses on physiology in different person. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, Activity-Aware Recurrent Neural Network (\emph{AcRoNN}), that can generalize individual activity recognition and improve cognitive fatigue estimation significantly. We evaluate and compare our proposed method with state-of-art methods using one real-time collected dataset from 5 individuals and another publicly available dataset from 27 individuals achieving max. 19% improvement.

Nitai Bar, Jonathan A. Sobel, Thomas Penzel et al.

Sleep has a profound influence on the physiology of body systems and biological processes. Molecular studies have shown circadian-regulated shifts in protein expression patterns across human tissues, further emphasizing the unique functional, behavioral and pharmacokinetic landscape of sleep. Thus, many pathological processes are also expected to exhibit sleep-specific manifestations. Nevertheless, sleep is seldom utilized for the study, detection and treatment of non-sleep-specific pathologies. Modern advances in biosensor technologies have enabled remote, non-invasive recording of a growing number of physiologic parameters and biomarkers. Sleep is an ideal time frame for the collection of long and clean physiological time series data which can then be analyzed using data-driven algorithms such as deep learning. In this perspective paper, we aim to highlight the potential of sleep as an auspicious time for diagnosis, management and therapy of nonsleep-specific pathologies. We introduce key clinical studies in selected medical fields, which leveraged novel technologies and the advantageous period of sleep to diagnose, monitor and treat pathologies. We then discuss possible opportunities to further harness this new paradigm and modern technologies to explore human health and disease during sleep and to advance the development of novel clinical applications: From sleep medicine to medicine during sleep.