Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Cecilia Collins

The study of otitis media in palaeopathology holds tremendous implications for transforming understanding of the impact of partial or total hearing loss in past populations. The lived experience is scaffolded in the human and environmental entanglements which acknowledge the dwellings, landscapes and the embodiment of biological, social and cultural experiences. Analysis of the prevalence of otitis media and sinusitis at four medieval Icelandic sites: Hofstaðir, Keldudalur, Skeljastaðir and Skriðuklaustur revealed that a number of adults and children alike were affected by chronic respiratory infection, and specifically featuring endemic tuberculosis in this population, and consequently a number of individuals also likely suffered from pathological hearing loss. Finally, the methods allow new inferences in understanding the extent of hearing loss as a hidden disability in the past.

Jan Fabry

Harald Espeli

Artikkelen beskriver og analyserer i hvilken grad og hvordan minstelønnsloven for underordnede handelsfolk av 1918 ble innført og eventuelt avviklet i norske kommuner frem til loven ble avviklet i 1925. 40 kommuner innførte loven i hele eller deler av perioden loven gjaldt, hvorav de fleste var større byer. Minstelønnsloven omfattet de fleste funksjonærer i privat sektor og var en radikal reguleringsform som krevde kommunestyrevedtak for å bli innført og videreført etter 1921. I og med at minstelønnssatsene var de samme for kvinner og menn, var loven et viktig lønnspolitisk likestillingstiltak i Norge. Loven krevde en aktiv kommunalpolitisk forankring som ikke er undersøkt tidligere. Artikkelen bygger på bredt kildemateriale fra blant annet byarkiver og lokalaviser.

Johannes Köck, Vlastimil Brom

Ellen Alm

Sammendrag Artikkelen problematiserer på generelt grunnlag hvordan bruk av «trolldomsarkivet» og andre sekundærkilder har frembragt et bilde av de norske trolldomsprosessenes antall, og hvorvidt dette antallet kan utfordres ved å studere originalkilder. Artikkelen skal redegjøre for spesielt trolldomsprosessenes kvantitative omfang i Trondhjems len basert på en primærkildeundersøkelse.

Kristýna Solomon

The majority of the medieval poetry-(sub)genres has already been established in the classical period. The 'mainstream' genres coexisted with the so called hybrid texts, which often united two different subgenres within one song. In this paper I focus on examples of such mutations/ interferences, which combine two specific genres that can be positioned into a different spot within the time/ space-specter, such as an early combination of the domestic Wechsel with a dawn song by Morungen or a later down song/ pastourelle by an anonymous Czech author. In accordance with Eco's theory on open texts and Bachtin's idea of polyphony, the extent to which multivocalism represents an intended strategy of the producer of a lyrical text is to be discussed.

Gábor Barabás

Michał Gąska

TV series which depict the sphere of a certain occupational field enjoy great popularity among their viewers who are waiting impatiently for every new episode. Since these series reflect a work sphere, an occupationally specific jargon is commonly used by their protagonists. In audiovisual texts specialist terms, which characterize such jargon, often pose a challenge for translators in the translation process. Not only the language proficiency of the translator is put to the test but also his/her specialized knowledge and competences. The present article discusses the rendering of medical terms in audiovisual translation based on the British medical TV series Call the midwife. For this purpose, its subtitles into Dutch and Polish are scrutinized. The article aims at presenting translation techniques used to render the medical terms so that they are comprehensible for a layman viewer. The analysis is carried out considering the role of the visual depiction of the scenes and the influence of constraints, which are imposed on the translator in dealing with subtitles.

Muriel Waterlot

In recent years there has been a reassessment of the role of translation and translations in foreign language teaching and education (Cook, 2010; Laviosa, 2014; Carreres, 2014). Nowadays the Common European Framework (2001) recognizes translation and interpretation as a language activity which is called 'mediation'. Because of the lack of descriptors, these activities seem nevertheless still largely overlooked. In addition, a study by the European Union on the role of translation in the teaching of languages in the EU revealed the need for greater understanding of the views of students in the learning of foreign languages (Pym, Malmkjær and Gutiérrez-Colon, 2013). In order to meet this requirement, this paper reports on the opinion of Polish students on translation in foreign language education. Based on the findings of a translation project realized in the master's program at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, it also examines their views about working with real translation assignments.

Ármann Jakobsson

ABSTRACT: The author, who has himself written novels inspired by the Middle Ages, discusses the development of medievalism in Icelandic literature since Halldór Laxness’s Gerpla (1952)—with a particular eye on novels composed since 2000.

Rolf Harald Stensland

Sammendrag Artikkelen behandler gjennomføringen av landsskoleloven i Nordland amt. Sentralt står den nye finansieringen av skolen gjennom amtsskolekassen, basert på et samarbeid mellom kommune, amt og stat. I artikkelen undersøkes inntektsutvikling og prioriteringer hos medvirkende forvaltningsinstanser til hovedformålene lærerlønninger og faste skoler. Artikkelen bidrar med kunnskap om viktige sider ved gjennomføringen av en betydelig lov i den norske skolens historie.

Karl-Heinz Gmehling

Jan Faktor is a Czech-German writer and translator who was born in Prague in 1951 and moved to East Berlin in 1978 following his marriage to Annette Simon, the daughter of Christa Wolf. The move resulted in a literary language change. Factor's works address issues such as migration, homeland, foreigners, outsiders, identity and the Holocaust. Using the theoretical approaches of the "spatial turn" (Bachmann-Medick 2006), the present article examines the question of which literary spaces are constructed in which way in his first novel "Schornstein" (2005), how they change and which functions they fulfill. The analysis of literary spaces includes both the 'concrete narrated spaces' (Frank 2017), but does not exclude the metaphorical use of the term 'space'.

Martin Konvička

Sprachbund phenomena can be identified as such if the following three conditions are met. First, the languages in question are in direct contact with each other. Second, the languages are typologically distinct from the neighbouring languages. Third, it is clear that these distinct typological features are innovations resulting from contact with the other languages at hand. Finding an answer to the last question requires insights from historical linguistics. However, using the example of Standard Average European, I argue that the historical dimension is too often neglected and non-linguistic factors are favoured instead.

Magdalena Żmuda-Trzebiatowska

My article discusses contemporary figures of the Swedish proletarian literature on the example of Kjell Johansson's Huset vid Flon. Written in 1997 and based on autobiographical themes, the novel represents prose on childhood and growing up in the Swedish welfare state (folkhemmet). The novel's magic realistic setting can be regarded as an attempt to renew a deeply rooted genre in Swedish literature, the proletarian novel. The first part of the article addresses the relation between the form and the content of Johansson's work. The other discusses the way in which the author has used the narratives on folkhemmet that function in the Swedish academic discourse and socio-political debate.

Sølvi Sogner

Föller, Daniel

Die Frage, welche Folgen der regelmäßige Kontakt wikingerzeitlicher Skandinavier mit der byzantinischen Hochkultur im Norden hatte und welche Rolle byzantinische Einflüsse in den Transformationsprozessen jener Epoche spielten, ist bis heute weitgehend unbeantwortet. Der Aufsatz unternimmt den Versuch, den bisher bekannten Bereichen, in denen es Indizien für derartige Transferprozesse gibt (Christianisierung, materielle Kultur, künstlerische Stilmittel), einen weiteren hinzuzufügen: das geographische Wissen. Anhand der Untersuchung derjenigen Namen für Orte und Gruppen im östlichen Mittelmeer, die im wikingerzeitlichen skandinavischen Quellenmaterial vorhanden sind, werden die Übernahme und Adaption griechischer Begriffe und byzantinischer Semantiken herausgearbeitet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Skandinavier zwar einen byzantinischen Blick für das Detail entwickelten, aber keine byzantinische Perspektive einnahmen. The question which consequences the regular contacts between Viking Age Scandinavians and the Byzantine civilization had and the role Byzantine influences may have played in the transformation processes of this period, remains to date largely unanswered. This paper tries to add a new field of Byzantine-Scandinavian transfer to those already known (e.g. Christianization, material culture, art style), i.e. geographical knowledge. By analyzing those names of places and groups in the Eastern Mediterranean which are present in the Scandinavian source material dating from the Viking Age, the adoption and adaptation of Greek terms und Byzantine semantics can be traced. The evidence shows that the Scandinavians did indeed develop a Byzantine gaze on details, but failed to assume a Byzantine perspective.

Magnus Ressel

Lenka Vaňková

The so-called Monatsregeln (rules concerning a healthy lifestyle in individual months) were among the most popular text types in the late medieval and early modern period. The recipients of these texts were healers (without academic qualifications) and large sections of the general population. When formulating the individual rules, the authors had to take into account their likely readership and design the lexical and syntactic levels of the text in such a way as to ensure that the rules were comprehensible. Even so, the various versions of the Monatsregeln differ from each other, as is evident from a comparison of individual texts from the former Fürstenberg library at Křivoklát Castle.

Torfi H. Tulinius