Hasil untuk "Cattle"

Weixin Zeng, Zhumanov Kairat, Madina Awulibieer et al.

Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are a global public health issue. However, there have been few reports on the prevalence of piroplasms, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia in Kazakhstan. To understand the distribution of piroplasms, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia pathogens carried by ticks in Kazakhstan, a total of 10,461 ticks were collected from natural hosts (e.g., cattle, sheep, and horses) in six oblasts in eastern, southern, and western Kazakhstan between 2022 and 2024. After morphological identification, 272 representative ticks were further used for species-level detection and partial genotyping analysis of TBPs. Two Babesia species (Babesia occultans and Babesia caballi), four Theileria species (Theileria orientalis, Theileria equi, Theileria annulata, and Theileria ovis), two Anaplasma species (Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma ovis), and three Ehrlichia species were detected. Furthermore, genotype B of B. caballi, genotype 1 (Chitose) of T. orientalis, and genotype A of T. equi were confirmed. For the first time, A. phagocytophilum, three phylogeny-independent Ehrlichia spp., genotype B of B. caballi, and genotype A of T. equi were found in Kazakhstan. These findings expand our understanding of the geographical distribution of piroplasms, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia in Central Asia.

Christine Tricia Kulabako, Stella Neema, Lesley Rose Ninsiima et al.

<h4>Background</h4>Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with significant public health and economic effects on societies. In Uganda, brucellosis is endemic and a primary contributor in livestock productivity losses. This is more worrisome for populations in the cattle corridor with high reliance on cattle and milk for nutritional value and symbol in social relations and identity. The community's social construction may affect comprehension of brucellosis hence leading to exposure and increased vulnerability to transmission. Despite brucellosis' high prevalence in the cattle corridor, little attention has been paid to its social construction. Hence, this study explored the interplay between gender dynamics, vulnerability and social construction of brucellosis transmission, in consideration of the unique socio-cultural context that characterizes cattle corridor populations.<h4>Methods</h4>Using an exploratory qualitative approach, the study was conducted in Nakasongola cattle corridor within three sub counties; Nabiswera, Nakitoma and Wabinyonyi using key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). Purposive sampling was used to identify participants for the four FGD [8-12] each from a subcounty though one was combined and 15 KIIs. Data were collected using face -to -face interviews with an interview guide that was structured using the Socio Ecological Model of Human Behaviour framework (SEMHB) constructs. Thematic analysis was conducted in NVivo 12 Pro incorporating both deductive (guided by the SEMHB) and inductive approaches (guided by the data).<h4>Findings</h4>The study identified important themes under each SEMHB influence level (Individual, Interpersonal, Community and Societal level). The study indicates that social composition and role distribution are driven by social and cultural expectations and significantly contribute to exposure and vulnerability to infection in the cattle corridor. For instance, it is paramount that women undergoing marriage preparations to be fed on raw milk for a certain period prior to their ceremony to enhance beauty. Also, important to note that use of personal protection to assist births is viewed by the community as opposing cultural norms, creating a perception of detachment from the highly valued cattle. Another noteworthy finding is the level of knowledge on brucellosis in terms of symptoms, transmission route, prevention and treatment at the interpersonal level. Furthermore, findings show practices such as the consumption of raw milk and assisted births, as being rooted in the social cultural norms, hence critical for transmission of brucellosis. At the community and organizational levels, the findings indicate an inadequate level of knowledge sharing and reluctance towards preventive measures as structural factors for the transmission of brucellosis and are ingrained in family and power relations.<h4>Conclusion</h4>The findings highlight that the social construction of brucellosis transmission is rooted in gender roles, social- cultural and power structures highlighting the influence of living process and spaces, at the different societal levels. Such complex dynamics play a critical role in determining individuals' susceptibility to infection as well as transmission potential of the disease-causing agent in cattle keeping communities. The gendered induced vulnerabilities related to the socio-cultural norms and familial roles, also play an important role in the exposure and spill over at the individual, interpersonal and community levels. The insufficient knowledge-sharing and reluctance to adopt preventive measures emerge as structural contributors to the persistence of brucellosis and other emerging zoonoses. These factors, intertwined with family dynamics and power relations, call for targeted interventions that address both individual behaviors and broader socio-cultural and institutional barriers to effective disease management and prevention. Conversely, policies that align with the community's social construction, gender and context are more likely to be feasible, adopted and sustained by the affected population.

Yani Qian, Yuanyuan Jin, Xinyao Han et al.

<i>Leymus chinensis</i> is a high-quality forage with wide distribution. Disease is an important factor affecting the yield and quality of <i>L. chinensis</i>. To investigate the effect of grazing on the phyllosphere microbiome community and leaf spot disease in <i>L. chinensis</i>, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the differences in the composition and structure of the phyllosphere fungal and bacterial communities of healthy and diseased leaves under different grazing intensities. The results showed that grazing significantly reduced leaf spot disease incidence and severity. There were significant differences in the phyllosphere microbiome composition between healthy and diseased leaves, and interestingly, diseased leaves showed more complex microbial activity. Grazing altered the relative abundance of micro-organisms and affected microbial dispersal and colonization either directly through behavior or indirectly by altering plant community structure. In this study, we found that the phyllosphere microbiome responded strongly to pathogen infection, and that plants recruited beneficial microbes to protect themselves after disease development. Grazing could regulate microbial community composition and structure, either directly or indirectly, and plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of <i>L. chinensis</i>.

Rugang Tian, Hojjat Asadollahpour Nanaie, Xiao Wang et al.

Slim Ben-Jemaa, Gabriele Adam, Mekki Boussaha et al.

Abstract The Creole cattle from Guadeloupe (GUA) are well adapted to the tropical environment. Its admixed genome likely played an important role in such adaptation. Here, we sought to detect genomic signatures of selection in the GUA genome. For this purpose, we sequenced 23 GUA individuals and combined our data with sequenced genomes of 99 animals representative of European, African and indicine groups. We detect 17,228,983 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GUA genome, providing the most detailed exploration, to date, of patterns of genetic variation in this breed. We confirm the higher level of African and indicine ancestries, compared to the European ancestry and we highlight the African origin of indicine ancestry in the GUA genome. We identify five strong candidate regions showing an excess of indicine ancestry and consistently supported across the different detection methods. These regions encompass genes with adaptive roles in relation to immunity, thermotolerance and physical activity. We confirmed a previously identified horn-related gene, RXFP2, as a gene under strong selective pressure in the GUA population likely owing to human-driven (socio-cultural) pressure. Findings from this study provide insight into the genetic mechanisms associated with resilience traits in livestock.

Olanrewaju Yusuf Yahaya, Andrew Egba Ubogu, Garba K/Naisa Adamu et al.

The complexities and consequences of violent crimes require a robust and effective approach to achieve a sustainable reduction of violence in our society. This paper, therefore, presents an avenue to provide the geo-quantitative analysis of violent occurrences in Kaduna State of Nigeria to determine the pragmatic interventionist strategies for managing violent crime incidence among the people of the study area. Geo-quantitative analysis entails transforming numerical data about criminal activities into a map of proportional circles to depict the distribution pattern of criminal activities and using scree plots and factor loading to show higher-order intervention measures for managing violent crimes. Five Local Government Areas (LGAs) with relatively high levels of violent incidence were purposively selected while snowball sampling method was used to administer questionnaires to 384 respondents. From the findings, the spatial distribution of violent crimes revealed that Birni-Gwari and Kachia LGAs accounted for the highest incidence of kidnapping and village raids respectively while Kajuru LGA is known for the highest cases of cattle rustling and armed robbery. The critical interventions in managing violent crimes are reconciliation efforts to restore order and normalcy, negotiation between aggrieved parties, and adoption of a traditional conflict resolution system with a rotated factor matrix of 0.828, 0.581, and 0.544 respectively. Furthermore, the strongest positive correlation exists between good government policies and equity with fairness in representation and establishment of developmental projects (r = 0.524, and p ? 0.001). Therefore, the study recommended establishing conflict mediation centers across the communities. Similarly, it is essential to have a good governance system that will give people their fair share of national resources and adequate policing of communities that could guarantee the reduction of violent incidents to the barest minimum.

Cludio Oddino, Francisco Giordano, Juan Paredes et al.

Las enfermedades son el principal problema sanitario del maní (Arachis hypogaea L.), siendo viruela (Cercospora arachidicola Hori y Cercosporidium personatum (Berck. & Curt Deighton)) la más importante del mundo, y la que mayores pérdidas produce en nuestra región. Su manejo es a través del control químico, siendo importante evaluar los nuevos fungicidas que se registran en el cultivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de nuevos fungicidas sobre la intensidad de viruela y el rendimiento de maní. El estudio se realizó en 2015/16 y 2016/17, en General Cabrera y Vicuña Mackenna, Córdoba. Se probaron los tratamientos: T1) Pyraclostrobin(13,3%)+epoxiconazole(5%)(750cc/ha), T2) Trifloxistrobin(18,75%)+prothioconazole(17,5%)(700cc/ha), T3) Azoxistrobina (20%)+difenoconazole(12,5%) (500cc/ha), T4) Difenoconazole(25%)(400cc/ha), T5) Clorotalonil(72%)(1400cc/ha), T6) Fluxapyroxad(5%)+epoxyconazole(5%) + pyraclostrobin(8,1%)(1200cc/ha), T7) Penthiopirad(10%)+picoxystrobin(10%) (800cc/ha), T8) Benzovindiflupyr(15%)+azoxistrobina(30%)(200grs/ha) y T9) Testigo sin fungicida. La evaluación de viruela se realizó cada 15 días desde la primera aplicación considerando su incidencia (% de folíolos afectados) y severidad total (% de área foliar perdida). La producción se evaluó en 2 m2 de cada parcela, determinándose el rendimiento en vainas, granos y granos tamaño confitería. La comparación entre tratamientos se realizó a través de un modelo lineal mixto y test de comparación de medias DGC (p<0,05). En ambas campañas y localidades, se observó que los nuevos fungicidas a base de carboxamidas y clorotalonil presentan un mejor control de viruela y respuesta en el rendimiento de maní respecto a las mezclas de estrobilurinas + triazoles utilizadas en la última década; siendo estos, una alternativa importante para un control correcto de la enfermedad.

Luany Yone Miyoshi, Suzana Maria da Rocha, Delane Ribas da Rosa et al.

The objective of this study was to verify whether there is an association between bacterial contamination of milk with their milking practices and the socioeconomic profile of milkers. Fourteen farms were studied, which were characterized in terms of workers' socioeconomic backgrounds and microbiological profiles of the main contamination sites during the milking. Results were compared statistically. Aerobic mesophiles (AM), total coliforms (TC), and coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) were enumerated, and Salmonella spp. was surveyed in water, hands, teats, equipment, utensils, and milk (from the cooling tank). The average age of farmers was 47 years old, 24 of which were dedicated to dairy farming. Only one farm had an outsourced workforce. Of all farmers, 93% performed two milkings a day through a mechanical bucket milking system, using piped well-water. In the milking parlors, there were sinks and/or faucets, floor, ceiling, and electric lighting. Before milking, milkers had their hands washed, discarded the first three milk jets, washed the cows' udders, and dried them with disposable tissue paper, but did not perform pre- and/or post-dipping. Raw milk was refrigerated in all evaluated farms immediately after milking, mostly in an expansion tank. Average contamination by AM was 3.19 log CFU/cm² or mL and by TC of 0.77 log CFU/cm² or mL. CPS was not detected in water, but in the other samples, the average count was 0.75 log CFU/cm² or mL. Salmonella spp. was not detected in the samples obtained in the evaluated farms. There were significant differences among farms, and raw milk contamination was influenced by farmers' schooling level, performance or not of good practices, conditions of the facilities, and production volume.

RUKSANA M SHAH, N A GANAI, H M KHAN et al.

The study aimed at identifying the best genotypes for important candidate PIT 1 gene and seasonality influencing the yield and quality of milk, in the Jersey and Crossbred HF cattle population maintained at an organized farm in Mountain Livestock Research Institute, Manasbal, Kashmir. The Jersey and Crossbred HF cows (60 each) were genotyped for quality and yield traits. Milk samples (50 ml) were collected on weekly basis for quality evaluation for the years 2016-18, among all the four seasons of Kashmir. The milk quality traits studied were fat%, lactose%, protein%, SNF, density and ash. The quantity traits were average monthly milk yield, protein yield and fat yield. Genomic DNA was extracted using Phenol-chloroform method and association analysis was done. The PIT 1 exon VI (451 bp) was screened for polymorphisms using PCR-RFLP using HinfI restriction enzyme, revealing two genotypes (Pp and pp) for both the breeds. Allele ‘p’ was most frequently present in Crossbred HF cows (0.95) and Jersey cows (0.82). The genotype Pp in crossbred HF cows and pp in Jersey cows showed higher values for yield traits in all four seasons under study. In crossbred HF cows, the effect of genotype Pp was significant on fat% and SNF. The genotype pp effect was significant on fat% in Jersey cows. Winter and autumn seasons had significant effect on fat% in both breeds under study. Based on the study, it was concluded that breed, season, and genotype of the PIT 1 gene are highly associated with the milk quality and yield in the dairy cattle of Kashmir. Genome wide association studies are recommended for better understanding the effects of all genes on milk quality and quantity.

Angélica Díaz-Martínez, Pablo Rubio-Arias

Las soluciones intravenosas se utilizan en tratamientos médicos para reposición de fluidos y para la administración de medicamentos. En 1971 el CDC (Centro para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades de Estados Unidos de América) estableció que las soluciones intravenosas se las debe utilizar en un período de 24 horas (h), y posterior a este tiempo se debe descartar, recomendación que no es seguida en todos los Centros. En la práctica diaria, en contra de las adecuadas normas sanitarias, dentro de los centros veterinarios locales es común la reutilización de fluidos por largos períodos de tiempo, para reconstitución de medicamentos inyectables, limpiezas de heridas o administración a otros pacientes. El objetivo principal del estudio fue evaluar la tasa de contaminación de bolsas de tres tipos de soluciones intravenosas (cloruro de sodio 0,9 %, lactato de Ringer y solución de dextrosa 50 %) durante un período de 72 h en condiciones clínicas de un entorno veterinario. Las soluciones se analizaron a las 0; 24; 48 y 72 h. No hubo crecimiento bacteriano en ninguna de las muestras obtenidas, los cultivos se reportaron como negativos tras 72 h de no observar desarrollo bacteriano en medios de cultivos estándar. Estudios después de este período de tiempo son necesarios para determinar si existe contaminación bacteriana tras las 72h.

C. Matamoros, I.J. Salfer, P.A. Bartell et al.

ABSTRACT: Dairy cows have a daily pattern of feed intake which influences ruminal fermentation and nutrient absorption. Milk synthesis also exhibits a daily rhythm and is altered by the timing of feed availability. Nutrients can regulate physiological rhythms, but it is unclear which specific nutrients affect the rhythms of milk synthesis in the cow. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the timing of acetate infusion on the daily rhythms of feed intake, milk synthesis, milk fatty acids, plasma insulin and metabolites, and core body temperature. Ten lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows (127 ± 24.6 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments were ruminal infusions of 600 g/d of acetate either continuously throughout the day (CON) or over 8 h/d during the day (day treatment, DT; 0900 to 1700 h) or the night (night treatment, NT; 2100 to 0500 h). Experimental periods were 14 d with a 7-d washout between periods. Cows were milked every 6 h during the final 7 d of each experimental period to determine the daily pattern of milk synthesis. Blood samples were taken to represent every 4 h across the day and plasma glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, urea nitrogen, and acetate concentration were measured. An intravaginal temperature logger was used to measure core body temperature. Data were analyzed with cosinor-based rhythmometry to test the fit of a cosine function with a period of 24 h and to determine the acrophase (time at peak) and amplitude (peak to mean) of each rhythm. Milk yield fit a daily rhythm for all treatments and DT and NT phase-delayed the rhythm and DT increased the robustness of the rhythm. Milk protein concentration fit a daily rhythm for all treatments and DT increased robustness, whereas NT phase-delayed the rhythm. Plasma acetate concentration also fit a daily rhythm in all treatments. Plasma acetate peaked at ∼1600 h in CON and DT and at 0053 h in NT, reflecting the timing of treatment infusions. There was a daily rhythm in plasma β-hydroxybutyrate that reflected the plasma acetate rhythm. Core body temperature fit a rhythm for all treatments, but the amplitude of the rhythm was smaller than previously observed. In conclusion, the timing of acetate infusion influences peripheral rhythms of milk synthesis and plasma metabolites.

Sang-Bum Lee, Kyung-Won Lee, Tao Wang et al.

Objective This study investigated the effects of oral administration of rumen-protected L-tryptophan (RPL-T) on duodenal starch digestion and gastrointestinal hormones (GIH) secretions using Hanwoo beef steers as the animal models. Methods Four steers (423±24 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were employed in a crossover design replicated twice. Treatments were control (basal diet) and RPL-T (basal diet+191.1 mg/kg body weight [BW]) group. Blood and duodenal samples were collected to measure serum GIH levels and pancreatic α-amylase activity at day 0, 1, 3, and 5 (−30, 30, 90, 150, and 210 min) of the study. Samples from each segment of the gastrointestinal tract were collected via ruminal and duodenal cannulas and were used to determine soluble protein and the starch digestion rate at days 6 (−30, 180, 360, and 540 min) and 8 (−30, 90, 270, and 450 min) of the experiment. Results No significant difference in ruminal pH, NH3-N, and total volatile fatty acid including the levels of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate, and the acetate-to-propionate ratio was observed between groups (p>0.05). Crude protein uptake was higher and feces starch content was lower in RPL-T group than the control group (p<0.05). The D-glucose contents of feces in RPL-T group decreased at day 5 compared to those in the control group (p<0.05), however, no change was found at day 0, 1, or 3 compared to the control group (p>0.05). Serum cholecystokinin (CCK), melatonin, duodenal pancreatic α-amylase activity, and starch digestion were significantly higher in RPL-T group than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion Taken together, oral administration of RPL-T at the rate of 191.1 mg/kg BW consistently increased CCK concentration, pancreatic α-amylase activity in duodenal fluids, and starch digestion rate in the small intestine and thus found to be beneficial.

T. V. Orikhivskyi, V. V. Fedorovych, N. P. Mazur

In today 's conditions of intensive cattle breeding, the improvement of the reproductive qualities of cows has significant practical and scientific interest since reproductive function impairment of  cattle, shortens the period of its economic use, lowers the level of dairy productivity and therefore the profitability of the livestock industry as a whole. In this respect the reproductive metrics studying of cows of different production types of Simmental breed is important. Researches were held at agricultural limited liability company “Litinske” in the Drohobych district of Lviv oblast. It is established that the average age of the first insemination of Simmental breed animals was 549 days or 18.1 months, age of first calving – 827.3 days or 27.2 months, and the live weight in the specified physiological periods – 453.7 and respectively 529.1 kg. The duration of pregnant heifers was 278.4 days, and the duration of the service period of cows, depending on lactation, was within 89.7–94.4, the interval period – within 371.8–375.1 and the dry period – within 73.1–73.5 days. Indicators of reproductive capacity of animals depend on their production type. In particular, the first insemination and the first calving of animals of dairy production type occurred later than of animals of meat and dairy and meat types. However, heifers of dairy production type were smaller live weight during these periods compared to animals of other production types. It is found that the shortest duration of pregnancy and the longest duration of service and inter service periods were characterized by cows of dairy production type. The strength of impact of production type of animals on age of the first insemination accounted for 11.5% of the total phenotypic variability on the age of the first calving – 9,9%, on the duration of the service period – 7.8–11.0%, inter-calving – 4.8–10.4%, and on the duration of the body and the dry period was insignificant and unbelievable.

Leandro Barradas Pereira, Orivaldo Arf, Neli Cristina Belmiro dos Santos et al.

Nowadays the food production systems tend to include the sustainable management of soil and water. One of the main obstacles to the organic cultivation of common bean is the fertilization management. This study aimed to evaluate doses of organic fertilizer containing slaughterhouse residues (1.0 t ha-1, 1.5 t ha-1, 2.0 t ha-1 and 2.5 t ha-1). The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 4x2x2 factorial scheme, with 16 treatments and 4 replications. Plant dry weight; foliar diagnose; initial and final plant population; number of pods per plant, grains per plant and grains per pod; 1000-grain weight; and grain yield were evaluated. It was concluded that the methods and time of organic fertilizer application do not affect the production components and yield in common bean. The dose of 2.5 t ha-1 of organic fertilizer provided the highest common bean yield in 2012, but it did not express its maximum production capacity.

Karmen Pažek, Jernej Turk , Sebjan Hari et al.

This study examined the multi-criteria assessment of four dairy products: “Pomursko mlejko” (Pomurje milk), “Lejko mleko” (light milk), “Fyto mleko” (Fyto milk) and “Posneto mleko v prahu” (dried milk). The research was executed by using a multi-criteria methodology, DEX, which was complemented by an econometric analysis for light milk to estimate the trends in production and consumption before analyzed dairy products were implemented on the market. DEXi computer program results indicated that all analyzed milk products were ‘above average’. The econometric model was applied to examine changes in the demand for low-fat milk (light milk). Empirical results showed significant consumer re¬sponse to the increase in the prices of low-fat milk demonstrating income elasticity (1,15 unit).

A. McGrath

J. P. Dubey

G. Plumb, J. L. Dodd

L. Krysl, B. Hess

M. Scholtz, J. Bester, J. Mamabolo et al.