Hasil untuk "Oils, fats, and waxes"

E. Yılmaz, E. Keskin Uslu

A. R. Lazăr, A. Pușcaș, A. Mureșan et al.

Anna Nowak, P. Gradziuk, Aneta Jarosz-Angowska

The study aimed to assess the competitiveness of agriculture and agri-food trade in the Visegrad Group (V4) countries during their European Union (EU) membership. Using data from Eurostat and the Agri-food Data Portal, labour productivity in agriculture and competitive position in agri-food trade within the EU internal market were analysed. In each V4 country, the labour productivity indicator was lower than the EU-27 average; however, Poland and Hungary had the least favourable scores. Of the four countries surveyed, Czechia recorded the highest productivity and Poland the lowest, influenced by the agrarian structure and level of employment in agriculture. However, it was positive that the dynamics of labour productivity change in all V4 countries were higher than the EU average. The research also showed that accession of Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia to the EU contributed to an increase in agri-food exports and imports in all analysed countries. Poland has a comparative advantage and is export-specialised in the food and live animals (SITC 0 commodity group) and beverages and tobacco products (SITC 1 commodity group), but not in the animal and vegetable oils, fats, and waxes (SITC 4 commodity group). In the SITC4 commodity group, Hungary performed best, having both a comparative advantage and export specialisation in this area. Slovakia is the worst performer compared to the other countries surveyed, having neither a comparative advantage nor export specialisation in any of the analysed commodity groups.

张雪梅1,2，舒晓1,2，张伟1,2，谢蔓莉1,2，杨晓霞1,2，杨丰庆3，杨俊英1,2 ZHANG Xuemei1,2, SHU Xiao1,2, ZHANG Wei1,2, XIE Manli1,2, YANG Xiaoxia1,2,YANG Fengqing3, YANG Junying1,2

为了对花椒及相关产品中酰胺类化合物准确定量，以羟基-α-山椒素为内参物，建立了一测多评法同时测定花椒及相关产品中羟基-α-山椒素、羟基-β-山椒素、羟基-γ-山椒素和羟基-ε-山椒素4个成分含量的方法。采用高效液相色谱法（外标法）建立了4个成分的标准曲线，并对外标法进行了方法学考察。在外标法的基础上，以羟基-α-山椒素为内参物，获得其他3个成分的相对校正因子和相对保留时间，以相对保留时间对样品峰进行定性，以相对校正因子和外标法获得的样品中羟基-α-山椒素含量计算花椒及相关产品中其他3个成分的含量。对一测多评法的适用性进行了考察，并以35个实际样品（干花椒、鲜花椒、花椒粉、花椒油、花椒叶）为例，对比了外标法和一测多评法测定结果的差异。结果表明：外标法4个成分的标准曲线回归方程线性关系良好，具有较好的精密度、稳定性、重复性和准确性；在各自线性范围内，羟基-α-山椒素与羟基-β-山椒素、羟基-γ-山椒素和羟基-ε-山椒素之间的相对校正因子分别为0.539、0.245和0.541；高效液相色谱仪和色谱柱对羟基-β-山椒素、羟基-γ-山椒素和羟基-ε-山椒素的相对校正因子和相对保留时间影响很小，柱温及流动相组成对相对校正因子的影响也很小；采用一测多评法和外标法测得实际样品中4个成分的含量值接近，相对误差绝对值在0~5.56%之间。综上，所建立的一测多评法简便、可靠、重现性好，适用于花椒及相关产品中4个酰胺类物质含量的同时测定。 In order to accurately quantify amides in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. and its related products, the method of quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) was established using hydroxy-α-sanshool as the internal reference substance for the simultaneous determination of hydroxy-α-sanshool, hydroxy-β-sanshool, hydroxy-γ-sanshool, and hydroxy-ε-sanshool. The standard curves of the above four components were established by high-performance liquid chromatography (external standard method), and the methodology of the external standard method was investigated. Based on the external standard method, the relative correction factors and relative retention time of the other three components were obtained using hydroxy-α-sanshool as the internal reference substance. The relative retention time was used for qualitative analysis of the sample peaks, and the contents of the other three components in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. and its related products were calculated based on the relative correction factors and the content of hydroxy-α-sanshool in the samples obtained by the external standard method. The applicability of the QAMS method was investigated. Taking 35 actual samples (dried Zanthoxylum bungeanum, fresh Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder, Zanthoxylum bungeanum oil, and Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves) as examples, the differences between the determination results of the external standard method and the QAMS method were compared. The results showed that the standard curves of the four components established by the external standard method had good linear relationships and had better precision, stability, repeatability, and accuracy. Within their respective linear ranges, the relative correction factors between hydroxy-α-sanshool and hydroxy-β-sanshool, hydroxy-γ-sanshool, and hydroxy-ε-sanshool were 0.539, 0.245 and 0.541, respectively. The influences of the high-performance liquid chromatography instrument and chromatographic column on the relative correction factors and relative retention time of hydroxy-β-sanshool, hydroxy-γ-sanshool, and hydroxy-ε-sanshool were very small, and the influences of column temperature and mobile phase composition on the relative correction factors were also very small. The contents of the four components in the actual samples measured by the QAMS method and the external standard method were close, with the absolute value of relative error ranging from 0 to 5.56%. In conclusion, the established QAMS method is simple, reliable, and reproducible, and is suitable for the simultaneous determination of the contents of the four amides in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. and its related products.

Daukaev A.A., Abubakarova E.A.

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of deep formation replenishment of petroleum reserves using the example of long-term developed fields of two petroleum provinces of Russia in the modern concepts of oil and gas formation and accumulation. Fundamental, published sources and other factual data on the fields of the North Caucasus and Volga-Ural regions of the Russian Federation were used. As a result of the comparative analysis, several analogies in the geological structure and nature of oil and gas potential of long-term developed fields of different regions were revealed.

Rogério Willian Silva dos Santos, A. Coelho, Md. Jannatul Ferdaus et al.

Patrick Antony, Norbert Hosters, Marek Behr et al.

Modern diesel engines temporarily use a very late post-injection in the combustion cycle to either generate heat for a diesel particulate filter regeneration or purge a lean NOx trap. In some configurations, unburned fuel is left at the cylinder walls and is transported via the piston rings toward the lower crankcase region, where fuel may dilute the oil. Reduced oil lubrication shortens the oil service intervals and increases friction. Beside diesel fuel, this problem may also occur for other types of liquid fuels such as alcohols and e-fuels. The exact transport mechanism of the unburned fuel via the piston ring pack grooves and cylinder wall is hard to measure experimentally, motivating numerical flow simulation in early design stages for an in-depth understanding of the involved processes. A new CFD simulation methodology has been developed to investigate the transient, compressible, multiphase flow around the piston ring pack, through the gap between piston and liner, and its impact on fuel or oil transport. The modern level-set approach is used for the multiphase physics, which directly captures the sharp interface between blow-by gas and fuel or oil. Transient blow-by and two-phase flow simulations have been extensively applied to a Ford 2.0L I4 diesel test engine. The results confirm the validity of the flow compressibility assumption and highlight the sensitivity of the fuel leakage regarding piston sealing ring movement and highly resolved meshes for the multiphase flow. Based on the simulation results, design recommendations for piston and piston ring geometry are provided to reduce the fuel transport toward the crankcase.

Russell K. Standish

A fat API exposes nearly all of a C++ object's public attributes and methods to a consuming environment, such as a scripting language, or web client. This can be contrasted with a conventional, or thin API, where the API is defined up front, and the C++ object provides the implementation, most of which is private to the C++ layer. Obviously, reflection is required to expose C++ objects to a consuming layer like this -- this paper explores using the Classdesc system to implement reflection of C++ objects into a JavaScript/TypeScript environment via a RESTservice, and also via a Node.js API module.

Jaeho Moon, Jeonghwan Yun, Jaehyun Kim et al.

Oil spills pose severe environmental risks, making early detection crucial for effective response and mitigation. As Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images operate under all-weather conditions, SAR-based oil spill segmentation enables fast and robust monitoring. However, when using deep learning models, SAR oil spill segmentation often struggles in training due to the scarcity of labeled data. To address this limitation, we propose a diffusion-based data augmentation with knowledge transfer (DAKTer) strategy. Our DAKTer strategy enables a diffusion model to generate SAR oil spill images along with soft label pairs, which offer richer class probability distributions than segmentation masks (i.e. hard labels). Also, for reliable joint generation of high-quality SAR images and well-aligned soft labels, we introduce an SNR-based balancing factor aligning the noise corruption process of both modalilties in diffusion models. By leveraging the generated SAR images and soft labels, a student segmentation model can learn robust feature representations without teacher models trained for the same task, improving its ability to segment oil spill regions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our DAKTer strategy effectively transfers the knowledge of per-pixel class probabilities to the student segmentation model to distinguish the oil spill regions from other look-alike regions in the SAR images. Our DAKTer strategy boosts various segmentation models to achieve superior performance with large margins compared to other generative data augmentation methods.

Suma Anand, Kaiwen Xu, Colm O'Dushlaine et al.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for measuring fat and iron content non-invasively in the body via measures known as Proton Density Fat Fraction (PDFF) and $R_2^*$, respectively. However, conventional PDFF and $R_2^*$ quantification methods operate on MR images voxel-wise and require at least three measurements to estimate three quantities: water, fat, and $R_2^*$. Alternatively, the two-point Dixon MRI protocol is widely used and fast because it acquires only two measurements; however, these cannot be used to estimate three quantities voxel-wise. Leveraging the fact that neighboring voxels have similar values, we propose using a generative machine learning approach to learn PDFF and $R_2^*$ from Dixon MRI. We use paired Dixon-IDEAL data from UK Biobank in the liver and a Pix2Pix conditional GAN to demonstrate the first large-scale $R_2^*$ imputation from two-point Dixon MRIs. Using our proposed approach, we synthesize PDFF and $R_2^*$ maps that show significantly greater correlation with ground-truth than conventional voxel-wise baselines.

Quentin Peyle, Imene Ben Rejeb-Mzah, Baptiste Piofret et al.

We propose a methodology for modelling methane intensities of Oil and Gas upstream activities for different production profiles with diverse combinations of region of operation and production volumes associated. This methodology leverages different data sources, including satellite measurements and public estimates of methane emissions but also country-level oil and gas production data and company reporting. The obtained methane intensity models are compared to the reference companies' own reporting in order to better understand methane emissions for different types of companies. The results show that regions of operation within the different production profiles have a significant impact on the value of modelled methane intensities, especially for operators located in a single or few countries, such as national and medium-sized international operators. This paper also shows that methane intensities reported by the companies tend to be on average 16.1 times smaller than that obtained using the methodology presented here, and cannot account for total methane emissions that are estimated for upstream operations in the different regions observed.

Pritam Acharya, Sujoy Bhore, Aaryan Gupta et al.

We study the geometric knapsack problem in which we are given a set of $d$-dimensional objects (each with associated profits) and the goal is to find the maximum profit subset that can be packed non-overlappingly into a given $d$-dimensional (unit hypercube) knapsack. Even if $d=2$ and all input objects are disks, this problem is known to be \textsf{NP}-hard [Demaine, Fekete, Lang, 2010]. In this paper, we give polynomial time $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximation algorithms for the following types of input objects in any constant dimension $d$: - disks and hyperspheres, - a class of fat convex polygons that generalizes regular $k$-gons for $k\ge 5$ (formally, polygons with a constant number of edges, whose lengths are in a bounded range, and in which each angle is strictly larger than $π/2$), - arbitrary fat convex objects that are sufficiently small compared to the knapsack. We remark that in our \textsf{PTAS} for disks and hyperspheres, we output the computed set of objects, but for a $O_\varepsilon(1)$ of them, we determine their coordinates only up to an exponentially small error. However, it is unclear whether there always exists a $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximate solution that uses only rational coordinates for the disks' centers. We leave this as an open problem that is related to well-studied geometric questions in the realm of circle packing.

Lixue Shi, R. Allen LaCour, Xiaoqi Lang et al.

Mesoscale water-hydrophobic interfaces are of fundamental importance in multiple disciplines, but their molecular properties have remained elusive for decades due to experimental complications and alternate theoretical explanations. Surface-specific spectroscopies, such as vibrational sum-frequency techniques, suffer from either sample preparation issues or the need for complex spectral corrections. Here, we report on a robust "in solution" interface-selective Raman spectroscopy approach using multivariate curve resolution to probe hexadecane in water emulsions. Computationally, we use the recently developed monomer field model for Raman spectroscopy to help interpret the interfacial spectra. Unlike with vibrational sum frequency techniques, our interfacial spectra are readily comparable to the spectra of bulk water, yielding new insights. The combination of experiment and theory show that the interface leads to reduced tetrahedral order and weaker hydrogen bonding, giving rise to a substantial water population with dangling OH at the interface. Additionally, the stretching mode of these free OH experiences a ~80 cm-1 red-shift due to a strong electric field which we attribute to the negative zeta potential that is general to oil droplets. These findings are either opposite to, or absent in, the molecular hydrophobic interface formed by small solutes. Together, water structural disorder and enhanced electrostatics are an emergent feature at the mesoscale interface of oil-water emulsions, with an estimated interfacial electric field of ~35-70 MV/cm that is important for chemical reactivity.

龙雪燕1，闫道良1，郭春喜2，李万春1，胡玉玲3，郑炳松1 LONG Xueyan1, YAN Daoliang1, GUO Chunxi2, LI Wanchun1, HU Yuling3, ZHENG Bingsong1

旨在寻找油茶果最佳采后处理方式，为其后续研究奠定基础，采用液相色谱-质谱联用法（LC-MS/MS）对油茶果采后不同处理〔不处理（F8）、堆沤处理（FC）、去壳摊晒（NS）、带壳摊晒（WS）〕10、30 d种仁代谢物进行测定，并用相关软件对代谢产物进行分析。结果表明：鉴定出1 107种特征代谢物，其中正离子模式和负离子模式下鉴定的代谢物数量分别为763种和344种，代谢物主要为脂类和类脂分子（277种），苯丙烷类和聚酮类（193种），有机酸及其衍生物（172种），类苯（97种），有机杂环化合物（94种），有机氧化合物（84种），核苷、核苷酸和类似物（33种）；通过比较差异代谢物不饱和脂肪酸发现，去壳摊晒处理30 d（NS2） vs 10 d（NS1）比较组中检测到亚油酸、顺式-9-十六碳烯酸、8（9）-环氧-5Z，11Z，14Z-二十碳三烯酸、亚麻酸、蓖麻油酸、9,10-环氧十八碳烯酸共6种不饱和脂肪酸，且都表达上调；对差异代谢物进行富集分析发现，主要参与的代谢途径有苯丙氨酸代谢、类黄酮生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢、甘油酯代谢、玉米素生物合成、植物次生代谢产物的生物合成、谷胱甘肽代谢、氨基酸的生物合成、次生代谢产物的生物合成。综上，油茶果采后最佳处理方式为去壳摊晒30 d。In order to find the optimal postharvest treatment of Camellia oleifera fruit, and lay the foundation for subsequent research, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the metabolites of the kernels of different postharvest treatments of Camellia oleifera fruit 〔without treatment （F8）, composting treatment（FC） , sun dried without shell （NS）, and sun dried with shell（WS）〕 for 10 d and 30 d, and relevant software was used to analyze the metabolites. The results showed that a total of 1 107 characteristic metabolites were identified, with 763 and 344 metabolites identified in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively. The main metabolites were lipids and lipid-like molecules( 277 kinds), phenylpropanoids and polykettides (193 kinds), organic acids and derivatives(172 kinds), benzenoids (97 kinds), organoheterocyclic compounds (94 kinds), organic oxygen compounds (84 kinds), nucleosides, nucleotides and analogues(33 kinds). By comparison of the unsaturated fatty acid of differential metabolites, six unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid, cis-9-hexadecenoic acid, 8 (9) - epoxy-5Z, 11Z, 14Z-eicosatrienoic acid, linolenic acid, ricinolic acid, 9,10-epoxy-octadecenoic acid, were detected in 30 d (NS2) and 10 d (NS1) of the sun dried without shell treatment, and their expressions were up-regulated. The enrichment analysis of differential metabolites results showed that the main metabolic pathways included phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, glycerol ester metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, plant secondary metabolites biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Overall, the best postharvest treatment of Camellia oleifera fruit is sun dried without shell treatment for 30 d.

Simran Suresh Somkuwar, Sameer Mustafa Sheik, Saurabh Sabale et al.

The burgeoning concept of "Cosmeceuticals" represents a fusion of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, offering a novel approach to skin health and beauty. This review explores the diverse landscape of cosmeceuticals, emphasizing their categorization into skin, hair, and other cosmeceutical products. In particular, the article delves into the formulation and functionalities of skin care and hair care cosmeceuticals, shedding light on the intricate balance between pharmaceutical efficacy and cosmetic appeal. The exploration extends to the categorization of creams, a vital component of cosmeceuticals, emphasizing their role in topical drug delivery. The advantages and disadvantages of this delivery system are examined, providing insights into its unique attributes and challenges. Furthermore, the review investigates the physiology of the skin, crucial for understanding the efficacy of cosmeceutical products. A significant portion of the article focuses on the ingredients commonly used in skin creams, offering a comprehensive overview of water, oils, waxes, fats, and other key components. The discussion is extended to alternative medicines and creams for wound healing, incorporating insights from Ayurveda and contemporary medical formulations. Ayurvedic herbs, such as aloe vera, peppermint, and turmeric, are highlighted for their potential in promoting skin health and wound healing. The review concludes by addressing relevant methods of preparing creams for wound healing, emphasizing the importance of o/w and w/o emulsions. Additionally, key evaluation parameters for creams, including pH determination, physical appearance, and spreadability, are discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the quality and efficacy of cosmeceutical formulations. This review contributes to the evolving field of cosmeceuticals, offering a synthesis of pharmaceutical and cosmetic innovations that pave the way for advanced skin care practices. Keywords: Cosmeceuticals, Skin care, Hair care, Topical drug delivery, Emulsion creams, Wound healing, Ayurvedic medicines

Dehel Gamage Nadeeshani Dilhara Gamage, R. M. Dharmadasa, Don Chandana Abeysinghe et al.

The global consumption of plant-based cosmetics has shown spectacular growth in recent years because of rising consumer awareness regarding the long-term health benefits of natural ingredients. As the global demand for herbal cosmetics increases, there are ample opportunities for Sri Lanka as a tropical Asian country to expand its productions and global exports along with its unique biodiversity and inherited traditional knowledge. Therefore, the present review attempts to give an overview of the widely used medicinal plants in the global herbal cosmetic industry and strengths, challenges, and possible solutions for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry of Sri Lanka. Information was collected using electronic search (using Pub Med, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar, TEEAL, and Scopus) for articles published in peer-reviewed journals, industrial reports, market surveys, and library search for local books on ethnobotany. Important plant-derived ingredients used in the global herbal cosmetic industry are essential oils, colorants, oils, fats, and waxes. The traditional usage of 108 medicinal plant species (belonging to 58 families) in cosmetic treatments was identified from the local books of Sri Lanka. Of these, 49 plant species were reported as new ingredients for the herbal cosmetic industry. However, the lack of ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys to identify the cosmetic potential plants, insufficient or absence of continuous supply of raw materials for production in line with the existing demand, the lack of quality control of raw materials and finished cosmetic products, improper systematic cultivation systems for medicinal plants, poor postharvest practices, and the lack of innovations are major challenges encountered in Sri Lanka for the development of the herbal cosmetic industry. In conclusion, addressing these vital knowledge gaps is a timely requirement of the country for the sustainable development of the herbal cosmetic industry in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, assembling of the multidisciplinary cooperation of botanists, chemists, toxicologists, researchers, and biologists is crucial to analyze the interesting functional properties, efficacy, and effectiveness of documented medicinal plants with cosmetic potential.

Taofik H. Nassan, Mohd Amro

Reservoir simulators utilize numerical techniques to solve the governing equations of fluid flow in porous media and they are essential tool for oil and gas fields development. In practical reservoir simulation, the finite difference method (FDM) is the common numerical technique owing to its simplicity in application. In this paper, we introduce the finite element method (FEM) as a numerical tool to simulate an example in 3D and prior to that, Buckley-Leverett problem is used to validate using a commercial FEM-based software package that is applied through this paper. To achieve the proposed target, the mathematical model of the immiscible-two phase problem is reviewed and formulated to be applied easily in the proposed software. Immiscible two-phase flow in 3D is simulated on the 1/4th inverted five-spot benchmark and the results are shown and discussed. The results show that the FEM can be used efficiently to simulated immiscible two-phase flow in oil reservoirs with an acceptable CPU time and this is due to faster solvers advances in the last few years.

Sarit Maitra

This study aims to use simultaneous quantile regression (SQR) to examine the impact of macroeconomic and financial uncertainty including global pandemic, geopolitical risk on the futures returns of crude oil (ROC). The data for this study is sourced from the FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Database) economic dataset; the importance of the factors have been validated by using variation inflation factor (VIF) and principal component analysis (PCA). To fully understand the combined effect of these factors on WTI, study includes interaction terms in the multi-factor model. Empirical results suggest that changes in ROC can have varying impacts depending on the specific period and market conditions. The results can be used for informed investment decisions and to construct portfolios that are well-balanced in terms of risk and return. Structural breaks, such as changes in global economic conditions or shifts in demand for crude oil, can cause return on crude oil to be sensitive to changes in different time periods. The unique aspect ness of this study also lies in its inclusion of explanatory factors related to the pandemic, geopolitical risk, and inflation.

Ivan Kurnia, Muhammad Fatchurrozi, Riyaz Ghulam Anwary et al.

A review of coreflood experiments for chemically enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is presented in this paper, particularly surfactant-polymer (SP) and alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) processes. The objective of this review is to gain a general outlook and insight from coreflood experiments injecting SP or ASP slug as tertiary recovery. The discussion is separated into sections based on relevant core and fluid properties as well as surfactant selection and SP/ASP slug design and their impact on incremental recovery. Most studies in this review have been published within the last twenty years but few older coreflood works have been included for benchmarking. Parameters in each reviewed study have been summarized in tables to help readers gain detailed observation. Lessons learned from these past experiments should help other chemical EOR practitioners or students of the field in benchmarking or improving the outcomes of their future SP/ASP experiments.

C. Schempp, K. Schwabe, Bernadett Kurz et al.