Hasil untuk "History of Italy"

Matilde Gennai, Claudia Angiolini, Gianni Bedini et al.

Efficient biodiversity conservation requires prioritizing species, but a policy gap persists: global Red Lists assess extinction risk at broad scales, yet seldom inform local planning where management decisions occur. Sub-regional priority lists are therefore essential, though limited by data gaps. To develop a vascular plant list for regional policy, we applied a multi-step evaluation. Starting from old lists of threatened Tuscan flora (Italy), 567 species were selected after excluding alien, widespread, or taxonomically uncertain taxa. Fifteen botanists scored them by four criteria: threat level, local rarity, phytogeographic relevance, and taxonomic distinctiveness. Scores were then reviewed with the IDEA protocol, a structured Delphi-type process designed to reduce disagreement and build consensus. Expert variation was measured with a dissension metric. Each species received a Conservation Priority (CP) value based on a management risk formula, allowing allocation into three classes. In total, 456 taxa were fully assessed: 62 reached the highest CP, 167 medium, and 227 low; 111 were excluded due to insufficient data or likely absence. Expert dialogue reduced score variance, improving transparency and reproducibility. This approach minimizes bias while accounting for regional specificities, bridging the gap between global assessments and local conservation needs, and guiding more effective allocation of limited resources.

Daniele Altamura, Ruggero Ermini

Historical water infrastructures represent an overlooked cultural heritage of extraordinary importance, encompassing centuries of technical knowledge deeply intertwined with the landscape and social life. Matera stands out as a case study of international relevance, where the morphology of the historic urban fabric of the <i>Sassi</i> has been shaped by the <i>Grabiglioni</i>, or <i>Fossi</i>, streams that today lie hidden and compromised, deprived of the recognition they deserve. This study presents an integrated analysis that combines history, morphology, hydrology, and infrastructure to uncover the origin, evolution and cultural value of the entire context. Thus, the environmental and identity-related potential of these historical infrastructures emerges, along with the critical issues they pose, partly as a consequence of urban expansions. Reintegrating the <i>Grabiglioni</i> into urban development policies is not merely a matter of preservation; it represents a strategic opportunity to transform this heritage into a resource for safety, sustainability, and urban regeneration. The multidisciplinary approach proposed here can serve as a guide for similar studies on historical water infrastructures, restoring life and memory to legacies that narrate a timeless engineering intelligence and a careful understanding of the various territorial components (morphology, climate, works, and transformations). This article is a revised and expanded version of Altamura D. et al., Interdisciplinary investigation approach to analyze historical water infrastructures and urban transformations: the case study of the <i>Grabiglioni</i> in the Sassi of Matera, Italy, presented at CEES—International Conference on Construction, Energy, Environment and Sustainability in Bari (2025).

Fabrizio Nevola

Lorenzo Di Paola, Eva Van de Wiele

Corriere dei Piccoli emerged during a unique moment in Italian history characterized by the convergence of popular culture and new industrial and cultural practices that foreshadowed the future advent of mass media (Colombo, 1999). This article aims to investigate the processes of remediation that involves the communicative format of this renowned periodical, connecting it to a long tradition of oral and performative practices. Corriere dei Piccoli, in fact, effectively remediated (Bolter & Grusin, 2003) the ancient oral tradition of the “Cantastorie” (traveling entertainers who tell or sing stories in public squares with the aid of painted posters depicting key scenes from the tales), whose performances had a significant impact on the formal and meaning structures of the magazine. This process entails a collision between ancient narrative traditions and a novel media landscape characterized by the intersection of liberty, futurism, theatrical performances, and literary tradition. In this context, Corriere dei Piccoli stands as one of the privileged sites from which to observe the challenging process of modernization in Italy (Brancato, 2008).Additionally, the investigation will consider the educational practices related to orality and performance. Our main thesis posits that the magazine strikes a balance between traditional pedagogy and multimedia/multimodal entertainment. The rhymed captions used in the comics reflect the attention devoted to young readers’ literacy and emphasize the responsibility placed on parents and older siblings to “chaperone” their reading (as indicated by Sutliff Sanders, 2013). Following the same educational path, in its early years of publication, the magazine invested in a correspondence section where the mediating figure of Paola Lombroso actively promoted reading and writing through a dialogue with the readership. However, the remarkable Corrierino comic format not only educated children but also proposed a more consumerist lifestyle, which, on the one hand, tended to commodify children and, on the other hand (from a media education perspective ante litteram), provided useful tools to understand and navigate the media landscape of the time.

Heinz Furrer

Abstract There is a long history of palaeontological excavations at Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland) and the adjoining Monte Pravello—Monte Orsa (Italy), aimed at finding well-preserved skeletons of Middle Triassic vertebrates. The first fossils were discovered in the mid-Nineteenth Century during mining of black shales (scisti bituminosi) near Besano, Italy, with further finds in the early Twentieth Century through industrial-scale mining. Studies of the material generated international interest and prompted formal palaeontological excavations on both sides of the border. The earliest excavations took place in 1863 and 1878, with the most extensive between 1924 and 1968. Systematic excavations have continued up to the present day, focusing on six distinct fossiliferous horizons: the Besano Formation and the overlying Meride Limestone with the Cava inferiore, Cava superiore, Cassina, Sceltrich and Kalkschieferzone beds. All these have provided material for study and display, with Monte San Giorgio itself recently designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The workers and organisations involved, locations excavated and material recovered are described herein.

A. Ippolito, C. Bartolomei, D. Mezzino et al.

<p>Within the Cultural Heritage documentation field, this contribution illustrates the adopted methods for the first digital documentation of the Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere in Rome.</p><p>The research activity carried out included the survey of this historic building as well as direct and indirect research connected with its transformations. The tested workflow illustrates the relevance of the activities carried out in terms of knowledge implementation, conservation, monitoring, and dissemination of tangible and intangible aspects of this layered religious architecture.</p>

Sandro Caruana

Over the past decade, Malta has seen a steady increase in the amount of Italian nationals who work, study and reside on the island. This is a significant recent development in the contacts between Malta and Italy and represents another important milestone in the relationships between the two countries, rooted in language, history and culture. Today, Italians are practically present in every sector of Maltese society and their move to the island is mainly determined by employment opportunities in an Anglophone context which is geographically close to their homeland. Research on this migration has been carried out over the past years in order to investigate language issues, schooling and socialisation. In this paper I provide an overview of the main results obtained in these studies, while also reflecting on how they are relevant for future research on Italians in Malta.   Una rassegna della ricerca sulla recente migrazione degli italiani a Malta Durante l’ultimo decennio, a Malta si è registrato un aumento considerevole di Italiani che lavorano, studiano e risiedono sull’isola. Si tratta di uno sviluppo significativo dei contatti tra Malta e l’Italia e rappresenta un’altra tappa fondamentale nelle relazioni tra i due Paesi, le quali hanno radici linguistiche, storiche e culturali. Oggi gli Italiani sono presenti in praticamente tutti i settori della società maltese e, nella maggior parte dei casi, il loro trasferimento è determinato da opportunità lavorative in un contesto anglofono vicino al loro Paese. Argomenti linguistici, la scuola e la socializzazione sono tra i temi che sono stati investigati nelle ricerche svolte recentemente in merito a questa migrazione. In questo lavoro si propone una rassegna dei risultati principali e si riflette sulla rilevanza di queste conclusioni per studi futuri sugli Italiani a Malta.  

Gabriele Gattiglia, Eleonora Rattighieri, Eleonora Clò et al.

In central Italy, the Charterhouse of Calci hosts the Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa. This monumental monastery was founded in 1366 by Carthusian monks. The Charterhouse has experienced various transformations over the centuries, until its abandonment in the 1970s. Since 2018, interdisciplinary archaeological research focused on the monks’ gardens (and particularly: the Prior’s, the Apothecary’s, and the Master’s garden) and the green spaces outside the cloister walls, consisting of courtyards and orchards, to determine the individual (gardens) and collective (green spaces and surrounding woods) practices adopted by Carthusians. Palynology and archaeobotany have allowed to reconstruct the plant biodiversity, with flowers and ornamental, aromatic, and medicinal herbs that grew in the gardens, as well as the management of local hilly woods and agricultural practices, including the cultivation of fruit trees, such as chestnut, olive tree, almond tree, and grapevine. Our research has been based on a solid theoretical approach, interpreting archaeological and archaeobotanical data in relation to the intricate network of human and non-human connections. Gardens are seen as a co-creation made together by human and non-human agencies, and their diachronic transformation is read as an expression of personalities of the monks, feelings, and connections with nature and divinity.

Charlotte De Pauw, Luigi Barazzetti, Aziliz Vandesande et al.

Neglected and abandoned heritage sites are a complex research topic, which always requires a thorough understanding of the site’s past and current condition. This article examines how research on history, architecture, and participation can contribute to creating a suitable re-use project for such heritage sites, focusing on a single case study: the Royal Citadel of Messina, Italy. Within the field of history, the city and fortification’s past underscores the importance of the site’s architectural and historical value. An urban analysis and documentation campaign were carried out during the field architecture. The urban analysis focused on the site as a remarkable natural landscape with industrial surroundings. The digital documentation, concentrating on the so-called cistern, emphasized the site’s values. Within a revalorization process, community participation is vital and is, therefore, one of the suggestions to consider in further developments. The last applied method is a comparative case study, namely, the submarine base at Saint-Nazaire, France. Considering the complexity and fragilities of the site, a framework is designed that provides suggestions for the conservation, revalorization, and re-use of the site of the Royal Citadel.

De Simone Claudio Sossio

Today, the Fortore River is the geographic and administrative boundary between the regions of Molise and Apulia. In the past decade, scholars have debated Fortore’s role during the pre-Roman and Roman periods, specifically focusing on how this physical boundary may have influenced the interaction and connectivity between Samnium (modern-day Molise) and Daunia (modern-day northern Apulia). Both ancient literary sources and archaeological finds indicate the situation is complicated, and it is challenging to locate the geographical and cultural borders, especially in the pre-Roman period. This article suggests a model to understand the past interaction between the two modern-day areas of Macchia Valfortore (Molise) and Carlantino (Apulia). These sites were in the proximity of the Fortore River, and an investigation of material culture in both locations revealed a complex and diverse society between the sixth century BC and the first century BC. The small-scale spatial networks constructed help to explain the interchange dynamics between the two districts and, furthermore, how each of them related to the ancient road system. The case study demonstrates, moreover, how a not conventional archaeological approach may also highlight the prominence of river connections for economic and social development.

Claudia Zani, Umberto Gelatti, Nazario Portolani et al.

Background. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been recognized as human carcinogens and cause liver cancer in animal experimental studies. However, no study investigated their association with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) so far. This study aimed to evaluate the serum PCB concentration in HCC patients and in healthy subjects of the general population living in Brescia, North Italy, a highly industrialized area with heavy PCB environmental pollution due to the presence of a PCB producing factory. Methods. Lipid-adjusted PCB concentrations, computed as the sum of 24 congeners, were measured in the serum of 101 HCC patients and in 101 healthy subjects of the same age and gender. Results. Hepatitis B and C virus infection and history of heavy alcohol intake were found, alone and combined, in 87% of HCC patients. No difference was found in PCB serum concentration of HCC patients with and without, and according to, the major risk factors for liver disease. No significant difference was observed in serum total PCB concentration between HCC patients (median: 1081; range: 287.0-3182.0 ng/g lipid) and healthy subjects (median: 1199.3; range: 225.7-22825 ng/g lipid). PCB congeners 118, 138, 153, 156, 180 and 194 were the only ones found over the detection limit in at least 30% of HCC patients. The serum level of PCB 118, but not that of other congeners, was higher in HCC patients than in healthy subjects. Conclusion. These findings do not support the hypothesis that PCBs play an important role in HCC development, although a contribution by some specific congeners cannot be ruled out

Raffaele D’Amato, Andrey Evgenevich Negin

The authors of the present article intend to draw the attention of the scientific community to a Medieval Great Helm found in Lucera, southern Italy, at the end of 1980, and presently unpublished. The importance of the helmet – belonging to the last quarter of 13th century and being one of the older specimens of that category existing in the world – has been until now neglected, and it is the intention of the authors to produce an initial analysis of the helmet, its history, technical characteristics and historical background.

Arnaldo Marcone

Ivar R. Hannikainen, Edouard Machery, David Rose et al.

Philosophers have long debated whether, if determinism is true, we should hold people morally responsible for their actions since in a deterministic universe, people are arguably not the ultimate source of their actions nor could they have done otherwise if initial conditions and the laws of nature are held fixed. To reveal how non-philosophers ordinarily reason about the conditions for free will, we conducted a cross-cultural and cross-linguistic survey (N = 5,268) spanning twenty countries and sixteen languages. Overall, participants tended to ascribe moral responsibility whether the perpetrator lacked sourcehood or alternate possibilities. However, for American, European, and Middle Eastern participants, being the ultimate source of one’s actions promoted perceptions of free will and control as well as ascriptions of blame and punishment. By contrast, being the source of one’s actions was not particularly salient to Asian participants. Finally, across cultures, participants exhibiting greater cognitive reflection were more likely to view free will as incompatible with causal determinism. We discuss these findings in light of documented cultural differences in the tendency toward dispositional versus situational attributions.

Iațeșen Loredana Viorica

By consulting monographies, musicological studies, specialty articles about the personality of romantic musician Hector Berlioz and implicitly linked to the relevance of his significant opera, one discovers researchers’ constant preoccupation for historical, stylistic, analytical, hermeneutical comments upon aspects related to established scores (the Fantastic, Harold in Italy symphonies, dramatic legend The Damnation of Faust, dramatic symphony Romeo and Juliet, the Requiem, etc.). Out of his compositions, it is remarkable that the cycle Les nuits d´été was rarely approached from a musicological point of view, despite the fact that it is an important opus, which inaugurates the genre of the orchestral lied at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of last century. In this study, we set out to compose as complete as possible an image of this work, both from an analytic-stylistic point of view by stressing the text-sound correspondences and, above all, from the perspective of its reception at a didactic level, by promoting the score in the framework of listening sessions commented upon as part of the discipline of the history of music. In what follows, I shall argue that the cycle of orchestral lieder Les nuits d´été by Hector Berlioz represents a work of equal importance to established opera.

Michele Dantini

Si è talvolta osservato che gli studi di De Felice toccano in molti punti la storia dell’arte. Per ampiezza e dettaglio essi costituiscono in effetti una risorsa che sembrerebbe ineludibile. Tuttavia, malgrado questo loro spiccato tratto transdisciplinare, non si può dire che essi siano diventati lettura corrente per gli storici figurativi. Non lo sono diventati per motivi molteplici, di volta in volta tecnico-specialistici o politico-ideologici. La tesi che cerco di formulare è che la riflessione di De Felice sui temi del «consenso» e della «nazione» contiene spunti, indicazioni e prospettive di notevole interesse non solo per gli storici politici e sociali, ma anche per gli storici dell’arte italiana del primo e (forse ancor più) del secondo Novecento, ambito di studi, quest’ultimo, che appare modellato in profondità, in ambito nazionale e internazionale, da rigidità e distorsioni ideologiche. Essa induce infatti, per tenersi adesso a aspetti generali e di metodo, a interrogarsi sulla fondatezza o fecondità di taluni presupposti ideologici, diffusi tanto nel discorso storico-critico di estrazione accademica che nel discorso giornalistico e curatoriale; e a dare corso all’indagine sulle continuità esistenti tra le due metà del Novecento anche qualora questo si traduca in una ricostruzione meno conciliata e pacifica del progressivo inserimento dell’arte italiana postbellica nel contesto atlantico.   It has been widely recognised De Felice’s political historiography crosses art history in many points. In spite of this transdisciplinary relevance, it didn’t become a customary resource for art historians because of political reasons or technical reasons. My thesis here is that De Felice’s reflexion on such themes as «consensus» or «nation» is important not only for political|social historians, but even for art historians engaged in detecting complex continuities between the first half and the second half of xxth century in Italy and refusing both interpretative ready-madesand retrospective ideological distorsions. If we shift historical perspective or change paradigm, we’ll find gradual insertion of Italian late Modernism in the new euro-atlantic artistical|cultural context born out of Second World War is much less obvious and immediate than usually assumed by contemporary narratives about Spazialismo, «monocromo» or Arte Povera.

Ursula Zich, Martino Pavignano

The European cultural context, where the series Le Cento Città d’Italia—Supplemento mensile illustrato del Secolo (Milan, Sonzogno 1887–1902) can be situated, has been characterized by a great diffusion of publications based on illustrated issues. This series, which led readers to ‘literary’ and ‘visually’ “visit the most important (for history, art and architecture) Italian cities”, provides interesting views and sketches of the post-unification Italy. Relying on this amount of unstudied information offered by Le Cento Città, and taking in account other similar project, this paper aims to describe the issues and the very first outcomes of our work of designing an Territorial Information System (SIT) that will allow a textual, graphical and crossed ‘navigation’ through these sources. Open to new contributions, the SIT will level up the experience of interconnecting texts and images with georeferenced maps and database.

Isaia Sales

Le Mafie non sono solo un problema del Mezzogiorno d'Italia, e non sono solo un fenomeno criminale. Nessuno ha scritto una Storia d'Italia, che parli di mafie, e questo è un grosso errore perché la Storia delle mafie è una parte della Storia italiana. Le Mafie sono cresciute grazie ai rapporti con le “persone potenti”: politici e imprenditori. Esse sono state spesso riconosciute come organizzazioni di “problem solving”, anche da parte dello Stato, in molti momenti importanti della Storia d'Italia. Mafie are not only a problem of the South of Italy, and they are not only a criminal phenomenon. Nobody wrote a History of Italy talking about mafie and this is a big mistake because the History of mafie is a part of the Italian history. Mafie are grown up thanks to the relationships with “powerful people”: politicians and entrepreneurs. They have often been recognized as “problem solving” organizations, also by the State, in many important moments of the History of Italy. KEYWORDS: Mafie, History, Relationships, Politicians, Entrapreneurs

Iannopollo G, Camporotondo R, De Ferrari GM et al.

Gianmarco Iannopollo,1 Rita Camporotondo,2 Gaetano M De Ferrari,2 Sergio Leonardi2 1Universit&agrave; degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, 2Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy Abstract: Coronary and cerebrovascular atherothrombosis are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Novel antiplatelet agents have been established for the management of patients with clinically evident coronary atherothrombosis and are increasingly used in these patients. These agents, however, have shown limited efficacy in the prevention of cerebrovascular events and potential harm in patients with history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Herein, the efficacy and safety of two established antiplatelet agents in patients with stroke &ndash; aspirin and clopidogrel &ndash; are reviewed with a focus on the use and challenges related to novel antiplatelet agents &ndash; prasugrel, ticagrelor, and vorapaxar &ndash; in patients at risk for and with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Keywords: cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, aspirin, clopidogrel, novel antiplatelet agents