Hasil untuk "Environmental law"

María Luisa Acosta

Pankaj Kumar, Kusum Lata, Amel Gacem et al.

Abstract Microplastics, widespread environmental pollutants, have received considerable attention because of their distribution and possible effects on human health and ecosystems. This study thoroughly examines current progress in identifying, detecting, and understanding the significance of microplastics in different environmental contexts. The paper provides an analysis of the dispersion and origins of microplastics, uncovering areas of high concentration and trends of buildup with key findings indicating microplastic accumulation of up to 2 million particles/km2 in some regions. The intricate relationships between microplastics and biological systems are such that their toxicological impacts on human health and their ecological ramifications can be easily observed. The amalgamation of existing research highlights the pressing need for efficient mitigation measures and regulations to tackle the escalating menace of microplastics. Strategies like biodegradable polymer development, wastewater filtration technologies, and global policy interventions are being sought to control this pollution. This study aims to thoroughly comprehend microplastic contamination, promoting well-informed choices and initiatives to protect the environment and public health.

Mariusz Gaweł

W aktualnym stanie prawnym inwestorzy mogą domagać się od przedsiębiorców, którzy prowadzą ruch zakładu górniczego, zwrotu uzasadnionych i koniecznych nakładów poniesionych na zabezpieczenie obiektu budowlanego przed szkodliwym wpływem ruchu takiego zakładu. Realizacja tego roszczenia wymaga spełnienia określonych prawnie przesłanek, uwarunkowanych okolicznościami faktycznymi konkretnego przypadku. Opracowanie wyjaśnia więc zarówno podstawy prawne, jak i okoliczności faktyczne, które decydują o rozstrzygnięciu w sprawie roszczenia o zwrot kosztów zabezpieczenia obiektu budowlanego przed przewidywanymi szkodami spowodowanymi ruchem zakładu górniczego. Autor analizuje orzecznictwo sądów powszechnych i Sądu Najwyższego, uwzględnia także literaturę przedmiotu dotyczącą aktualnego oraz historycznego stanu prawnego.

Ibrahim Ibrahim, Zulkarnain Ariandi A., Kurnia Muhammad

The extensive expansion of tin mining in Bangka Island and a small part of the open sea is causing environmental damage in coastal areas. In recent years, the damage has been increased by the opening of shrimp ponds, leading to the reduction of mangrove areas and the disturbance of coastal tourism assets. Therefore, this study aims to explore the dilemma between the economic activities of tin mining and shrimp pond openings in coastal areas through qualitative methods using interviews, observations, and documentation. Investors manage tin and shrimp pond potentials by compensating residents. In contrast, the residents have predominantly accepted tin mining as primary employment, serving as an alternative economic opportunity for individuals previously engaged with the company. Furthermore, mangrove areas experience habitat destruction and a decrease in coastal support capacity. Tourism assets and potentials are also disrupted because of the reduction in the naturalness of coast and the disturbance of coastal habitat ecosystems. The results show that the persistence of the dilemma is due to inadequate law enforcement measures and the impartiality of village officials. Consequently, the situation remains stagnant since the parties maintain divergent perspectives without reaching an agreement. Making money and conserving is still a big challenge in saving the environment, especially when each actor chooses not to take a firm position.

Mohammad Ehteram, Mahdie Afshari Nia, Fatemeh Panahi et al.

Abstract Monitoring water resources requires accurate predictions of rainfall data. Our study introduces a novel deep learning model named the deep residual shrinkage network (DRSN)—temporal convolutional network (TCN) to remove redundant features and extract temporal features from rainfall data. The TCN model extracts temporal features, and the DRSN enhances the quality of the extracted features. Then, the DRSN–TCN is coupled with a random forest (RF) model to model rainfall data. Since the RF model may be unable to classify and predict complex patterns and data, our study develops the RF model to model outputs with high accuracy. Since the DRSN–TCN model uses advanced operators to extract temporal features and remove irrelevant features, it can improve the performance of the RF model for predicting rainfall. We use a new optimizer named the Gaussian mutation (GM)–orca predation algorithm (OPA) to set the DRSN–TCN–RF (DTR) parameters and determine the best input scenario. This paper introduces a new machine learning model for rainfall prediction, improves the accuracy of the original TCN, and develops a new optimization method for input selection. The models used the lagged rainfall data to predict monthly data. GM–OPA improved the accuracy of the orca predation algorithm (OPA) for feature selection. The GM–OPA reduced the root mean square error (RMSE) values of OPA and particle swarm optimization (PSO) by 1.4%–3.4% and 6.14–9.54%, respectively. The GM–OPA can simplify the modeling process because it can determine the most important input parameters. Moreover, the GM–OPA can automatically determine the optimal input scenario. The DTR reduced the testing mean absolute error values of the TCN–RAF, DRSN–TCN, TCN, and RAF models by 5.3%, 21%, 40%, and 46%, respectively. Our study indicates that the proposed model is a reliable model for rainfall prediction.

Roberto Muhájir Rahnemay Rabbani, Allívia Rouse Carregosa Rabbani, Emilia Rahnemay Kohlman Rabbani et al.

The Brazilian government has chosen a reformist approach regarding the raising of public funds. Society is often called upon to bear expenses that exceed its economic capabilities when faced with socioeconomic crises. This situation is worsened when public policies repress economic development and call on the poorer social classes to pay for public expenditures to maintain the status quo of the most privileged. At the current juncture, several factors affect the economic performance of a country, including environmental issues. Brazil stands out on these issues, as its biodiversity is one of the highest on the planet. This study analyzes the need for tax reform in Brazil that takes environmental policies into account, a strategy that has been used successfully by economically developed countries. The objective is to verify the socioeconomic profile of Brazil and map its current tax system, demonstrating the characteristics that determine if it is a progressive or regressive system. Based on this analysis, a simplified form of taxation is proposed that can provide greater social benefit and is more beneficial and effective than retrograde labor reforms. Finally, it demonstrates the feasibility of establishing a new foundation for Brazilian taxation, based on environmental steering taxes to promote sustainability.

Mustafa Kamal, Muhamad Muhamad, Yupit Sudianto et al.

In this era of cyber crimes, data security is an important aspect that needs special attention from an organization. This is reinforced by the ratification of Law Number 27 of 2022 on personal data security. The National Zakat Amil Institute (LAZNAS) Yayasan Dana Sosial al Falah (YDSF) as an institution with a legal entity and having data on more than 100,000 donors and partners, it also has an obligation to protect the personal data of donors and partners.  The focus of this research is to evaluate and audit information technology at the LAZNAS YDSF, especially regarding the security aspect of information technology. Evaluations and audits were carried out using the ISO 27001 framework as a standardization of information technology security at the international level. In this study, information technology audits were conducted using quantitative methods. The assessment was carried out on seven main clauses that are priorities for the LAZNAS YDSF based on management priorities: compliance clauses, risk management, policies, assets, physical and environmental management, access control, and incident management. Data were collected using a questionnaire distributed to all the LAZNAS YDSF managers and employees. Fifty-five respondents, ranging from management to staff, were involved in filling out the questionnaire, ranging from management to staff. Based on the recapitulation of answers from respondents, it was found that the risk management and access control clauses had good results, with scores of 2,727 and 2,796. The compliance and incident management clauses have scores of 2.381 and 2.53, respectively; therefore, improvement efforts need to be made. By evaluating and auditing information technology that refers to the ISO 27001 standard, it is hoped that LAZNAS YDSF can protect and maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, and manage and control information security risks.

Nathalie Hilmi, Michael Sutherland, Shekoofeh Farahmand et al.

The deep sea (below 200 m depth) is the largest carbon sink on Earth. It hosts abundant biodiversity that underpins the carbon cycle and provides provisioning, supporting, regulating and cultural ecosystem services. There is growing attention to climate-regulating ocean ecosystem services from the scientific, business and political sectors. In this essay we synthesize the unique biophysical, socioeconomic and governance characteristics of the deep sea to critically assess opportunities for deep-sea blue carbon to mitigate climate change. Deep-sea blue carbon consists of carbon fluxes and storage including carbon transferred from the atmosphere by the inorganic and organic carbon pumps to deep water, carbon sequestered in the skeletons and bodies of deep-sea organisms, carbon buried within sediments or captured in carbonate rock. However, mitigating climate change through deep-sea blue carbon enhancement suffers from lack of scientific knowledge and verification, technological limitations, potential environmental impacts, a lack of cooperation and collaboration, and underdeveloped governance. Together, these issues suggest that deep-sea climate change mitigation is limited. Thus, we suggest that a strong focus on blue carbon is too limited a framework for managing the deep sea to contribute to international goals, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Agreement and the post-2020 Biodiversity Goals. Instead, the deep sea can be viewed as a more holistic nature-based solution, including many ecosystem services and biodiversity in addition to climate. Environmental impact assessments (EIAs), area-based management, pollution reduction, moratoria, carbon accounting and fisheries management are tools in international treaties that could help realize benefits from deep-sea, nature-based solutions.

V.K. Marinich, M.I. Myklush, O.S. Yara

This is the fourth article in the study related to analyzing the process of regulation of space activities. Considering the results of previous studies of documents adopted by the international community during the 1958-1963 period in the regulation of space activities, this article continues the presentation of the study of the process of Outer Space Public Law development. The article describes the initiatives of the international community (including the UN General Assembly) connected with the regulation of relations among States in matters of the use of outer space and celestial bodies. First of all, it describes the process of gradual formation of one of the most important international principles of Public Space Law, which can be attributed to the group of General Principles of Space Activities, namely, "The Principle of a Useful Cosmos”. Also, legal conflicts and difficulties that arose at the initial stage of the formation of this principle as well as the consequences to which they could lead are described. In addition, the article describes the process of formation of another very important principle of Public Space Law that can also be included in the group of General Principles of Space Activity, namely, "The Principle of Space Traffic”, which at that time already consisted of three special principles formed under the influence of specific international initiatives. Thus, the initiative to streamline space vehicle launches into outer space formed "The Principle of launch registration”. The initiative to organize interaction among States regarding astronauts and space vehicles launched into space formed "The Principle of mutual assistance” In turn, the initiative to organize the safety of space activities formed "the Principle of Responsibility”. At the same time, all these principles were developed only in the form of Conventionalis stipulatio, which were mainly set out in the Resolutions and Declarations of the UN General Assembly. Considering the above, it is necessary to pay attention again to the fact that the researcher should not expect from the "Outer Space Law” the form in which this "Law” is accustomed to consider, due to the exclusivity of the environment to which this new "Law” was formed.

S. Breyer

Krzysztof Gruszecki

Jedną z podstawowych zasad ochrony środowiska jest dyrektywa „zanieczyszczający płaci”, mająca umocowanie w postanowieniach art. 7 ustawy z dnia 27 kwietnia 2001 r. – Prawo ochrony środowiska. Środkiem prawnym służącym jej realizacji są kary pieniężne wymierzane na podstawie art. 298 p.o.ś. za naruszenie warunków korzystania ze środowiska. Sposób ustalania wysokości kar został określony w art. 305 i 305a p.o.ś. Zasady postępowania w przedmiocie ich wymierzania zawarto jednak także w Kodeksie postępowania administracyjnego, którego art. 189f precyzuje, kiedy należy odstąpić od wymierzenia kary. Rozwiązanie to odnosi się również do kar wymierzanych na podstawie p.o.ś., w praktyce więc zachodzi konieczność łącznego stosowania rozwiązań wynikających z k.p.a. i p.o.ś. W artykule omówiono zatem przesłanki, które uzasadniają odstąpienie od wymierzenia kary pieniężnej za naruszenie warunków korzystania ze środowiska, a w podsumowaniu wskazano, że taki dualizm nie jest dobry, dlatego przepisy prawa w tym zakresie powinny zostać uporządkowane.

St. Muslimah Suciati, Asri Sarif, Rasmuddin et al.

This study aims to analyze aspects of mining company liability related to environmental pollution in the perspective of prophetic law. A review of prophetic law is used as an analytical knife to confirm the existence of prophetic law, one of which emphasizes "unity" between the interests of humans and the universe (including the environment). This research is a normative legal research by prioritizing the concept and statutory approach. The results of the study confirm that proper legal responsibility for mining companies if it is proven that there is environmental pollution in a preventive manner or prevention, mining companies need to anticipate that before mining companies carry out mining activities, they must submit a post-mining reclamation plan and provide a post-mining reclamation guarantee fund. Then in the implementation of mining activities supervision must be carried out continuously and negotiate/persuade or supervise so that mining companies carry out their mining activities in compliance with permit conditions and other conditions for carrying out environmentally sound mining activities. Viewed from the perspective of prophetic law, legal accountability for mining companies in relation to environmental pollution is actually in accordance with three aspects of prophetic law, namely aspects of transcendence, humanization, and liberation. Therefore, in order to make law enforcement effective regarding legal liability for mining companies in relation to environmental pollution, it is necessary to harmonize and synchronize laws and regulations as well as the need for efforts to maintain coherence between statutory regulations and practice in the field.

Benedetta Cotta, Johanna Coenen, Edward Challies et al.

Environmental governance is increasingly challenged by global flows, which connect distant places through trade, investment and movement of people. To date, research on this topic has been dispersed across multiple fields and diverse theoretical perspectives. We present the results of a systematic literature review of 120 journal articles on the environmental governance of global flows and their environmental impacts, employing the notion of telecoupling as a common analytical lens.Six themes emerged, which can guide a comparative and policy-relevant research agenda on governing global telecoupling: (1) advancement of problem-centered research (as opposed to studying existing governance arrangements), (2) displacement of environmental burdens from Global North to South from a telecoupling perspective, (3) environmental governance of telecoupling between Global South countries, (4) policy coherence in governing global flows, (5) cross-scalar interactions between private and public governance and (6) combinations of governance arrangements to effectively address environmental problems in telecoupled settings.

Banić Milena V.

With a growing environmental degradation and the destruction of natural resources, it is increasingly recognized that criminal law protection is needed as the most repressive measure to protect the environment. This paper considers the criminal law protection of biodiversity in the Republic of Serbia, Republic of Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an emphasis on the protection of wild plant and animal species that are particularly vulnerable to overexploitation, including strictly protected and protected wild species and forest ecosystems. The analysis covers various criminal offenses against biodiversity in the context of protection of wild plant and animal species, and discusses the effects of the implementation of relevant regulations. Comparative statistics on criminal charges, as well as accusations and convictions for these crimes in the last decade, indicate a worryingly mild penal policy and a lack of capacity of professionals to act in environmental criminal proceedings. Although statistics indicate that there has been an increase in the reporting of environmental crimes, the number of reported cases remains at a worryingly low level. A large number of criminal charges are rejected, and when criminal proceedings are initiated and conducted, mild criminal penalties are imposed, most often suspended sentences or fines. All this indicates that increasing the knowledge and capacity of professionals is needed in order to improve efficiency of criminal protection against the environment and biodiversity in practice.

Christophe Cleguer, Natalie Kelly, Julian Tyne et al.

There is growing interest from research and conservation groups in the potential for using small unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs; <2 kg) to conduct wildlife surveys because they are affordable, easy to use, readily available and reliable. However, limitations such as short flight endurance, and in many situations, aviation regulations, have constrained the use of small UAVs in survey applications. Thus, there is a need to refine survey methods adapted to small UAVs that conform to standard operations within aviation law. We developed a novel survey approach based on a grid sampling design using two multirotor UAVs (Phantom 4 Pros) flying simultaneously, within visual line of sight, from our vessel base-station. We used this approach to assess the fine-scale distribution and abundance of dugongs (Dugong dugon) in the remote waters of the Pilbara, Western Australia during three field seasons across 2 years. We surveyed 64 non-overlapping survey cells in random order one or more times and obtained complete image coverage of each surveyed cell of our 31 km2 survey area. Our sampling design maximizes sampling effort while limiting survey time by surveying four cells, two at a time, from one location. Overall, we conducted 240 flights with up to 17 flights per day (mean = 14 flights per day) and could obtain complete coverage of up to 11.36 km2per day. A total of 149 dugongs were sighted within the 50,482 images which we manually reviewed. Spatially-explicit models of dugong density distribution (corrected for availability and perception bias) were produced using general additive models to identify areas more or less used by dugongs (range of corrected dugong densities across all field season = 0.002–1.79 dugongs per 0.04 km2). Dugong abundance estimates ranged from 47 individuals in June 2019 (CV = 0.17) to 103 individuals in May 2018 (CV = 0.36). Our method, which proved convincing in a real-word application by its feasibility, ease of implementation, and achievable surface coverage has the potential to be used in a wide range of applications from community-based local-scale surveys, to long-term repeated/intensive surveys, and impact assessments and environmental monitoring studies.

Risa Nopianti, Hary Ganjar Budiman

Kampung Angklung merupakan perkampungan penghasil angklung yang berada di Kabupaten Ciamis, Jawa Barat. Sejak tahun 2010 angklung telah menjadi warisan budaya yang diakui dunia melalui konvensi yang digelar UNESCO di Nairobi, Kenya. Oleh Karena itulah diperlukan upaya-upaya untuk terus memajukannya melalui kegiatan pelindungan, pengembangan, pemanfaatan, dan pembinaan sumberdaya kebudayaan yang berkelanjutan sebagaimana diamanatkan dalam Undang-undang Pemajuan Kebudayaan No.5 Tahun 2017. Artikel ini melihat masyarakat di Kampung Angklung dalam upaya menghidupkan dan menjaga ekosistem kebudayaan angklung yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian kualitatif dengan melakukan wawancara secara mendalam terhadap para pengrajin angklung di Kampung angklung serta stakeholder pemerintah yang mendukungnya. Ekosistem kebudayaan angklung di Kampung Angklung yang di dalamnya terdapat berbagai subsistem seperti ekosistem tanaman bambu, pengrajin angklung, seniman angklung, sistem produksi dan distribusi, serta kelembagaan masyarakat, telah berkontribusi terhadap upaya menghidupkan dan menjaga ekosistem kebudayaan yang berkelanjutan. Ekosistem kebudayaan angklung mampu menjaga kelestarian ekosistem lingkungan, pada saat yang sama mereka juga dapat mengambil manfaat ekonomis daripadanya sekaligus melestarikan kebudayaan angklung.   Kampung Angklung in Ciamis Regency, West Java is a well-known producer of angklung. Since 2010, angklung has officially become a world-recognized cultural heritage as a result of the UNESCO convention held in Nairobi, Kenya. As a consequence, further steps are needed to continue to advance angklung by providing the activities of protecting, developing, utilizing, and fostering the sustainable resource culture referring to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2017 concerning Cultural Advancement. This article describes how the efforts of the people of Kampung Angklung to preserve and conserve the sustainable ecosystem of angklung culture. This research used the qualitative research methods, such as conducting the in-depth interviews with angklung craftsmen in Kampung Angklung, and the government stakeholders who supported the craftsmen. The ecosystem of angklung culture in Kampung Angklung, in which there are various subsystems such as bamboo plant ecosystem, angklung craftsmen, angklung artists, production and distribution systems, and community institutions, has contributed to preserve and conserve the sustainable ecosystem of angklung culture. The ecosystem of angklung culture assured to preserve the environmental ecosystem and, at the same time, to provide the economic benefits while preserving the angklung culture.

Barack. Obama

Dieter Fleck

The existing treaty law on the protection of the natural environment during armed conflicts is less than adequate. Treaty provisions relating to international armed conflicts are limited to the prohibition of damage of an extreme kind and scale that has not occurred so far and may hardly be expected from the conduct of hostilities unless nuclear weapons would be used. Even in such a scenario, States possessing nuclear weapons have explicitly objected to the applicability of that treaty law. For internal wars, no pertinent treaty provisions exist in the law of armed conflict. Yet multilateral environmental agreements concluded in peacetime stand as an alternative approach to enhance environmental protection during war. As a civilian object, the environment may not be targeted nor attacked in an armed conflict, but this does not exclude collateral damage, nor does this principle as such offer specific standards for proportionality in attacks. In an effort to close these apparent gaps of treaty law, the present contribution looks into other sources of international law that could be used. In this context, the author revisits the role of the famous Martens Clause in the interplay of international humanitarian law, international environmental law, and human rights law. The role of the Clause in closing gaps caused by the indeterminacy of treaty law is reviewed and customary rules, general principles, and best practices are considered to this effect. For the protection of the natural environment during armed conflicts, the Martens Clause may, indeed, be used as a door opener to facilitate the creation and application of uncodified principles and rules. Particular standards for proportionality in attacks can be derived from the Martens Clause. Pertinent soft law instruments need to be developed in international practical cooperation and by academia. Yet it deserves further study to explore whether, and to what extent, the Martens Clause, which was adopted in the law of armed conflict, may also apply in post-conflict peacebuilding as a case of interaction between the jus in bello and the jus post bellum, at least as far as the protection of the natural environment is concerned.

S. Ebrahim, G. Davey Smith

I Made Widiastra, I Gusti Ngurah Anom Rajendra, I Wayan Kastawan

Sempadan pantai (a waterfront setback which by law is reserved and in which development is restricted) of Yeh Gangga Beach at the Tabanan Regency-Bali has been increasingly well used. This area is supposedly protected and dedicated to public uses, as outlined by Local Government Regulation number 11, year 2012. Unfortunately, the government has not yet been effectively imposing this policy. There is a growing concern, if the uncontrolled used of sempadan pantai is perpetuated, it will affect the nature of this reserved area. This study aims to determine the impact of the construction of tourist facilities on the sempadan of Pantai Yeh Gangga. The analysis is grounded by conceptions offered by several literatures relevant to tourism development and environmental protection. This study uses a qualitative research method. Data is collected through observations, photographic documentation, and interviews with community leaders, government authorities, employers and tourists. The collected data is presented in the form of tables and narratives. Study results show that development of tourist facilities on Yeh Gangga's setback area has various negative impacts on the physical environment. This research strongly recommends local government to carry out a routine control over waterfront development. Alternatively, this can be done by empowering local communities and enforcing sanctions when violations over an enforced regulation take place. Local communities are strongly advised to preserve the natural state of their physical environment by not polluting it. Business owners should also participate in this move by conducting environmentally conscious business-practices and taking adequate premeditated protections of the environment in their hand at all chances. Keywords: coastal development, environment, law enforcement, Yeh Gangga   Abstrak Sempadan Pantai - kawasan yang berfungsi utama sebagai kawasan lindung - di Pantai Yeh Gangga, Kabupaten Tabanan, Bali mengalami perkembangan pemanfaatan yang pesat. Area ini seharusnya dilindungi dan dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan publik seperti halnya yang diatur oleh Peraturan Daerah Nomor 11 Tahun 2012. Akan tetapi Pemerintah Daerah Tabanan belum epektif memberlakukan kebijakan ini. Apabila ini terus berlangsung, maka akan tumbuh bangunan ilegal dan akan sulit ditertibkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak pembangunan fasilitas pariwisata terhadap lingkungan fisik kawasan sempadan Pantai Yeh Gangga. Teori kepariwisataan dan lingkungan digunakan dalam pendekatan kajian ini. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, data dikumpulkan melalui observasi bertahap, dokumentasi langsung, wawancara dengan tokoh masyarakat, pemerintah, pengusaha. Penyajian data dilakukan dengan dokumentasi, dalam bentuk tabel dan narasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pembangunan fasilitas pariwisata di kawasan sempadan Pantai Yeh Gangga Tabanan berdampak negatif terhadap aspek lingkungan fisik. Rekomendasi penelitian ini adalah pemerintah daerah harus melakukan pengawasan secara rutin dengan memberdayakan masyarakat setempat dan bertindak tegas terhadap pelanggaran. Masyarakat setempat agar memprioritaskan kelestarian lingkungan fisik dengan tidak mencemari lingkungan. Pengusaha dan industri pariwisata dalam menjalankan bisnis harus juga menjaga lingkungan. Kata kunci: pembangunan pesisir, lingkungan, penegakan aturan,Yeh Gangga