A review on the environmental fate, toxicological risks, and cutting-edge degradation methods of microplastics contamination

Abstract Microplastics, widespread environmental pollutants, have received considerable attention because of their distribution and possible effects on human health and ecosystems. This study thoroughly examines current progress in identifying, detecting, and understanding the significance of microplastics in different environmental contexts. The paper provides an analysis of the dispersion and origins of microplastics, uncovering areas of high concentration and trends of buildup with key findings indicating microplastic accumulation of up to 2 million particles/km2 in some regions. The intricate relationships between microplastics and biological systems are such that their toxicological impacts on human health and their ecological ramifications can be easily observed. The amalgamation of existing research highlights the pressing need for efficient mitigation measures and regulations to tackle the escalating menace of microplastics. Strategies like biodegradable polymer development, wastewater filtration technologies, and global policy interventions are being sought to control this pollution. This study aims to thoroughly comprehend microplastic contamination, promoting well-informed choices and initiatives to protect the environment and public health.