Hasil untuk "Biography"

Abram I. Reitblat

This publication presents chapters from an unpublished edition of the memoirs of historian and philologist Ivan Nikolaevich Loboyko (1786–1861), a professor at Vilnius University, dedicated to two major literary figures of the first half of the 19th century: the writers and journalists Faddey Bulgarin and Osip Senkovsky. Compared to Loboyko’s published memoirs, these later essays (1858–1861) are significantly more detailed, contain new information, and convey the author’s revised assessments of his literary colleagues. Loboyko writes about the academic, teaching, and, to some extent, diplomatic environment he was familiar with, recalling details of the literary life of St. Petersburg, primarily in the 1820s. The publication is provided with the necessary historical and literary notes.

Tamara Cierpiałowska

Research objectives and problem: The aim of this article is to analyze determinants related to family and school that foster exceeding one’s own limitations (transgression) in the narratives of “barrier-free” individuals. The research question is formulated as follows: Which factors that contribute to readiness for transgressive action and are associated with the family and educational environment emerge in autobiographical reconstructions? The analysis identifies conditions that are conducive to transgression. Reflection on these factors may support the educational process and, through biography-based learning, be used in formative practice. Research methods: Empirically, the article draws on the authors’ qualitative study of people with disabilities who were finalists or laureates of the nationwide competition called “Person Without Barriers.” The study was conducted within the interpretive paradigm using the biographical method and procedures of grounded theory. Process of argumentation: Amid multiple contemporary crises, young people increasingly face isolation, loss of trust, diminished sense of meaning, and difficulties in setting life goals. The incidence of mood disorders, anxiety, and self-destructive behavior among children and adolescents is rising. This results in the need for effective forms of educational support. One possible form of action is education grounded in the life stories of “barrier-free” individuals. Theoretically, the article refers to psychotransgressionism and the notion of homo transgressivus, which were developed by the Polish psychologist Józef Kozielecki. Research findings and their impact on the development of educational sciences: The analysis indicates that family and school conditions are crucial for the development of transgressive action. The identified family factors were acceptance, granting age-appropriate autonomy and decision-making, cultivating a belief in one’s capabilities rather than focusing on deficits, fostering resourcefulness, and building optimism. School-related factors included treating the student as a subject/agent, setting demanding expectations, and simultaneously adopting individualized and flexible responses to the student’s needs and abilities. Conclusions and recommendations: The narratives of “barrier-free” individuals show that the identified features of the family and school environment support transgression. This knowledge should be disseminated among parents and teachers/educators, as a particular approach to upbringing can create opportunities for young people to move beyond various constraints and to formulate and attain ambitious life goals.

Emanuele Carlenzi, Martina Cavalli

Analyzing the Italian feminist movement of the early 20th century, the historical phenomenon that stands out is that of women's associationism. Studying the aggregation of women's groups allows us to trace a biography of the movement and contributes to writing a still under-documented story of early Italian feminism. In 1910-1911, women's associationism converged in two crucial events in its history: the First Women's Exhibition of Fine Arts in Turin, organised by the magazine 'La Donna' and the First Congress of the Associazione Per la Donna in the context of the 1911 International Exhibition in Rome. The analysis brings out the red thread linking exhibitions and discursive practices in the two cases studied: on the one hand, 'La Donna' gave life to a show that promoted and supported women's art, acting for the professionalisation of women artists and a women's market; on the other hand, the Associazione Per la Donna placed women's social and political claims at the centre of the debate during the Rome Exhibition. The article is part of the branch of research on international feminist movements as a field of investigation intertwining gender, politics, and art. The essay focuses on the first steps of the Italian feminist movement and its forms of institutionalisation, analysing in particular the links between visual and discursive production within two relevant cultural frames of the early 20th century.

Anne-Lise Guigues, Zahra Hashemi

The circulation of archaeological objects on the art market often results in a change in their status. The Luristan bronzes provide an opportunity to reflect on the way in which the biography of objects can be written in the case of archaeological artefacts, as well as on the various definitions of the life of an object, from its manufacture to its burial, then from its rediscovery to its exhibition. Antiquities from Luristan, unknown when they arrived on the art market in the early twentieth century, were first and foremost “collectors’ items” – dealers played a part in ascertaining their aesthetic and commercial value. The region where antiquities originated sometimes replaced the typology of object when it was described or sold. But archaeological research also gave these pieces a new identity, and they become “archaeological objects” once again. The Luristan bronzes illustrate the complexity of writing history in relation to new archaeological interpretations.

M. V. Krotova

The article is dedicated to the Soviet politician M. M. Lashevich (1884–1928), a participant in the revolution and the Civil War, chairman of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that his activities as a fellow chairman of the Board of the CER in 1926–1928 little known, as are the causes of death in Harbin. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the final period of Lashevich’s life in the context of the Soviet presence in China, with emphasis placed on the perception of Lashevich’s personality by Russian emigration in Manchuria, the circumstances of his death and posthumous biography using an anthropological approach and the biographical method. The research is based on unpublished sources, ego-documents and periodical materials from Harbin. The author emphasizes that the study of such extraordinary figures as Lashevich is important not only for understanding Soviet policy in China, but also for clarifying the problems of perception and assessment of the activities of Soviet leaders by ideological opponents.

M Irsyad Al Abdillah, Sharfina Nur Amalina, Wanasa Rahmat Akbar Adzani et al.

Islamization in Indonesia has been through a different process in each region. The spread of Islam in Indonesia has occurred in several ways, including preaching (da'wah). Walisongo is an Islamic figure who plays a significant role in the spread of Islam, especially in Java. Besides Walisongo, other Islamic figures also preached to disseminate Islam in Indonesia. This research emphasizes the biography of Sheikh Hisammuddin and his contribution to Islamization, especially in Lamongan. The method used in the research is the historical method, which consists of five stages of research: topic selection, heuristic, source criticism, interpretation, and finally, the historiography stage. This research aims to comprehend the biography of Sheikh Hisamuddin, the model of the spread of Islam by Sheikh Hisamuddin in Lamongan, and the exemplary example of Sheikh Hisamuddin as a preacher of Islam. As a direct descendant of Sunan Ampel, he has his method of spreading Islam, such as a cultural approach, social approach, elements of tawhid, political methods, and Pondok Lelono. In addition to contributing to the development of Islam in Lamongan, Sheikh Hisamuddin has an exemplary attitude; he is a person who is diligent and pious, hardworking, wise, devout in worship, and firm.

Bethany Layne

Taking its cue from Judith Butler’s definition of gender as ‘a practice of improvisation within a scene of constraint’ (2), this volume of essays sets out to explore biographical fiction’s innovations in gender, and also in genre. Deliberately avoiding ‘grand theor[ies]’ (3), the editors offer an understanding of genre as historically situated and in constant flux; like existing tropes of gender, concepts of genre are seen as available to biofiction’s rewritings.

Alexandr Belikov

The article is dedicated to the sixtieth anniversary of the doctor of historical sciences, the famous expert on the history of ancient Armenia, the senior lecturer of the historical faculty of the Yerevan State University, Hakob Zhoraevich Harutyunyan. The article briefly outlines the main stages of his biography, contribution to the study of the role and place of Armenia in the international relations of West Asia and Iran, as set forth in the monograph and doctoral thesis of the scholar.

Ali Tezer, H. Bodur, Bianca Grohmann

J. Robb, S. Inskip, C. Cessford et al.

What is osteobiography good for? The last generation of archaeologists fought to overcome the traditional assumption that archaeology is merely ancillary to history, a substitute to be used when written sources are defective; it is now widely acknowledged that material histories and textual histories tell equally valid and complementary stories about the past. Yet the traditional assumption hangs on implicitly in biography: osteobiography is used to fill the gaps in the textual record rather than as a primary source in its own right. In this article we compare the textual biographies and material biographies of two thirteenth-century townsfolk from medieval England-Robert Curteis, attested in legal records, and "Feature 958," excavated archaeologically and studied osteobiographically. As the former shows, textual biographies of ordinary people mostly reveal a few traces of financial or legal transactions. Interpreting these traces, in fact, implicitly presumes a history of the body. Osteobiography reveals a different kind of history, the history of the body as a locus of appearance and social identity, work, health and experience. For all but a few textually rich individuals, osteobiography provides a fuller and more human biography. Moreover, textual visibility is deeply biased by class and gender; osteobiography offers particular promise for Marxist and feminist understandings of the past.

R. Warrior

In The Power of the Steel-tipped Pen Noenoe K. Silva reconstructs the indigenous intellectual history of a culture where—using Western standards—none is presumed to exist. Silva examines the work of two lesser-known Hawaiian writers—Joseph Ho‘ona‘auao Kanepu‘u (1824–ca. 1885) and Joseph Moku‘ohai Poepoe (1852–1913)—to show how the rich intellectual history preserved in Hawaiian-language newspapers is key to understanding Native Hawaiian epistemology and ontology. In their newspaper articles, geographical surveys, biographies, historical narratives, translations, literatures, political and economic analyses, and poetic works, Kanepu‘u and Poepoe created a record of Hawaiian cultural history and thought in order to transmit ancestral knowledge to future generations. Celebrating indigenous intellectual agency in the midst of US imperialism, The Power of the Steel-tipped Pen is a call for the further restoration of native Hawaiian intellectual history to help ground contemporary Hawaiian thought, culture, and governance.

Dmitrii Nikolaev

The article examines the first publication of Okaiannye dni [Cursed Days] in 1925 in the Russian émigré newspaper «Vozrozhdenie» [Rebirth] and the text’s role in the ideological debates of that year. The author argues that readers judged the newspaper based on the fragments of Okaiannye dni no less than by its editorial articles. Bunin’s diary is written in a subjective, documentary style, evoking the journalistic pathos characteristic of «Vozrozhdenie». The author’s ideological position combined two layers: one associated with the ideological struggles of the year of publication (1925), and the second, reflecting the pathos of the period covered in the diary (1919). When Okaiannye dni was finally published in 1935, the text had many fictional elements, and there exists a common misconception that the newspaper publication also included such elements. However, this article shows that readers in 1925 accepted Okaiannye dni as a real diary written in 1919 and that the newspaper text provides no reason to refute that view.

Philippe Lejeune, Jeremy Popkin

Wawrzyniec Popiel-Machnicki, Bartosz Osiewicz

Bronisław Grombczewski, a son of a Polish participant in the January Uprising (1863), chose a career path in the tsarist army of the Russian Empire and became a general under Tsar Alexander III and Nicholas II. Grombczewski was famous thanks to his service in Central Asia, where as a diplomat and intelligence officer he defended the interests of Russia in its struggle against the British Empire for the Silk Road. His travel diaries, covering numerous expeditions, are an invaluable source of knowledge about the history and life of the inhabitants of this region. Moreover, Grombczewski’s notebooks reflect the policy of Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In addition to their value as a historical document, they give personal insight into Grombczewski. The purpose of this article is to identify the features of the diary genre in which Grombczewski worked. Attention will be paid to the culture of diary-writing in this historical period; the problem of the correlation between the elements of historical narrative and an intimate narrative; question of the addressee (the most important addressee was the Russian Emperor); functions performed by the general’s diary.

M. Phillips

A deepening interest in both social and interior experience was a distinguishing feature of the cultural life of eighteenth-century Britain, influencing writers in all genres from fiction to philosophy. Focusing on this interplay of ideas and genres, Mark Phillips explores the ways in which writers and readers of history, memoir, biography and related literatures responded to the social and sentimental concerns of a modern, commercial society. He shows that the writing of history, which once concentrated exclusively on political events, widened its horizons in ways that often paralleled better-known developments in the contemporary novel. Ultimately, Phillips proposes a new model for the study of historiographical narrative. Countering tropological readings identified with Hayden White, he offers a more historically nuanced approach that stresses questions of genre and reception as a guide to understanding how narratives were reshaped by new audiences and new social needs. Drawing inspiration from both the social analysis of the Scottish Enlightenment and the sentimental aesthetics of the contemporary novel, historical writing began to explore the areas of social experience and private life for which there was no place in classical historiography. The consequence, Phillips argues, was a significant reframing of historical thought that expressed itself through new themes, including the histories of commerce, manners, literature, and women, and through some lively experiments in narrative form. This book offers a rich picture of historiography that will interest students of history and fiction alike.

M. Brennan, Gayle Letherby

Abstract We argue here that auto/biography is an epistemological approach challenging traditional claims to objectivity, recognising the personhood of researchers as well as respondents and the complex relationship between the self and other (in both face-to-face encounters and ‘texts’ of various kinds). After outlining some of the fundamental benefits of an auto/biographical approach – within the social sciences generally, and death studies specifically – we, with reference to some of our research and writing experiences, reflect on each of our positions on the auto/biographical continuum. We explore the differences and the similarities in our epistemological approach and make the case for the significance of auto/biography.

L. Stanley

R. Joyce

M. Romero

V.A. Voropaev

The article attempts to reconstruct the picture of the last days of Gogol's life on the basis of reliable documentary facts, to answer the questions without the solution of which the creation of a scientific biography of the writer is impossible. They encircle spiritual, worldview and creative problems. In particular, the events related to the death of Khomyakova E.M., in which Gogol, according to contemporaries, saw a foreknowledge for himself, are considered.