Hasil untuk "Applications of electric power"

Xi Liu, Yingzhe Wu, Hengbin Zhang et al.

ABSTRACT The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) serves as the power source for the electric power steering (EPS) system, which directly influences the steering feeling. Therefore, the control performance of the PMSM drive is crucial for the EPS system's overall performance. The position measurement angle error (contains measurement delay angle and periodic angle error) plays a significant role in PMSM drives, especially when the motor is rotating in the flux weakening (FW) region. In this paper, the impact of the position angle error on the performance of PMSM drives for EPS across a wide speed range is thoroughly examined. The effect of the measurement delay angle is analysed by considering the voltage and current constraint boundaries of the motor at different rotation speeds. Then, calibration and compensation of the position measurement delay angle are presented. Furthermore, the impact of the periodic angle error on current/torque ripple has been elaborated, and a sensorless control scheme is proposed to mitigate the current/torque ripple caused by such periodic error. According to the experimental results, it has been determined that the motor can operate stably over a wide speed range with an appropriate compensation of the measurement delay angle, and the current/torque ripple caused by the periodic angle error can be effectively eliminated with the proposed sensorless control scheme. As a result, it is confirmed that the analysis and discussion, as well as corresponding compensation methods, demonstrated in this paper can improve the steering feeling of the EPS.

M. J. Lynch, R. Jacobs, G. A. Bruno et al.

Hai Xu, Zi Qiang Zhu, Lei Yang et al.

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a multi‐torque component decomposition method combining with frozen permeability method, and for the first time, accurately decomposes six torque components of dual‐PM (DPM) machines. Based on the decomposition results, the characteristics of torque components are investigated. It is found that for average torque, the components generated by armature field interacting with PM fields and iron cores have positive contributions, while the components generated by the interactions between stator PMs, rotor PMs, and iron cores have negative contributions and are affected by magnetic saturation. The phases of torque ripple of torque components are different, resulting in a low resultant torque ripple of DPM machines. Moreover, for cogging torque, the component generated by the interaction between stator PMs and rotor PMs is the major source, and the components generated by the interactions between PMs and iron poles have a cancelling effect. Finally, a DPM machine is prototyped and tested to verify the analyses.

Suresh vendoti, Narasimha Prasad Tulasi, Ravi Kumar Jalli et al.

Abstract This paper presents the comprehensive design, simulation, and experimental validation of a grid-tied hybrid renewable energy system tailored for electric vehicle (EV) charging applications. The proposed system integrates photovoltaic (PV) panels, a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell, battery storage, and a supercapacitor to ensure reliable and efficient power delivery. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is employed to enhance PV power extraction under dynamically varying environmental conditions. Simulation results demonstrate effective voltage boosting from 110 V to 150 V and a regulated output of approximately 1100 V at 30 A, with the PV-side current stabilized at 500 A. The fuel cell maintains a steady output of 110 V while its current decreases from 40 A to 25 A, and the battery retains a 60% state-of-charge (SOC) at 120 V output. The hardware prototype, developed using a DSPIC30F4011 microcontroller, achieves an MPPT efficiency of 98.7%, voltage regulation within ± 1.5%, and output power deviation under 2%. Grid voltage and current waveforms exhibit low total harmonic distortion (THD), in compliance with IEEE 519 standards, with measured values of 500 V and 13 A, respectively. The proposed architecture offers enhanced transient response, high energy efficiency, and superior power quality, positioning it as a promising solution for next-generation smart EV charging stations.

Hossein Zamani, Vahid Johari Majd, Khosro Khandani

This paper addresses sliding mode control (SMC) design for disturbed fractional-order multi-vehicle networks in order to achieve containment tracking within a certain settling time. The multi-leader case is investigated where the aim of the containment protocol design is that the states of the fractional-order followers eventually are placed inside a convex hull made by the states of the leaders. The convergence rate is designed such that achieving the containment tracking occurs in a fixed-time manner. Unlike the previous works on finite-time containment control protocols of multi-agent systems, here, we offer a tractable design as the upper limit of the settling time of the convergence is achieved independent of the preliminary conditions of the vehicles' states. A novel SMC approach is proposed which enables the multi-vehicle network to reach the containment tracking at presence of the external disturbances. The numerical simulations reveal the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed theoretical approaches.

Samer Sawalha, Ghazi Al-Naymat

In various applications, IoT temporal data play a crucial role in accurately predicting future trends. Traditional models, including Rolling Window, SVR-RBF, and ARIMA, suffer from a potential accuracy decrease because they generally use all available data or the most recent data window during training, which can result in the inclusion of noisy data. To address this critical issue, this paper proposes a new forecasting technique called Adaptive Holt–Winters (AHW). The AHW approach utilizes two models grounded in an exponential smoothing methodology. The first model is trained on the most current data window, whereas the second extracts information from a historical data segment exhibiting patterns most analogous to the present. The outputs of the two models are then combined, demonstrating enhanced prediction precision since the focus is on the relevant data patterns. The effectiveness of the AHW model is evaluated against well-known models (Rolling Window, SVR-RBF, ARIMA, LSTM, CNN, RNN, and Holt–Winters), utilizing various metrics, such as RMSE, MAE, <i>p</i>-value, and time performance. A comprehensive evaluation covers various real-world datasets at different granularities (daily and monthly), including temperature from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), humidity and soil moisture measurements from the Basel City environmental system, and global intensity and global reactive power from the Individual Household Electric Power Consumption (IHEPC) dataset. The evaluation results demonstrate that AHW constantly attains higher forecasting accuracy across the tested datasets compared to other models. This indicates the efficacy of AHW in leveraging pertinent data patterns for enhanced predictive precision, offering a robust solution for temporal IoT data forecasting.

Kaile Li, Guang‐Jin Li

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a novel self‐cooling solution for surface‐mounted permanent magnet machines, which are widely used in various industry sectors. By properly designing a propeller and integrating it into the rotor structure, leading to a blade‐structured rotor design, the self‐cooling capability is achieved without the need for rotor wafters or rotor mounted fans. When rotor rotates, the cooling air (coolant) is drawn into the machine through inlets and expelled from the outlets, both inlets and outlets can be in the endplates or in the housing. During this process, air will thoroughly contact various internal components, such as end‐windings, stator and rotor iron cores, along its flow path. As a result, internally generated heat in the windings and in the rotor mounted permanent magnets will be removed effectively. The study focuses particularly on the hot spots (locations with highest temperature) along the airflow path, such as the end‐windings and permanent magnets. Different factors that affect the efficacy of this self‐cooling solution, such as the number of propeller blades, position and size of inlets and outlets and rotor rotational speeds, are studied and compared. These studies are initially based on 3‐dimensional computational fluid dynamic models and later validated through a series of experiments.

Zhanlu Yang, Shuo Sun, Mengmeng Wu et al.

Abstract An overall investigation of the electromagnetic force, vibration, and average torque of the Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (IPMSM) in the dq model for electric propulsion ships is carried out, and the electromagnetic vibration characteristics of the PMSM under the vector control strategy is explored. Firstly, the space and frequency characteristics of the electromagnetic force of the dq model motor are derived using the Maxwell stress tensor method, and the influence of the dq‐axes magnetic field on the electromagnetic force under different loads is discussed in detail. Secondly, the finite element method is used to verify the influence of dq‐axes currents on motor electromagnetic force, vibration, and average torque. Finally, the experiments are conducted on an 8‐pole 48‐slot IPMSM, and the results are consistent with the theoretical analysis and simulation results. The results indicate that the electromagnetic vibration of the PMSM for electric propulsion ships increases with the increase of the current i q and decreases with the increase of the current i d . The electromagnetic vibration of the motor can be reduced by selecting the appropriate dq‐axes current under the output torque constraint.

Mingyu Wang, Beining Yang, Yaru Qin et al.

Abstract Parallel inverters have the advantages of low‐output harmonics and high‐parallel power, making them very suitable as the topology structure for an electric motor emulator. However, parallel inverters can also bring about circulating current issues, especially when using carrier phase shifted sinusoidal PWM (CPS‐SPWM) control mode, which significantly increases circulating current, leading to increased output harmonics and losses in the system. In order to suppress circulating currents, this paper provides a detailed analysis from both high‐frequency and low‐frequency perspectives in CPS‐SPWM control mode. A circulating current suppression method that combines hardware and software systems, adopting a cascaded coupled output network structure along with a corresponding error voltage space vector control method to achieve circulating current suppression, is proposed. By constructing a 6‐branch parallel output experimental platform, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method have been verified, suppressing current circulating currents and improving current quality.

Yasser REHAIL , Youcef ZENNIR , Noureddine TCHOUAR

Chemical accidents always result in significant losses due to the flammable, explosive, and toxic characteristics of hazardous chemicals. Analysis of process safety parameters is an effective way to prevent hazardous chemical accidents and reduce losses. System-theoretic process analysis (STPA) is a newer hazard analysis technique that is based on systems theory. It has been shown to be effective in identifying hazards in other industries, but its application in oil and gas plants is still rare and limited due to systems complexities and other challenges. This paper aims to apply the STPA method to a complex system “column C-63” at the Skikda RA1K refinery to prevent the explosion scenario of naphtha. The results show that STPA was able to identify the root causes of the explosion scenario, which is important for preventing chemical risks.

Ettore Bianco, Sandro Rubino, Massimiliana Carello et al.

Nowadays, electric vehicles have gained significant attention as a promising solution to the environmental concerns associated with traditional combustion engine vehicles. With the increasing demand for high-performance hypercars, the need for advanced torque control strategies has become paramount. Field-Oriented Control using Current Vector Control represents a consolidated solution to implement torque control. However, this kind of control must take into account the DC link voltage variation and the variation of motor parameters depending on the magnets’ temperature while providing the maximum torque production for specific inverter current and voltage limitations. Multidimensional lookup tables are needed to provide a robust torque control from zero speed up to maximum speed under deep flux-weakening operation. Therefore, this article aims to explore the application of FOC 4D control in electrical hypercars and its impact on enhancing their overall performance and control stability. The article will delve into the principles underlying FOC 4D control and its advantages, challenges, and potential solutions to optimize the operation of electric hypercars. An electric powertrain model has been developed in the Simulink environment with the Simscape tool using a S-function block for the implementation of digital control in C-code. High-power electric motor electromagnetic parameters, derived from a Finite Element Method magnetic model, have been used in the simulation. The 4D LUTs have been computed from the motor flux maps and implemented in C-code in the S-function. The choice of FOC 4D control has been validated in the main load points of a hypercar application and compared to the conventional FOC. The final part of the research underlines the benefits of the FOC 4D on reliability, critical in motorsport applications.

Sivaramakrishnan Vinothini, Arjunan Karthi Keyan, Subramanian Sakthinathan et al.

The demand for regenerative energy and electric automotive applications has grown in recent decades. Supercapacitors have multiple applications in consumer alternative electronic products due to their excellent energy density, rapid charge/discharge time, and safety. CuFe₂O₄-incorporated three-dimensional graphene sheet (3DGS) nanocomposites were studied by different characterization studies such as X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical studies were based on cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. As prepared, 3DGS/CuFe₂O₄ nanocomposites exhibited an excellent surface area, high energy storage with appreciable durability, and excellent electrocatalysis properties. A supercapacitor with 3DGS/CuFe₂O₄-coated nickel foam (NF) electrodes exhibited an excellent specific capacitance of 488.98 Fg⁻¹, a higher current density, as well as a higher power density. After charge–discharge cycles in a 2.0 M KOH aqueous electrolyte solution, the 3DGS/CuFe₂O₄/NF electrodes exhibited an outstanding cyclic stability of roughly 95% at 10 Ag⁻¹, indicating that the prepared nanocomposites could have the potential for energy storage applications. Moreover, the 3DGS/CuFe₂O₄ electrode exhibited an excellent electrochemical detection of chloramphenicol with a detection limit of 0.5 µM, linear range of 5–400 µM, and electrode sensitivity of 3.7478 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻².

Zhihong Zhong, Xiaochun Fang, Fei Lin et al.

Abstract Sensorless induction motor control has been widely applied to the rail transit field. However, achieving a safe stop of a train using electric braking without applying air braking has been an urgent problem to be solved. The current research only considers the stability of the speed identification in the low‐speed region and does not consider the impact of inaccurate parameters on the stability, which cannot ensure the stable braking and parking of the train under all working conditions. To address this problem, the coupling relationship between the motor speed and the stator resistance is used and an adaptive rate of them is designed based on the Lyapunov stability design law. In addition, aiming to reduce the torque ripple, a torque ripple elimination link is designed to cancel the torque ripple caused by the small‐signal injection. Experiments show that the proposed parallel identification strategy of speed, stator resistance, and rotor resistance can ensure the system operation stability in the low‐ and zero‐speed regions without increasing the torque ripple.

Vasileios I. Vlachou, Dimitrios E. Efstathiou, Theoklitos S. Karakatsanis

An electrical motors, together with its appropriate drive system, is one of the most important elements of electromobility. In recent years, there has been a particular interest by academic researchers and engineers in permanent-magnet motors (PMSMs) in various applications, such as electric vehicles, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), elevator systems, etc., as the main source of drive transmission. Nowadays, the elevator industry, with the evolution of magnetic materials, has turned to gearless PMSMs over geared induction motors (IMs). One of the most important elements that is given special emphasis in these applications is proper motor design in consideration of the weight and speed of the chamber to be served during operation. This paper presents a design of a high-efficiency PMSM, in which finite elements analysis (FEA) and the study of the lift operating cycle provided useful conclusions on the magnetic field of the machine in different operating states. In addition, a simulated model was compared with experimental results of test operations. Furthermore, the drive system also required the use of appropriate electrical power and controls to drive the PMSM. Especially in elevator applications, the control of the motor speed by the variable voltage variable frequency technique (VVVF) is the most common technology used to avoid endangering the safety of the passengers. Thus, suitable speed and current controllers were used for this purpose. In our research, we focused on studying different control techniques using a suitable inverter to compare the system operation in each case studied.

YIN Taozhu, ZHANG Yongsheng, WANG Tao et al.

Heavy metal pollution in desulfurization wastewater from coal-fired power plants has huge potential harm to the environment. Among them, the problem of heavy metal ions such as Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cr3+ is particularly prominent. Efficient and targeted removal of relevant heavy metal ions is a huge challenge for wastewater purification. For this reason, sulfur-doped porous carbon materials were prepared by template method to selectively remove heavy metal ions from wastewater with electro-adsorption. The results show that the removal efficiency of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cr3+ in wastewater can still reach 99% after 5 cycles. The electric adsorption experiment was carried out for the actual desulfurization wastewater from a coal-fired power plant in northern China, the mass concentrations of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cr3+ could be effectively reduced to less than 0.2 µg/L. Through structural, morphological and electrochemical characteri-zation, it is found that S/PC3 has excellent ion transport channels (mesoporous ratio is 91.06%) and electrochemical performance (117.3 F/g, 1 A/g). At the same time, the appropriate sulfur doping amount improves the site activity of sulfur-doped carbon materials, and makes the sulfur atoms (Lewis soft base) with heavy metal ions (Lewis soft acid) combine.

Lelisa Wogi, Tadele Ayana, Marcin Morawiec et al.

Multi-phase motors have recently replaced three-phase induction motors in a variety of applications due to the numerous benefits they provide, and the absence of speed sensors promotes induction motors with variable speed drives. Sensorless speed control minimizes unnecessary speed encoder cost, reduces maintenance, and improves the motor drive’s reliability. The performance comparison of the fuzzy sliding mode controller (FSMC) with adaptive fuzzy proportional integral derivative (AFPID) control methods for sensorless speed control of six-phase induction motors was analyzed in this study, and the proposed control system has an advantage for multiphase machines, specifically six-phase induction motors (IMs) in this study, as they are the current active research area for electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, aerospace, ship propulsion, and high-power applications. The speed control of a six-phase induction motor was performed by using an AFPID controller and FSMC. The comparative performance analysis was based on sensorless speed control of the six-phase induction motor. A proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is commonly employed as it is used to eliminate oscillations, but it has several drawbacks, such as taking a long time to decrease the error and stabilize the system at constant speed. The fuzzy type-2 and PID controllers were hybridized so as to obtain the advantages of both to enhance the system performance. Finally, the comparison result revealed that the FSMC preforms significantly better by achieving good tracking performance. The control technique maintains the sliding mode approach’s robustness while providing reduced overshoots with a smooth control action, and the FSMC revealed good dynamic response under load variations when compared to the AFPID controller.

Bragadeshwaran Ashok, Chidambaram Kannan, Byron Mason et al.

As the battery provides the entire propulsion power in electric vehicles (EVs), the utmost importance should be ascribed to the battery management system (BMS) which controls all the activities associated with the battery. This review article seeks to provide readers with an overview of prominent BMS subsystems and their influence on vehicle performance, along with their architectures. Moreover, it collates many recent research activities and critically reviews various control strategies and execution topologies implied in different aspects of BMSs, including battery modeling, states estimation, cell-balancing, and thermal management. The internal architecture of a BMS, along with the architectures of the control modules, is examined to demonstrate the working of an entire BMS control module. Moreover, a critical review of different battery models, control approaches for state estimation, cell-balancing, and thermal management is presented in terms of their salient features and merits and demerits allowing readers to analyze and understand them. The review also throws light on modern technologies implied in BMS, such as IoT (Internet of Things) and cloud-based BMS, to address issues of battery safety. Towards the end of the review, some challenges associated with the design and development of efficient BMSs for E-mobility applications are discussed and the article concludes with recommendations to tackle these challenges.

Fabrizio Marignetti, Milad AlizadehTir, Seyyed Mehdi Mirimani

Abstract The results of numerical and experimental analysis of passive magnetic bearings are presented. The proposed structure is composed of three radially stacked ring‐shaped permanent magnets. The improvements of stiffness and load capacity are proven in comparison to the classical passive magnetic bearing composed of two rings. A preliminary sensitivity analysis is carried out by means of the 2‐dimensional finite element method (FEM) modelling, which is used to provide the initial points for the stochastic optimisation and also to define the best fitness and penalty functions. Finally, the 2‐dimensional FEM is used to compare the force density and the cost of the proposed structure to those of the classical passive magnetic bearing composed of two rings. The optimised structure was manufactured and validated by experimental measurements. The proposed passive magnetic bearing exerts greater axial force and stiffness than similar structures.

Lifeng ZHANG, Yu MIAO

The two/three-dimensional distribution image of furnace temperature can be obtained by furnace acoustic tomographic temperature measurement system. The distribution of ultrasonic probes will directly affect its imaging accuracy. Four-side and four-corner distribution of 8, 12 and 16 ultrasonic probes were studied, respectively. Tikhonov regularization algorithm was adopted to obtain the temperature distribution under coarse mesh, and then the local weighted regression method was used to predict the temperature distribution after mesh refinement. Typical temperature field distributions reconstruction was carried out for the 6 probe distributions, and the root mean square error and correlation coefficient were analyzed. The results show that the highest accuracy can be obtained using 16 four-side distribution probes.

Ilya A. Galkin, Andrei Blinov, Maxim Vorobyov et al.

Recent trends in building energy systems such as local renewable energy generation have created a distinct demand for energy storage systems to reduce the influence and dependency on the electric power grid. Under the current market conditions, a range of commercially available residential energy storage systems with batteries has been produced. This paper addresses the area of energy storage systems from multiple directions to provide a broader view on the state-of-the-art developments and trends in the field. Present standards and associated limitations of storage implementation are briefly described, followed by the analysis of parameters and features of commercial battery systems for residential applications. Further, the power electronic converters are reviewed in detail, with the focus on existing and perspective non-isolated solutions. The analysis covers well-known standard topologies, including buck-boost and bridge, as well as emerging solutions based on the unfolding inverter and fractional/partial power converters. Finally, trends and future prospects of the residential battery storage technologies are evaluated.