Hasil untuk "Plant culture"

Haoting Chen, Mengzhu Xu, Ting Tao et al.

Phosphorus is essential for plant growth, but excessive fertilizer may deplete phosphate rock reserves and cause environmental issues like eutrophication. Silicon has been reported to improve phosphorus use efficiency, yet the physiological and morphological responses of plants to low-phosphorus (LP) stress across developmental stages remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, we investigated the impact of ionic and nano-silicon foliar sprays (20 and 100 mg·L⁻¹) on the LP stress responses of hydroponically grown tomato seedlings. LP stress hindered seedling growth, elevated lipid peroxidation, and impaired carbohydrate metabolism, leading to altered fruit morphology and quality. Among all treatments, 100 mg·L⁻¹ nano-silicon most effectively reduced ROS accumulation through enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. It also optimized carbohydrate metabolism by upregulating sucrose synthase and invertase activities, thereby promoting organic matter accumulation and allocation. These improvements increased tomato yield by ∼19 % under LP stress. Fruit quality was also enhanced, with soluble sugar, sucrose, and vitamin C contents increasing by ∼50 %, ∼70 %, and ∼47 %, respectively. Overall, these findings demonstrate that exogenous foliar application of nano-silicon represents a promising agronomic strategy for improving the tolerance of tomato seedlings and fruit quality under LP conditions.

Peter Amoah, Victor O. Adetimirin, Bismark Anokye et al.

Biofortification provides a sustainable, pragmatic strategy to address the lack of vitamin A and the associated health complications. The objectives of the study encompassed the quantification of the carotenoid content of 147 maize inbred lines, the identification of variable regions within the ZEP1 gene, the correlation of these observed variances in the presence of this gene with carotenoid content, and the identification of lines harbouring the favourable alleles of the crtRB1 gene. The observed correlations among the carotenoids synthesised by distinct branches of the biosynthetic process were both significant and positive. Utilising gel-based genotyping, 24 lines with contrasting carotenoid profiles were selected, evaluated and sequenced. Analysis of the variation in the sequence classified these lines based on their similarities to give 8 allele groups. The findings highlight that inbred lines both group 1 and group 8 exhibited significant associations with the carotenoid content of the lines. Specifically, ZEP1_7852, a discernible variation belonging to group 8, was found to be significantly associated with zeaxanthin content and total carotenoid content. Furthermore, 25 lines were found to have provitamin A content above 15 μg/g, harbouring the favourable alleles of the crtRB1 gene using KASP SNP zm0016. These lines can serve as parents for source populations and hybrids, leading to the further enhancement of provitamin A in maize.

Agata Lizzio, Valerio Battaglia, Ernesto Lahoz et al.

Plant–pathogen interactions are complex biological processes characterized by dynamic changes in genes expression. In molecular plant pathology research, RT-qPCR has proven to be a valuable tool for investigating plant–pathogen interactions by examining gene expression changes in both plants and pathogens during infection. The choice of reliable reference genes is crucial, as this directly affects the robustness of normalization and the accuracy of analyzing the expression of genes of interest. A systematic literature search was conducted across relevant academic databases, resulting in the selection of 47 articles (38 on fungi and oomycetes, 7 on bacteria and 2 covering both bacteria, fungi and oomycetes) that evaluated the stability of 190 candidate reference genes. The most used reference genes in plant—fungal and oomycete pathosystems were <i>GAPDH</i>, <i>ACT</i>, <i>TUB</i> and <i>EF</i>, whereas <i>UBQ</i>, <i>TUB</i>, <i>EF</i> and <i>ACT</i> were most used in plant—bacterial pathosystems. Reference genes revealed considerable variability in their stability across different crops, pathogens and experimental conditions. Notably, several classical reference genes, traditionally assumed to maintain stable expression, exhibited considerable variability, supporting concerns regarding their reliability as universal references. Therefore, this review provides important insights for researchers seeking to identify suitable reference genes for their validation studies in plant–pathogen interaction.

Hang Zhou, Naijie Feng, Dianfeng Zheng et al.

Abstract Studying the salt tolerance mechanisms of rice under a single substrate has certain limitations. The salt tolerance strategies of rice may differ under different substrate conditions. This study established three substrate types by adjusting the proportions of laterite, peat moss, and river sand: S1 (high sand; low nutrient), S2 (medium sand; medium nutrient), and S3 (low sand; high nutrient). Compared with the respective fresh water control, the magnitude of dry weight reduction in each substrate gradually decreased (S1–S3), indicating that the salt stress was effectively alleviated. KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that Xiangliangyou900 may be more dependent on the remodeling of carbon metabolism pathway (compared to nitrogen metabolism) in S1, but the nitrogen metabolism pathway were more significant in S3. In S3, differential metabolites were significantly enriched in carbon and nitrogen metabolism pathways, but no such enrichment was found in S1, indicating that the S3 substrate, with its high nutrient and low river sand content, is more likely to trigger carbon and nitrogen metabolism remodeling. Under salt stress, the methylation level of C bases in the CHH type increased in S1 and decreased in S3. The methylation level of CHH-type C bases in the whole genome was more strongly correlated with the physicochemical parameters of the substrate (compared to CG and CHG types). This study speculated that rice may optimize its ability to adapt to salt stress by specifically regulating the methylation of CHH-type C bases to mediate gene expression. The results of this study help enrich the theoretical system of the rice salt stress response mechanism.

Qingqing Ye, Na Zhang, Xin Tan et al.

IntroductionIndigofera stachyodes Lindl. is a perennial shrub belonging to the Fabaceae family that has been traditionally utilized as a medicinal plant by ethnic minority groups in Guizhou Province, China. This species exhibits significant ethnopharmacological value in local traditional medicine systems. The plant predominantly inhabits karst mountainous regions characterized by frequent drought stress, which represents a typical harsh habitat for plant growth. Notably, drought conditions particularly impair the establishment and development of I. stachyodes seedlings. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its drought tolerance and adaptive responses remain largely unexplored, warranting further investigation at the molecular level.MethodsWe conducted pot-based water control experiments to subject I. stachyodes seedlings to drought stress treatments (CK, T0, T2). Root tissues from each treatment group were analyzed using transcriptomics (RNA-seq) and metabolomics (LC-MS/GC-MS) approaches to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). Through integrated analysis of DEGs and DEMs, we performed KEGG pathway enrichment and constructed co-expression networks to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying drought stress responses in the roots of I. stachyodes seedlings.ResultsA total of 11,509 DEGs were detected in the transcriptome. Among them, the CK vs T0 group shared 7,191 DEGs, the CK vs T2 group shared 1,264 DEGs, and the T2 vs T0 group shared 3,054 DEGs. In the metabolome, a total of 622 metabolites were detected. Among them, the CK vs T0 group shared 187 DEMs, the CK vs T2 group shared 127 DEMs, and the T2 vs T0 group shared 86 DEMs. The transcriptome-metabolome analysis revealed that the roots of I. stachyodes seedlings regulate metabolic balance through the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway when subjected to varying degrees of drought stress. Metabolites such as p-coumaric acid, sinapine malate, eugenol, coumestrol, medicarpin, prunin, isosakuranetin, vitexin, gallocatechin, catechin, garbunzol and dihydromyricetin, along with genes including PAL, C4H, COMT, 4CL, CHS, DFR, HIDH, I2’H, IF7GT, IF7MAT, IFR, VR, PTS and IFS are potential key substances that enable the roots of I. stachyodes seedlings to resist drought stress.DiscussionThese results elucidate that the roots of I. stachyodes seedlings can resist drought stress and adapt to drought environments by regulating the expression of genes and the synthesis of metabolites in the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways, providing a foundation to facilitate the domestication of wild I. stachyodes.

Tao Gu, Hongyu Ren, Mengying Wang et al.

<i>Zanthoxylum armatum</i> (<i>Z. armatum</i>) is an economic crop widely planted for both spice and medicinal purposes in Southwest China. Soil is a key environmental condition that affects seedling growth and development, and screening suitable soil types is of great significance for the large-scale cultivation of crops. This study designed growth experiments of <i>Z. armatum</i> seedlings in red soil (RS), yellow soil (YS), acidic purple soil (ACPS), alkaline purple soil (ALPS), and alluvial soil (AS) to screen for more suitable soil types. The growth traits of <i>Z. armatum</i> seedlings and the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), C:N:P stoichiometry, and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content of different organs were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that the morphological indexes of <i>Z. armatum</i> seedlings cultured in AS were better than those in the other four soils.AS and RS may be beneficial for the culture of <i>Z. armatum</i> seedlings due to higher nutrient levels in three organs. Two-factor ANOVA and PCA analysis showed that C, N, and P and their proportions would affect the uptake and distribution of NSC in various organs of <i>Z. armatum</i> seedlings. These results showed that soil types and plant organs significantly affected the accumulation and distribution of N, P, and NSC in <i>Z. armatum</i> seedlings. These results are conducive to screening soil types suitable for the growth and development of <i>Z. armatum</i> and provide data support for further large-scale cultivation of <i>Z. armatum</i> in suitable areas.

Jonathan Klein, Rebekah Waller, Sören Pirk et al.

The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and in particular modern machine learning (ML) algorithms during the last decade has been met with great interest in the agricultural industry. While undisputedly powerful, their main drawback remains the need for sufficient and diverse training data. The collection of real datasets and their annotation are the main cost drivers of ML developments, and while promising results on synthetically generated training data have been shown, their generation is not without difficulties on their own. In this paper, we present a development model for the iterative, cost-efficient generation of synthetic training data. Its application is demonstrated by developing a low-cost early disease detector for tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) using synthetic training data. A neural classifier is trained by exclusively using synthetic images, whose generation process is iteratively refined to obtain optimal performance. In contrast to other approaches that rely on a human assessment of similarity between real and synthetic data, we instead introduce a structured, quantitative approach. Our evaluation shows superior generalization results when compared to using non-task-specific real training data and a higher cost efficiency of development compared to traditional synthetic training data. We believe that our approach will help to reduce the cost of synthetic data generation in future applications.

Asmita Paudel, Youping Sun, Larry A. Rupp

Bonsai (tray landscape, potted scenery, potted landscape, miniature trees, and rockery) is an artistic horticulture practice of developing aesthetically formed trees and landscapes in miniature with appropriately aesthetic containers. This has been practiced over a few thousand years in oriental cultures, including the ancient Chinese tradition of penzai or penjing, from which the art originated; the miniature living landscapes of Vietnamese hòn non bộ; and the Japanese variations of bonsai and “tray planting” (Gustafson 1995). To produce bonsai plants that share similar shapes and styles of mature, full-size trees, cultivation techniques are used, including leaf trimming, pruning, wiring, clamping, grafting, defoliation, and deadwood techniques (Zhao 2012). This practice is distinct from dwarfing in that dwarfing is a process to discover, breed, or genetically create a plant cultivar that is a permanent genetic miniature of standard members of its species (Ferrero-Serrano et al. 2019). Bonsai can be created from specimens of woody source materials that include cuttings, seedlings, or small trees. The source specimen should be relatively small and meet the aesthetic standards of bonsai. Nearly any perennial woody-stemmed tree or shrub species is suitable for bonsai development (Owen 1990) if they produce true branches and remain relatively small in a container environment through crown and root pruning. Slow-growing plant species with small leaves or needles are popular bonsai materials.

P. Brown, Ross M. Welch, E. Cary

Yu Xiaosong, Li Lin, Li Yongquan et al.

Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr is a medicinal, edible and horticulture plant. Seedling breeding relies on tissue-cultured technology, but the transplant from tissue-cultured seedlings to field cultivation poses a problem in the large-scale production of A. cochinchinensis. Tissue-cultured seedlings of A. cochinchinensis were used as materials, and they were transplanted into the substrates that were mixed with coconut bran, peat, vermiculite, perlite or garden soil. The analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the substrate, combined with the survival rate of seedlings, the aboveground parameters (plant height, stem diameter, fresh weight and dry weight), underground parameters (root fresh weight, root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root surface area and root volume) and physiological indexes (malondialdehyde, soluble protein, soluble sugar, proline, chlorophyll and root vigour), allow us to understand the effects of different combination substrates on the growth and physiology of A. cochinchinensis tissue-cultured seedlings. We concluded that the survival rate of seedlings was negatively correlated with the bulk density and conductivity and was positively correlated with the porosity in the substrate. The membership function was used to comprehensively evaluate the indexes of each combination substrate, and it was concluded that coconut bran:perlite:vermiculite = 33.33%:33.33%:33.33% (bulk density = 0.23 g · cm−3, total porosity = 65.07%, pH = 6.30, conductivity = 0.51 mS · cm−1) scored the highest, the survival rate of seedlings reached 87.10%, the aboveground and underground growth were vigorous and the quality was better than other substrates. This research provides technical support for the efficient cultivation of tissue-cultured seedlings of A. cochinchinensis and reduces the cost of raising seedlings.

S. K. Ganesh1, D. Packiaraj1, S. Geetha2, R. P. Gnanamalar2*, N. Manivannan2, A. Mahalingam2, S. Lakshmi Narayanan2, V. K. Satya2, Zadda Kavitha2, K. Ganesamurthy3 and V. Ravi1

Cowpea variety VBN 3 (VCP 09-013) is derived from TLS 38 x VCP 16-1. The average yield of VBN 3 is 1013 kg / ha. It is a 17.0 and 17.2 per cent yield increase over VBN 1 (866 kg/ha) and CO (CP) 7 (864 kg/ha), respectively. Duration is 75 – 80 days. It recorded the grain yield of 1148 kg/ha under the irrigated condition which is a 13.8 and 18.0 per cent yield increase over the check varieties VBN 1 (1009 kg/ha) and CO (CP) 7 (973 kg/ ha), respectively. In rainfed conditions, this variety recorded the seed yield of 1013 kg/ha. It is a 17.0 and 17.2 per cent yield increase over the check varieties VBN 1 (866 kg/ha) and CO (CP) 7 (864 kg/ha, respectively. It is having the special features of determinate plant type, synchronized maturity, multiple resistance to bean common mosaic virus, rust and anthracnose diseases. It is resistant to pod borer and pod bug. The cowpea VBN3 is having a protein content of 25.22 per cent. It recorded 100 grain weight of 13.0 g with preferable brown seed colour. It is suitable for cultivation during Rabi season (Purattasi pattam) in Tamil Nadu.

Eleanor Frances Phillips, Jennifer L Gillett-Kaufman

K. Yazaki

Kenia Gracielle Fonseca, Fábio Gelape Faleiro, Nilton Tadeu Vilela Junqueira et al.

Wild passion fruit specimens are alternatives to diversify the production system. Wild passion fruit ‘BRS Pérola do Cerrado’ (‘BRS PC’) was developed from Passiflora setacea species, and has increased yield, diseases resistance, it is also an alternative to the market of special fruits and has an ornamental potential. The purpose of the present study was to obtain and validate the descriptors used in the process of protecting the Passiflora setacea ‘BRS Pérola do Cerrado’ taking into consideration the commercial growth in different yield systems. Descriptors were obtained using 24 structures (branches, leaves, flowers and fruits) of plants conducted in trellis (conventional, organic and high technology) and in espalier systems (conventional and high technology). Analysis of frequency distribution and the multivariate analysis for the qualitative descriptors were carried out. The quantitative descriptors were evaluated through the analysis of variance and means comparison in each yield system. A high validation rate was found for descriptors from different systems. However, the analysis of variance showed significant differences among 10 quantitative descriptors in different yield systems. Higher differences were found for descriptors obtained in plants grown in an organic system. It is find that the descriptors are useful in the cultivar characterization and validation, but changes in the descriptors codification might occur due to the genotype × environment interaction.

Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi, Zohreh Momeni, Mohammad Azadbakht et al.

Background and purpose: Trichomonas vaginalis, is one the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in women. Although metronidazole is the drug of choice for trichomoniasis, but due to its side effects attempts have been made to explore an alternative drug particularly with herbal source. Therefore, this study aimed to determine in vitro activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Chenopodium album (C. album) leaf on the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis. Materials and methods: The plant (C.album) was approved in herbarium and hydro-alcoholic extracts were prepared. The experiment was done using 24 wells cell culture plate. In each well, 200 µl of modified axenic TYM culture medium and 200 µl of different concentrations (5, 37, 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200 μg/mL) of the plant extract was added. They were incubated for 24 and 48 hours and then the plates were incubated at 37 ° C. The experiment was performed as a double blind design and in triplicate. Then growth inhibition percent (GI%) of the parasites was evaluated in both times and in different concentrations of plant leaf extract. Results: Compared with metronidazole, the 600 and 1200 μg/mL concentrations of hydro alcoholic leaf extracts of C. album showed 96% and 100% inhibitory effects on the growth of trophozoeites of T. vaginalis in 48 hours, respectively. Conclusion: C. album as an herbal native plant with ant-trichomonas activity is favorable and could be a candidate for in vivo researches on trichomoniasis in future.

Alessandra Alves Rodrigues, Rejane Maria Nunes Mendonça, Alexandre Paiva da Silva et al.

A adubação do abacaxizeiro deve contemplar a reposição das quantidades de N e K absorvidas pela planta e exportadas pelos frutos e mudas, e o estabelecimento de relações adequadas entre as doses destes nutrientes. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes relações K/N na adubação sobre a nutrição mineral e a produção de abacaxizeiro 'Pérola', em solos de Tabuleiros Costeiros da Paraíba. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 13 tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de quatro relações K/N (0,85:1; 1:1; 2:1 e 3:1), duas doses de N (7,2 e 10,8 g planta-1), quatro tratamentos adicionais (relação K/N de 2:1 na maior dose de N, variando-se a fonte, o parcelamento, a época e a forma de aplicação das doses de N e K) e uma testemunha absoluta (sem adubação). O aumento das relações K/N eleva o peso da folha 'D', os teores de K e os valores das relações K/N e K/Mg; reduz os teores de N e não afeta os teores de P, Ca e a relação K/Ca. O aumento das relações K/N não influencia no peso médio, na produtividade e no percentual de frutos das classes I, II e III. A utilização de sulfato de K, o parcelamento das doses de N e K, na forma de KCl, em cinco aplicações, e a aplicação de metade das doses de N e K via foliar na relação 2:1 aumentam o peso da folha 'D', o teor foliar de N e os valores de peso médio, produtividade e percentual de frutos da classe II.

Jamila R. Lepore, Wendy J. Dahl

It is important that we enjoy the food we eat. This makes for a better quality of life. This is no different for those people needing to be on puréed diets due to swallowing problems. And just like you wouldn’t want to serve guests a recipe without trying it first, you don’t want to serve a puréed food without knowing that it is appealing. This 5-page fact sheet was written by Jamila R. Lepore and Wendy J. Dahl and published by the UF Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, November 2012. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs206 Accessibility Summary: In accordance with Title II regulations this content meets all points of exemption as Archived web content and/or Preexisting conventional electronic documents.

Emanuelli Narducci da Silva, Monique Freitas Neto, Telma N. S. Pereira et al.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the meiotic behavior and determine the meiotic index and pollen viability of representative plants of the wild species V. goudotiana, V. quercifolia and J. spinosa. Meiotic analysis confirmed that the species are diploid and have 18 chromosomes. Meiosis was partially normal, since some abnormalities, e.g, sticky and lagging chromosomes, precocious segregation, lack of synchrony, and disturbances in the spindle fibers were observed. These abnormalities resulted in post-meiotic products (monads, dyads, triads, and polyads) that probably contributed to the meiotic index of 85.7 % (V. goudotiana) to 95.9 % (J. spinosa); significant variation was observed in the species V. goudotiana. The pollen viability of 68.0% (V. goudotiana) to 96.0 % (J. spinosa) was reasonably good in these wild species. Crossings in breeding programs involving V. goudotiana should therefore be carefully planned, since part of the gametes of this species is unviable.

Jun Cao, X. Duan, D. McEIroy et al.

O. Gamborg