Cultural centers play a crucial role in European sociocultural life, yet remain under-researched as their diverse nature has hindered consistent analysis and policymaking. A key challenge is the absence of a clear definition, leading to inconsistent categorization and making it difficult to assess their visibility in statistics, funding allocations, and cultural policy frameworks. This gap limits researchers, communities, and policymakers from fully understanding and supporting these institutions. Without clear definitions and standardized data collection, cultural centers struggle to secure funding, and underserved communities risk losing access to vital cultural and social resources. This is crucial, especially for rural and sparsely populated areas, where cultural centers often serve as key cultural infrastructure that supports social cohesion, cultural participation, and regional equity. To address this gap, this study develops a structured framework to define and classify cultural centers, aiming to enhance conceptual clarity and support evidence-based policymaking. Focusing on Finland as a case study, this study employs the Walker and Avant concept analysis method to identify four defining attributes of the concept cultural center: provider and creator, experience and active participation, diversity and multidisciplinary, and interaction and community orientation. Through a systematic and descriptive approach, these attributes are operationalized and applied to a dataset from Statistics Finland on Cultural halls and centers by region 2023, which reflects the current landscape of cultural centers in Finland. By systematically examining 259 facilities, the study traces the presence of these attributes in practice. The combination of conceptual analysis and empirical investigation results in a refined typology that allows for a clearer distinction between cultural centers and other facilities. This structured approach not only advances theoretical clarity but also supports cultural policymakers in recognizing and categorizing cultural centers more effectively. The findings emphasize the need for improved data collection to better capture the diversity and roles of cultural centers, both in Finland and beyond. Although this research focuses on Finland, the developed typology may offer a useful framework for cross-country comparisons and could support policy alignment within the EU cultural sector, provided that local adaptations are made.
Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture
Purpose – Given the substantial challenges and disruptions that companies often encounter from within the organization and the broader market landscape – such as market turbulence, technological advancements and regulatory changes – developing robust organizational resilience and transitioning to digital business practices have become top priorities. This paper aimed to explore if digital human resource management (HRM) significantly influences the organizational resilience within the context of emerging economy. Design/methodology/approach – To analyze data collected from HRM experts active in the business sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina, we utilized in this paper multiple regression analysis. This approach allowed us to explore the relationships and impacts within this specific regional context. Findings – The study findings revealed that digital HRM significantly enhances organizational resilience, positively impacting its three key components: the ability to anticipate, the capacity to cope and the capability to adapt. Practical implications – This study offers digital HRM strategies for enhancing organizational resilience, guiding HR professionals in using digital tools to boost employee adaptability, streamline crisis communication and improve flexibility and readiness for future disruptions. Originality/value – This research adds to the existing literature and ensures practical implication on digital HRM and organizational resilience by empirically demonstrating how digital HRM strengthens organizational capabilities to foresee potential disruptions, respond effectively to crises and adapt to changing circumstances. These capabilities help organizations maintain stability and continue operations smoothly during unexpected events, thereby safeguarding their long-term sustainability and competitive edge.
Mehdi Yazdanshenas, hamed dehghanan, Shahram Khalilnezhad
et al.
The aim of the current research was to identify the components of psychological empowerment at three levels in the country's water and sewage industry, which was done with a mixed exploratory approach. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive method. Managers and experts related to human resources of the country's water and sewage industry have formed the research community. In order to collect information in the qualitative section, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 20 key informants who were selected by a targeted method until saturation. To analyze the data , thematic analysis method was used, which finally resulted in 18 themes at the organization level, including human resources development, organizational climate, monitoring and evaluation of employee performance, credit allocation; at the group level, five themes include group cohesion, group learning, group self-confidence, group success, group identity; and at the individual level, 11 themes were identified, including seeking success, religious attitude, and employee responsibility. In the quantitative part, an available sample was selected from the employees of the country's water and sewage industry, and the findings of the qualitative part were checked and confirmed with reference to the structural equation modeling method.
Using a comprehensive dataset collected by the Federal Reserve, I find that over one-third of corporate loans issued by US banks are fully guaranteed by legal entities separate from borrowing firms. Using an empirical strategy that accounts for time-varying firm and lender effects, I find that the existence of a third-party credit guarantee is negatively related to loan risk, loan rate, and loan delinquency. Third party credit guarantees alleviate the effect of collateral constraints in credit market. Firms (particularly smaller firms) that experience a negative shock to their asset values are less likely to use collateral and more likely to use credit guarantees in new borrowings.
Serena Jinchen Xie, Shumenghui Zhai, Yanjing Liang
et al.
Large Language Model (LLM)-based conversational agents offer promising solutions for mental health support, but lack cultural responsiveness for diverse populations. This study evaluated the effectiveness of cultural prompting in improving cultural responsiveness and perceived empathy of LLM-generated therapeutic responses for Chinese American family caregivers. Using a randomized controlled experiment, we compared GPT-4o and Deepseek-V3 responses with and without cultural prompting. Thirty-six participants evaluated input-response pairs on cultural responsiveness (competence and relevance) and perceived empathy. Results showed that cultural prompting significantly enhanced GPT-4o's performance across all dimensions, with GPT-4o with cultural prompting being the most preferred, while improvements in DeepSeek-V3 responses were not significant. Mediation analysis revealed that cultural prompting improved empathy through improving cultural responsiveness. This study demonstrated that prompt-based techniques can effectively enhance the cultural responsiveness of LLM-generated therapeutic responses, highlighting the importance of cultural responsiveness in delivering empathetic AI-based therapeutic interventions to culturally and linguistically diverse populations.
Language Models (LMs) are indispensable tools shaping modern workflows, but their global effectiveness depends on understanding local socio-cultural contexts. To address this, we introduce SANSKRITI, a benchmark designed to evaluate language models' comprehension of India's rich cultural diversity. Comprising 21,853 meticulously curated question-answer pairs spanning 28 states and 8 union territories, SANSKRITI is the largest dataset for testing Indian cultural knowledge. It covers sixteen key attributes of Indian culture: rituals and ceremonies, history, tourism, cuisine, dance and music, costume, language, art, festivals, religion, medicine, transport, sports, nightlife, and personalities, providing a comprehensive representation of India's cultural tapestry. We evaluate SANSKRITI on leading Large Language Models (LLMs), Indic Language Models (ILMs), and Small Language Models (SLMs), revealing significant disparities in their ability to handle culturally nuanced queries, with many models struggling in region-specific contexts. By offering an extensive, culturally rich, and diverse dataset, SANSKRITI sets a new standard for assessing and improving the cultural understanding of LMs.
The study aims to measure the impact of some variables, i.e, characteristics of work on employee performance, organizational culture on employee performance, quality of interaction between supervisor and subordinates on performance, job satisfaction with employee performance, characteristics of work on job satisfaction, organizational culture on job satisfaction, and quality of interaction between superiors and subordinates on job satisfaction at the Mandailing Natal Transportation Office. In fact, from the perspective of management theory, organizational culture can affect worker job satisfaction directly (Tsang & Nguyen, 2023). The point of view used in this study is the associations’ point of view. In total, 31 civil servants participated in the research, and the Government Employees with Employment Agreements (Pegawai Pemerintah dengan Perjanjian Kerja — P3K) had 42 people who worked for more than five years at the Mandailing Natal Transportation Office. Meanwhile, 73 people took criteria to remove the notes and used samples. In this study, the data collection technique used questionnaire techniques. The data analysis techniques in this study use trajectory analysis, partial least squares (PLS), and hypotheses testing. The results of the first and second hypotheses recognized the characteristics and organizational culture of the Mandailing Natal Transportation Office. Third, the Mandailing Natal Transportation Office recognized the quality of interaction between leader and subordinates in terms of activity and satisfaction.
هدف این مقاله، تحلیل رابطۀ ارتکاب به رفتارهای پرخطر براساس میزان برخورداری از هوش فرهنگی و سلامت اجتماعی نوجوانان مبتنیبر نقش پلیس است. روش پژوهش، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعۀ هدف را تمام دانشآموزان دختر متوسطۀ دوم شهر کرج تشکیل دادند که از بین آنها تعداد 384 نفر براساس جدول کرجسی و مورگان بهروش نمونهگیری خوشهای چندمرحلهای انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری دادهها، شامل پرسشنامههای سنجش رفتارهای پرخطر زادهمحمدی و احمدآبادی (1387)، هوش فرهنگی آنگ و ارلی (2008) و سلامت اجتماعی کییز(2000) بود. دادهها با استفاده از روشهای آماری پیرسون و رگرسیون چندگانه مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافتهها نشان داد که بین هوش فرهنگی و سلامت اجتماعی با رفتارهای پرخطر رابطۀ معناداری وجود دارد. همچنین، هوش فرهنگی بهمیزان 561/. و سلامت اجتماعی 138/. رفتارهای پرخطر را تبیین میکنند که بالاترین تبیین از بین ابعاد هوش فرهنگی، مربوط به بعد تولید معنای شخصی و از بین ابعاد سلامت اجتماعی بُعد مشارکت اجتماعی است. بنابراین، میتوان اظهار داشت که بین بالابودن میزان هوش فرهنگی و سلامت اجتماعی رابطۀ معنادار و قدرت پیشبینی مطلوبی با رفتارهای پرخطر دانشآموزان وجود دارد؛ زیرا، فقدان هر یک از متغیرهای مذکور، موجب افسردگی، بدبینی، ارزیابی منفی از رویدادها، اعتیاد به مواد مخدر، ناهنجاریهای اجتماعی و رفتارهای پرخطر دیگر خواهد شد.
Social sciences (General), Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture
مهرداد شهسواریان, غلامحسین بیابانی, علی محمد مزیدی شرف آبادی
هدف این پژوهش، ارائۀ الگوی ارتباطی چهرهبهچهره در کنترل جرایم اجتماعی با خلق گفتوگوهای مؤثر از سوی والدین جهت استحکام پیوندهای درون خانواده است. طراحی و اعتبارسنجی مدل به روش آمیخته و جمعآوری دادهها با مصاحبه و پرسشنامه انجام گرفته است. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش حاضر، خبرگان و روانشناسان خانواده و خانوادههای شهر کرمانشاه هستند که با نمونهگیری هدفمند و سپس نمونهگیری تصادفی، حجم نمونه براساس قاعدۀ کلاین، 200 نفر تعیین شده است. با بهرهگیری از روش تحلیل مضمون و رتبهبندی عوامل با معادلات ساختاری تفسیری، ابعاد متفاوت الگو مشخص شدند که عبارتند از: احترام، درک متقابل اعضاء، تخصیص وضوح، آگاهی و اجرای مناسب نقشها، روابط کلامی و غیر کلامی مستقیم، شناخت و تأمین نیازها، صمیمت اعضاء، ارزشهای دینی، باورهای منطقی، حلمسأله، فرزندپروری مناسب، مشورت بین اعضاء. در همین راستا، در رتبهبندی نتایج مشخص شد که دو عامل «شناخت و تأمین نیازها» و «صمیمت بین اعضاء»، بالاترین جایگاه را به خود اختصاص میدهند.
Social sciences (General), Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture
Cybercriminal profiling and cyber-attack attribution have been elusive goals world-wide, due to their effects on societal and geopolitical balance and stability. Attributing actions to a group or state is a complex endeavour, with traditional established approaches including cyber threat intelligence and analysis of technical means such as malware analysis, network forensics, and geopolitical intelligence. However, we propose an additional component for profiling threat actor groups through analysing cultural aspects of human behaviours and interactions. We utilise a set of variables which determine characteristics of national and organisational culture to create a cultural "footprint" of cybercriminal groups. As a case study, we conduct thematic analysis across the six dimensions of the Hofstede national culture classification and the eight dimensions of the Meyer classification on leaked internal communications of the ransomware group Conti. We propose that a systematic analysis of similar communications can serve as a practical tool for a) understanding the modus operandi of cybercrime and cyberwarfare-related groups, and b) profiling cybercriminal groups and/or nation-state actors. Insights from such applications can, first, assist in combating cybercrime and, second, if combined with additional cyber threat intelligence, can provide a level of confidence in nuanced cyber-attack attribution processes.
Large language models have exhibited significant enhancements in performance across various tasks. However, the complexity of their evaluation increases as these models generate more fluent and coherent content. Current multilingual benchmarks often use translated English versions, which may incorporate Western cultural biases that do not accurately assess other languages and cultures. To address this research gap, we introduce KULTURE Bench, an evaluation framework specifically designed for Korean culture that features datasets of cultural news, idioms, and poetry. It is designed to assess language models' cultural comprehension and reasoning capabilities at the word, sentence, and paragraph levels. Using the KULTURE Bench, we assessed the capabilities of models trained with different language corpora and analyzed the results comprehensively. The results show that there is still significant room for improvement in the models' understanding of texts related to the deeper aspects of Korean culture.
The organizational effectiveness of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) has received considerable attention from the scientific research community and society. Nonprofit scholars call for more empirical research that tests existing theories and develops multidimensional frameworks at the organizational level, with a focus on actual management practices. Previous studies have suggested that a broad set of management practices at the program and organizational levels have positive implications for the perceived effectiveness of NPOs. This study evaluates and refines a conceptual model of the antecedents of organizational effectiveness and validates its applicability in the context of charitable foundations established by corporations. Based on survey data from their executive leaders, this study’s empirical findings suggest that perceived organizational effectiveness is less affected by a broad set of management practices and is driven by a few selected best practices that focus on specific stakeholder groups (i.e., experts). Moreover, the results show that certain organizational characteristics, such as organizational experience, can strengthen the perceived effectiveness of charitable foundations. Overall, the results of this study may help nonprofit executive leaders to better understand that a careful selection and implementation of specific practices might be more beneficial for an organization’s effectiveness than an extensive list of practices. Moreover, this study contributes on a broader theoretical level to the study of multidimensional frameworks as a suitable measure for identifying key antecedents of leader-perceived organizational effectiveness across different types of NPOs.
Male allyship offers a key opportunity for men to serve as partners in fostering women’s sense of inclusion and belonging. Yet male allyship research rarely takes on a partnership lens to study allyship from the perspectives of both men and women in allyship dyads. In recent research that took a partnership lens to study male allyship in male-dominated environments within academia, severe challenges arose in recruiting dyadic samples. In this article, I explore why women in male-dominated fields within academia may choose not to participate in dyadic research by reviewing personal communications by non-respondents. Content analysis of the personal communications (n=50) revealed five themes: Work Pressure and Lack of Time, Lack of Anonymity, Being Judged for Work Priorities, Absence of Collegiality, and Hostile Workplace. Of note, the work environment of women in male-dominated disciplines of academia may be more challenging than other types of organizations, precipitating low participation in dyadic research. Implications for taking a partnership lens to conduct allyship research with women in male-dominated disciplines within academia are discussed.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture
Daniel T. Yimam, Minpeng Liang, Jianting Ye
et al.
In the past few years, phase-change materials have become increasingly important in nano-photonics and optoelectronics. The advantages of sizeable optical contrast between phases and the additional degree of freedom from phase switching have been the driving force. From multilevel reflectance to dynamic nanoprinting and structural colors, phase-change materials have achieved outstanding results with prospects for real-world applications. The local crystallization/amorphization of phase-change materials and the corresponding reflectance tunning by the crystallized/amorphized region size have potential applications for future dynamic display devices. Although the resolution is much higher than current display devices, the pixel sizes in those devices are limited by the locally switchable structure size. Here, we reduce the spot sizes further by using ion beams instead of laser beams and dramatically increase the pixel density, demonstrating the capability of having superior resolution. In addition, the power to sputter away materials can be utilized in creating nanostructures with relative height differences and local contrast. Our experiment focuses on one archetypal phase-change material, Sb$_2$Se$_3$, prepared by pulsed-laser deposition on a reflective gold substrate. We demonstrate that we can produce structural colors and achieve reflectance tunning by focused ion beam milling/sputtering of phase change materials at the nanoscale. Furthermore, we show that the local structuring of phase-change materials by focused ion beam can be used to produce high pixel density display devices with superior resolutions.
Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) is a prominent source of information that significantly influences consumer purchase decisions. Recent literature has extensively explored the impact of eWOM on consumers-generated reviews and purchase decisions. However, few studies have analyzed the role of culture on eWOM. We use a novel dataset of Airbnb eWOM messages in order to empirically extend the findings by Banerjee and Chai (2019). We find that the sentiment of individualistic customers is worse than that of their collectivistic counterparts when both groups experience the same level of negative disconfirmations. Furthermore, guests from a relatively more distant culture rely less on heuristics. In particular, quality signals, such as the "superhost" status, are more influential to consumers from a less distant cultural background.
As the scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) has dramatically enhanced their capabilities, there has been a growing focus on the alignment problem to ensure their responsible and ethical use. While existing alignment efforts predominantly concentrate on universal values such as the HHH principle, the aspect of culture, which is inherently pluralistic and diverse, has not received adequate attention. This work introduces a new benchmark, CDEval, aimed at evaluating the cultural dimensions of LLMs. CDEval is constructed by incorporating both GPT-4's automated generation and human verification, covering six cultural dimensions across seven domains. Our comprehensive experiments provide intriguing insights into the culture of mainstream LLMs, highlighting both consistencies and variations across different dimensions and domains. The findings underscore the importance of integrating cultural considerations in LLM development, particularly for applications in diverse cultural settings. Through CDEval, we aim to broaden the horizon of LLM alignment research by including cultural dimensions, thus providing a more holistic framework for the future development and evaluation of LLMs. This benchmark serves as a valuable resource for cultural studies in LLMs, paving the way for more culturally aware and sensitive models.
Introduction
In the early centuries of Islam, the Oman Sea achieved a global position. So, the trade economy has played the most important role among surrounding lands of Oman Sea. In this period, the three districts of Kerman, Makran and Oman had active economic relations with each other. This economic boom in the early centuries of Islam, centered on the Sea of Oman, made the security of trade routes in these areas important for the rulers, including al-Buwayh. Az-Dawla's campaign to the southeast has shown the importance of these roads which are leading to the Sea of Oman. Accordingly, this study aims to show the trade economy of the lands around the Oman Sea with emphasis on the three regions of Kerman, Makran and Oman.
Methodology
This article uses library and descriptive and analytical method. Therefore, historical data on the trade status of the lands around the Oman Sea have been collected. Finally, the collected data from first-hand historical sources have been analyzed and explained based on research questions.
Discussion
In the Sassanid period, which was the last government of ancient Iran and Sassanid ruled over the lands around the Oman Sea generally and the three regions of Kerman, Makran and Oman particularly. Kerman and Makran during this period were considered important lands in the trade route of the southeast of the empire. Additionally, the land of Oman was also important due to its strategic position, which was the port and position of ships in the Indian Ocean. As the Shah of Oman had ties with the central government of Iran during the Sassanid period, especially since the Bani Azd tribe were among the tribes that cooperated with the Sassanid government. At the end of the Sassanid rule, we see insecurity in southeastern Iran that affected the trade situation and trade relations in the lands around the Oman Sea, as in the late Sassanid era, the central government was not able to deal with the insurgents. With the beginning of the conquests by the Muslim Arabs, Oman was one of the first lands to be conquered. The Muslims used this region as a naval base to occupy the regions of Iran, especially Kerman. The conquest of Makran also took place shortly after the conquest of Kerman, although it did not have wealth, as mentioned in the sources, but it accelerated trade relations with other regions, including Oman and Kerman. During this period, which coincides with the first centuries of Islam, trade relations increased significantly even compared to the Sassanid period. This factor made the Oman Sea and the surrounding lands as one of the most important commercial and commercial areas in the first centuries of Islam. There were numerous factors which played a role in this, and perhaps the same geographical conditions and climatic characteristics of these areas can be considered important. These almost identical climatic conditions, as well as the disappearance of political borders that previously hindered free trade, brought economic prosperity to the lands around the Oman Sea. Therefore, with this explanation, one of the most important periods of economic prosperity and prosperity of the Oman Sea and the surrounding lands should be considered in the first centuries of Islam. Beside these factors and despite reciprocal economic relations of those three regions during this period as well as cultural relations and migrations in these areas in the early centuries of Islam, the migrations of famous Arab tribes such as Bani Azd and Al Mahlab are also considerable. According to sources, the Mahlab family settled in Jiroft, and the Bani Azd tribe, which had a successful pre-Islamic commercial activity, settled in Kerman and Makran. The presence of these tribes caused cultural and economic relationships between them. As a result, trade relations also increased. However, the main reason for the prosperity of these areas was the special place of the Oman Sea in the early Islamic centuries. This prosperity of the sea should be seen in its ports in the first centuries of Islam. As the ports of Hormoz, Tis, Sohar in the first centuries of Islam played a pivotal role in the commercial economy of these areas. These trade relations of the ports around the Oman Sea with the Persian Gulf ports such as Siraf and Basra and their Yemeni ports led to a sea trade centered on the Oman Sea. The location of the Oman Sea along the Indian Ocean expanded the commercial range of ports around the Oman Sea and was the center of world maritime trade during this period. Although the lands around the Oman Sea flourished in terms of trade relations during this period, the factor that influenced this trade was different groups. During this period, along the land routes leading to the Sea of Oman, the Kharijites, the Qafs, the Jashkians, the Qatari and the Qarmatians, and the pirates challenged its security. The Kharijites, the Qafs and the pirates probably considered as important groups, as these three groups played an active role due to their active presence in the trade routes of the lands around the Oman Sea. The Kharijites, who were present in all three lands of Kerman, Makran and Oman, expanded their influence in other lands with the rise of power and the formation of the government in Oman. It was the insecurity of these trade routes. Although the Qafs did not have Kharijite organizations and were mostly known as local bandits, their successive wars with the rulers of Al-Buwayh show that they had a significant force that was able to secure the trade routes from Hormuz to Kerman, which is the main highway. The third group, after the Kharijites and the Qafs which played a role in the insecurity of the trade routes around the Sea of Oman, were pirates. The pirates, based on the island of Saqqara, were a significant problem for trade and trade relations at sea with the equipment at their disposal, as sources indicate their active presence on trade routes to the Oman Sea. With this description, it can be said that this research, with a descriptive and analytical approach and a library method, seeks to show the course of trade relations between the three regions of Oman, Makran and Kerman in the first centuries of Islam.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that proximity to the sea (Oman Sea and Persian Gulf), creating security and laying sea and land routes (especially during the Buwayhid period), migration of Arab tribes, trade in precious stones, trade in aromatic materials, Establishing security through the suppression of bandit groups in the trade routes of the lands around the Oman Sea has been one of the most important factors of economic prosperity in the three regions of Oman, Makran and Kerman. Also, the security of trade routes leading to the Oman Sea has been important due to the economic prosperity of these areas.
Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture, Fine Arts
Mathematician Ralph Abraham recounts memories of Dave Loye, Riane Eisler, Ervin Laszlo, the General Evolution Research Group, and their 37-year partnership.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture
Artikeln bygger på en analys av elevers delaktighet i tre olika aktionsforskningsprojekt med syfte att problematisera elevers deltagande i olika faser av ett forskningsprojekt. Trots att elever är en central grupp i skolan har de sällan möjlighet att utöva agens och vara reellt delaktiga i skolutveckling. Studien utgår från ett barndomssociologiskt perspektiv och använder Harts delaktighetsstege som analytiskt verktyg för att problematisera olika grader av elevers delaktighet i aktionsforskning i skolan. Analysen av fallen visar att elever i olika utsträckning, beroende exempelvis på studiedesign, kan vara delaktiga men att det trots goda intentioner finns svårigheter för elever att utöva reell delaktighet. Detta kan exempelvis bero på de förutsättningar och begränsningar som skolsammanhanget innebär samt på att elever i skolan är beroende av skolans vuxna, exempelvis lärare och rektor. Trots uppenbara hinder visar också analysen att elever kan göras delaktiga i aktionsforskningsprocessen genom exempelvis barncentrerade metoder och kontinuerlig reflektion över relationer och processer i forskningen. Resultatet visar också att elevers perspektiv kan bidra både till att initiera utvecklingsbehov och finna lösningar i en aktionsforskningsprocess. För att utveckla fler möjligheter för elever att utöva reell delaktighet indikerar resultaten att elevers deltagande i aktionsforskning måste utvecklas jämsides med vuxnas deltagande.
Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture
Motion of particles (bodies) in presence of random effects can be considered stochastic process. However, application of widely known stochastic processes used for description of particle motion is reduced to relatively small class of particle transport phenomena. Stochastic state-transition-change (STC) process is suitable for description of many systems. In this paper it is shown under which assumptions formulae of time resolved velocity spectrometry can be derived with the help of STC process. It opens up new possibilities of unified description of particles moving in a force field in presence of random effects. It extends possibilities of applications of theory of stochastic processes in physics.