Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Yahya Kardgar

Allusions (kenāyeh) are imaginary elements shared between literary and everyday language. It is natural that, as the contexts for the formation of allusions disappear and the philosophy behind their creation is forgotten, understanding some of them becomes difficult. The allusions that have formed regarding the word "pustin" (a fur or sheepskin garment) belong to this category. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, investigates some of the ambiguous allusions centered on "pustin" that have taken shape in Persian literary texts. Deciphering these allusions is instrumental in resolving ambiguity in certain texts. The findings of the research show that imprecision in the critical editing of texts, incorrect readings of texts, the copying and imitation between dictionaries and commentaries, inaccuracy in the reporting of these allusions in dictionaries, and a lack of attention to the specific context of the texts when reporting these allusions have led to the ambiguity and a failure to accurately grasp the meaning of texts that contain this word. Therefore, to resolve these ambiguities, a precise and scientific revision of commentaries and dictionaries, even a lexicon as prominent as the Dehkhoda Dictionary, is necessary and essential. Meanwhile, given the critical editions available for many of the texts from which these allusions were sourced, some of the paths to resolving the ambiguity of these allusions have been cleared. Consequently, it is necessary to rely on these texts to undertake a serious revision of the meaning of existing allusions in reference works and dictionaries. Keywords: Imagery, Allusion (Kenāyeh), Persian Texts, Dictionaries, Pustin. IntroductionThe use of the word "pustin" (fur garment) has a history as long as human history itself and has long served various functions in people’s lives. It is for this reason that diverse manifestations of "pustin" can be seen in the Persian language and literature. In the use of "pustin", a progression from a literal meaning to a symbolic one is evident. In a general overview, "pustin" has functions in various fields of Persian culture, civilization, and literature, the most important of which include: 1) As a type of attire for both war and festivity, which has been prominent from the most ancient historical periods to the present day; 2) As a theme-building element in various literary genres such as mystical, epic, lyrical, didactic, and other literary forms; and 3) It is the raw material for countless literary expressions that manifests itself in the form of various Imagery. What stands out most among the figurative and poetic elements when discussing "pustin" are the allusions that have been formed around it. In this study, several ambiguous allusions in this domain, which have been defined with uncertainty in dictionaries and whose decipherment is useful for understanding some ambiguous sentences and verses in texts, have been examined. Materials and MethodsIn this research, first, the allusions of the word "pustin" in Persian literature were identified by consulting Persian literary texts, dictionaries, and dictionaries of allusions. Then, several allusions that were subjects of debate and for which a precise meaning had not been mentioned in sources and references were examined and analyzed. The description, analysis, and critique of these allusions made a descriptive, analytical, and critical research method unavoidable. Therefore, a combined method was employed to investigate these allusions. Research FindingsPart of the ambiguity in the compounds and allusions recorded in dictionaries, which are sourced from Persian literary texts, is related to the reading of the verse; if the problem in reading the compound is resolved, the issue with the text will also be solved. This is the case of the ambiguity in the compounds "pīl-e postīn", "postīn kardan", and "sūkhtah-ye postīn" (the burnt fur garment). The allusive phrase "postīn be gāzor dādan" (to give the fur garment to the Laundress) and similar constructions are used to mean performing a wrong and inappropriate action. This meaning is expanded in Anvari's poetry, where its individual and social undertones are highlighted. In the poetry of Sanai, within the context of mystical poetry, "pustin" takes on a mystical semantic load and becomes a symbol of material attachments and dependencies. Therefore, in his poetry, "postīn be gāzor dādan", in light of this symbolic meaning, is used in the allusive sense of renouncing attachments, releasing materialism and worldly dependencies. This meaning is also used by Rumi.The allusive phrase "postīn be gāzor dādan" has been used in two different contexts. The first instance is in the works of Amir Mo'ezzi and Anvari, and the second is in Sanai and Rumi, after which this allusive phrase was forgotten in Persian literature. This represents a movement from the material to the metaphysical aspects, for various reasons, including the diminishing relationship between the fur garment and the Laundress. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsAllusion is more closely related to the daily life of humankind than other imagery elements. It is for this reason that as human lifestyles evolve and their perspective on surrounding elements and phenomena changes, the allusions in a language also transform. This point, alongside the freedom of perspective on phenomena in literature, increases the speed at which allusions change. Therefore, to understand texts that deal with allusions, awareness of culture, history, civilization, and human ways of life, and attention to the transformations in these areas, is essential. Inattention to these characteristics, carelessness in the editing and printing of Persian literary texts, imprecision in recording allusions and their meanings in dictionaries, and inattention to the literary genre and the author’s intended goals have caused more errors to occur in the explanation of allusions than in other parts of language and literature.The mentioned mistakes create obstacles for the reader in understanding the precise meaning of texts where an allusion directs its meaning. The examination of several ambiguous allusions centered on "pustin" has shown that to resolve the ambiguity in this area, it is necessary first to provide a correct and reliable edition of the texts, and then, based on these texts and with attention to the context, to provide a precise meaning for the allusions. This meaning should not create complexity in conveying the author’s thought to the audience but should lead to their conviction and, of course, be useful in the scientific analysis of the text and its subtleties.

Hassan Naushahi

<div><br /></div><div>Syed Sharafat Naushahi was a renowned and distinguished intellectual of Urdu,Persian,Arabic and Punjabi languages. He was also sage, poet, historian, researcher, translater and calligrapher of his age. His literary specification and writing services regarding saints are the glittering evedences of his knowledge. History of Mysticism was his special area of interest. In an art of History Sharief ul Tawarikh&nbsp; is his representative book. His beaming efficiency in the field of History and Literature was not the ralic of any institution but it was the miracle of the teaching of any accomplished Scholar. He opened a new world of discussion of research in the field of Urdu and punjabi langauges. He always kept in mind the research honesty and rules of traditions and attestification.He merely not only narrates the stories but also visualizes the incentives and effects of those incidents. All his books e.g Sharief ul Tawarikh, Tarekh i Abbasi, Tazkara Shuray Naushahia, Muwaz i Naushah Peer, Chahar Bahar(Translation), Gunj ul Asrar(Editing), IntiKhab i Gunj Sharief(Editing) represents his research abilities.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</div>

Thomas A. Henzinger, Pavol Kebis, Nicolas Mazzocchi et al.

A quantitative word automaton (QWA) defines a function from infinite words to values. For example, every infinite run of a limit-average QWA A obtains a mean payoff, and every word w is assigned the maximal mean payoff obtained by nondeterministic runs of A over w. We introduce quantitative language automata (QLAs) that define functions from language generators (i.e., implementations) to values, where a language generator can be nonprobabilistic, defining a set of infinite words, or probabilistic, defining a probability measure over infinite words. A QLA consists of a QWA and a language aggregator. For example, given a QWA A, the infimum aggregator maps each language L to the greatest lower bound assigned by A to any word in L. For boolean value sets, QWAs capture trace properties, and QLAs capture hyperproperties. For more general value sets, QLAs serve as a specification language for a generalization of hyperproperties, called quantitative hyperproperties. A nonprobabilistic (resp. probabilistic) quantitative hyperproperty assigns a value to each set (resp. distribution) G of traces, e.g., the minimal (resp. expected) average response time exhibited by the traces in G (resp. by traces sampled according to G). We give several examples of quantitative hyperproperties and investigate three paradigmatic problems for QLAs: evaluation, nonemptiness, and universality. In the evaluation problem, given a QLA AA and an implementation G, we ask for the value that AA assigns to G. In the nonemptiness (resp. universality) problem, given a QLA AA, a threshold k, and a comparison in {>, >=} we ask whether AA assigns a value meeting the threshold to some (resp. every) language. We provide a comprehensive picture of decidability and complexity for these problems for QLAs with common aggregators as well as their restrictions to omega-regular languages and distributions generated by finite Markov chains.

Neris Özen, Wenjuan Mu, Esther D. van Asselt et al.

The number of scientific articles published in the domain of food safety has consistently been increasing over the last few decades. It has therefore become unfeasible for food safety experts to read all relevant literature related to food safety and the occurrence of hazards in the food chain. However, it is important that food safety experts are aware of the newest findings and can access this information in an easy and concise way. In this study, an approach is presented to automate the extraction of chemical hazards from the scientific literature through large language models. The large language model was used out-of-the-box and applied on scientific abstracts; no extra training of the models or a large computing cluster was required. Three different styles of prompting the model were tested to assess which was the most optimal for the task at hand. The prompts were optimized with two validation foods (leafy greens and shellfish) and the final performance of the best prompt was evaluated using three test foods (dairy, maize and salmon). The specific wording of the prompt was found to have a considerable effect on the results. A prompt breaking the task down into smaller steps performed best overall. This prompt reached an average accuracy of 93% and contained many chemical contaminants already included in food monitoring programs, validating the successful retrieval of relevant hazards for the food safety domain. The results showcase how valuable large language models can be for the task of automatic information extraction from the scientific literature.

Dr. Zeenat Afshan

This study delves into the rich assortments of Pakistani Urdu short stories to disentangle the aspects that weave the narrative of national identity. By cultural diversity, historical complexities, and socio-political challenges, Urdu literature serves as a powerful medium for authors to articulate and question the concept of national identity. Through a comprehensive analysis of selected short stories, this research examines how Pakistani writers navigate the nicety of identity, belonging, and the collective consciousness of a nation. By examining the works of prominent authors, this research aims to shed light on the various perspectives and interpretations of what it means to be Pakistani. Themes such as cultural heritage, religious diversity, political struggles, and individual identity are examined to understand their roles in shaping the narrative of a national identity. In conclusion, this research contributes to the broader discourse on national identity. By analyzing Urdu short stories, the study offers a glimpse into the diverse perspectives that contribute to the ongoing conversation about what it means to be Pakistani in a rapidly changing world.

Dr. Muhammad Asghar Sial, Dr. Muhammad Rafiq ul Islam

Allama Iqbal (1877–1938) is a great poet, philosopher and thinker, he has a special place in his philosophy and ideas. He has expressed his feelings in poetry and prose. The life and thoughts of any writer and intellectual are hidden in his desire. In this research paper, an analytical study of Allama Iqbal's thoughts has been presented with the help of Iqbal's poetry, letters and other prose passages. He has mentioned the creation and fulfillment of desire in his writings. In many places, he has openly expressed that he has presented ideas about the identity of the Muslim nation and the life of an individual. Adopting the analytical approach of research, different concepts of hope have been derived from his thoughts. In the Iqbalistic research, only hope has been seen as less than the meaningful point of view of national unity on the political scene. Iqbal's desire was fulfilled in the form of the Muslim Unity of Muslims in India.

İdil Çetin

Farzana Rani Rafaqat Ali Shahid

“Saheefa” is renowned research journal of Pakistan. Scholars need to consult its contents for seek of knowledge, literary taste and to flourish their researches, and a reader can get a pleasant food of knowledge as well. Since 1956, the year of its beginning, “Saheefa” get and has been maintaining a graceful status of a research journal. It has been publishing valuable research works during his 65 years life.  “Saheefa” is also in practice of publishing its special numbers on special events and personalities accordingly, presenting their works and services appraise worthy. Majlis Traqi e Adab has published a special issue of “Saheefa” on 200th Birthday of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. In this special issue, a number of articles of this special issue are included regarding great works and services of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan for Islam and betterment of Muslims of Subcontinent.  All writers of the articles threw the light in their writings on different aspects through various angles on great works and services of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. The writer of this article highlighted the key features of mentioned articles in detail. She discusses the importance of each article in view of the life and achievements of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan towards Urdu Literature, politics of India and social issues of the Muslims of the Sub-Continent

Zhendong Ang, Umang Mathur

In this paper, we focus on the problem of dynamically analysing concurrent software against high-level temporal specifications. Existing techniques for runtime monitoring against such specifications are primarily designed for sequential software and remain inadequate in the presence of concurrency -- violations may be observed only in intricate thread interleavings, requiring many re-runs of the underlying software. Towards this, we study the problem of predictive runtime monitoring, inspired by the analogous problem of predictive data race detection studied extensively recently. The predictive runtime monitoring question asks, given an execution $σ$, if it can be soundly reordered to expose violations of a specification. In this paper, we focus on specifications that are given in regular languages. Our notion of reorderings is trace equivalence, where an execution is considered a reordering of another if it can be obtained from the latter by successively commuting adjacent independent actions. We first show that the problem of predictive admits a super-linear lower bound of $O(n^α)$, where $n$ is the number of events in the execution, and $α$ is a parameter describing the degree of commutativity. As a result, predictive runtime monitoring even in this setting is unlikely to be efficiently solvable. Towards this, we identify a sub-class of regular languages, called pattern languages (and their extension generalized pattern languages). Pattern languages can naturally express specific ordering of some number of (labelled) events, and have been inspired by popular empirical hypotheses, the `small bug depth' hypothesis. More importantly, we show that for pattern (and generalized pattern) languages, the predictive monitoring problem can be solved using a constant-space streaming linear-time algorithm.

Ronie Salgado

System programming languages are typically compiled in a linear pipeline process, which is a completely opaque and isolated to end-users. This limits the possibilities of performing meta-programming in the same language and environment, and the extensibility of the compiler itself by end-users. We propose a novel redefinition of the compilation process in terms of interpreting the program definition as a script. This evaluation is performed in an environment where the full compilation pipeline is implemented and exposed to the user via a meta-object protocol, which forms the basis for a meta-circular definition and implementation of the programming language itself. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by bootstrapping a self-compiling implementation of Sysmel, a static and dynamic typed Smalltalk and C++ inspired programming language.

S.M. Reza Amiri Tehrani

This article aims at reviewing Tamaddon’s idea about economic psychology, which is presented in his book titled as "Views on Economic Psychology". Firstly, the role of psychologism in the history of science and its relevance to philosophy, humanities, and social sciences is introduced. This is to say that, psychologism in Britain, utilitarianism, psychologism in Germany and the Austrian school of economics are reviewed. British psychologism which believes in universal scientific laws abstracted from experiences in order to explain human behavior, is crystallized in methodological individualism and rationalism. German psychologism in its historical approach is to understand and describe human behavior. The Austrian school of economics is somewhere between these two schools of psychologism, meaning that while it recognizes social and cultural entities, it is also indebted to methodological individualism. John Maynard Keynes introduces the concept of animal spirit and shows its impacts on individual behaviors and suggests the economic psychology of a society of individuals based on conventions. Secondly, the economic psychologism ideal of Tamaddon and its relevance to philosophical and economic thoughts, especially to that of John Maynard Keynes’ attitude is surveyed. This article is based on descriptive and analytical methodology.

الهه فیضی مقدم, محمد عارف, محمدرضا شریف زاده

هدف این مقاله خوانش بیش‌متنی اساطیر ترکیبی پیکرگردانی در نمایشنامه‌های بهرام بیضایی بر پایه نظریه ژرار ژنت است. بیش‌متنیت یکی از اقسام ترامتنیتِ ژنت، درباره ارتباطِ میان دو متن است. این نظریه بیشتر به برگرفتگی و تأثیر متن پیشین بر متن پسین می‌پردازد و شامل دو نوع اساسی، همانگونگی و تراگونگی‌ست. اساطیر ترکیبی پیکرگردانی از مهمترین عوامل اعجاب‌آفرین در ادبیات به‌شمار می‌آیند. در فرآیند پیکرگردانی، موجودات از صورتی به‌صورت دیگر بدل می‌گردند و در حالت ترکیبی به‌صورت مخلوقاتی مرکب از انسان، حیوان و... ظاهر می‌شوند. ادبیات خاستگاه حضور اساطیر است و بر یکدیگر تأثیرات دوسویه دارند، این رابطه بزنگاهی‌ست که می‌توان از منظر بیش‌متنی به آن پرداخت. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که این موجودات در هجده نمایشنامه بیضایی وجود دارند و حضور آنها وامدار ادبیات اسطوره‌ای، افسانه‌های عامیانه و منظومه‌های پهلوانی است. بیضایی در فرآیند تبدیل روایات اساطیری (پیش‌متن) به نمایشنامه (بیش‌متن) به مضمون اصلی وفادار بوده و در اغلب موقعیت‌های نمایشی از آن‌ها به‌طور مستقیم بهره برده است. روش پژوهشی این مقاله توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و بر پایه تحلیل محتوای کیفی، ویژگی‌های اساطیر ترکیبی پیکرگردانی در نمایشنامه‌های بیضایی کشف شده و با استناد به نظریه بیش‌متنیت، میزان تأثیرپذیری آن‌ها از ادبیات کهن بررسی گردیده است.

Andrea Colledan, Ugo Dal Lago

In the realm of quantum computing, circuit description languages represent a valid alternative to traditional QRAM-style languages. They indeed allow for finer control over the output circuit, without sacrificing flexibility nor modularity. We introduce a generalization of the paradigmatic lambda-calculus Proto-Quipper-M, itself modeling the core features of the quantum circuit description language Quipper. The extension, called Proto-Quipper-K, is meant to capture a very general form of dynamic lifting. This is made possible by the introduction of a rich type and effect system in which not only computations, but also the very types are effectful. The main results we give for the introduced language are the classic type soundness results, namely subject reduction and progress.

Bertrand Meyer

A description of language design choices that have profound effects on software quality, criticism of how ordinary OO languages address them, and explanation of the thinking behind Eiffel's corresponding mechanisms.

Mozhgan Jayez

The only translated book into Persian about the classification of archaeological chipped stones is one of the most important technical books named Technology of Knapped Stone by M. Louise-Inizan and colleagues. This book, which is a great source in English and French, is introduced and criticized in this article. Since the book is the only one of its kind available in Persian, its value for the sake of educational purposes is unequivocal, but the quality of the print in translated version is highly questionable regarding the layout, images quality, and graphic design. Another aspect that is criticized in this article is the quality of translation which has been discussed regarding the Persian equivalents chosen for the words describing lithics and the ambiguity of technical descriptions. As a result, proper selection and uniformization of the Persian equivalents of technical vocabulary are recommended.

Leila Ghaffari, Davoud Ranjbaran

Mitsukuni Yoshida, a former professor and director of Kyoto University, is one of the Japanese researchers in the field of Persian Pottery studies who has traveled to various historical and archeological sites in Iran and also Hormoz Island in the 1960s. He has written his findings on the history and techniques of creating Persian Pottery in the form of a book entitled In Search of Persian Pottery. In this article, by reviewing the present book as a worthwhile source in the field of Persian Pottery History, the author's perception of the evolution of this ancient art and the type of his encounter with the category of stylistics Persian Pottery has been reviewed. On this basis, Yoshida's view was not only to describe his observations of Persian Pottery, but also to study the stylistics and works of Persian Pottery in terms of recognizing their cultural and linguistic origins. Considering his membership in the Japan Anthropological Institute, his treatment of the anthropological aspects of the art of Pottery in this work is not far off. Also, the role of cultural commonalities of the Oriental countries in shaping his attitude towards Pottery and Persian Pottery as an Oriental researcher is important.

Piotr Borek, Monika Browarczyk

روح‌اله رضاپور, فاطمه خموش

می‌دانیم که زبان‌ها در ذات خود تحول و تحرک دارند. به همین سبب، تحرک و تحول واژه‌ها به اقتضای نیاز اجتماعی، فرهنگی، تاریخی و غیره نیز امری بدیهی است. تماس زبان‌ها و فرهنگ‌های مختلف در طول تاریخ منجر به سفر این کلمات از زبانی به زبان دیگر می‌شود که همین امر گاه باعث تحولات زبانی و آوایی می‌شود. حضور واژه‌های فرانسوی در فارسی به عنوان بیشترین واژه مسافر در میان زبان‌های اروپایی در زبان فارسی همین رویکرد را دنبال می‌کند. این واژه‌ها به دلیل تماس‌های زبانی و فرهنگی با توجه به علت‌های مختلف در زبان فارسی زیست کرده و یا زیست می‌کنند. نابرابری تعداد واژه‌های مسافر و ورود این میزان واژه از زبان فرانسه به فارسی دلایل تاریخی دارد که خود معلولی از تماس زبانی هستند. علی‌رغم وجود معادل‌های مناسب، واژه‌های مسافری نیز یافت می‌شوند که هنوز در زبان فارسی به زیست خود ادامه می‌دهند و آن نیز دلایل خاص خود را دارد. اما از میزان حضور این کلمات، دلیل حضور کم و زیاد بعضی از آن‌ها در برخی از حوزه‌های تخصصی اطلاعات درستی در دست نیست. در این مقاله با تکیه بر نظریه گلیسون و استفاده از ۱۵۷۷ واژه تخصصی در فرهنگ واژه‌های فرانسه در فارسی ندا، حوزه‌های این واژه‌ها را با روش تحلیلی ـ آماری بررسی می‌کنیم. این جستار، با به دست آوردن درصد واژه‌هایی که در هر حوزه وجود دارد به تحلیل علل ورود آن‌ها در زبان فارسی خواهد پرداخت.

Hamid Reza Shairi, Fatemeh Seyedebrahimi

The book The Routledge Companion to Semiotics is a collection of articles published under the supervision of Paul Cobley. Raheleh Ghasemi and Siyahrood publication have translated and published it alternatively. This book contains ten chapters, and the main issue of the chapters is the interaction of semiotics with the environmental world and the experience of presence. The authors of this book share one point: immanent structures cannot meet the needs of the domain of semiotics studies, and it is necessary that the world’s practical realities be translated or transmitted to the sign system. For this reason, the cultural, social, biological and ethical elements have been introduced in interaction with the world of signs in this book. Although the theoretical viewpoints presented are good and understandable, they do not encounter us with the pattern of studies that can be used in the design and research in human issues, especially anthroposemiotics. Our main goal is to show how we pass through the hard semiotics into anthroposemiotics. Our method is based on practical semiotics and semiotics of discourse. The most important achievement of this research is studying the role of phenomenological and cultural pragmatics in the evolution of semiotics.

Antoine Amarilli, Louis Jachiet, Charles Paperman

We study the dynamic membership problem for regular languages: fix a language L, read a word w, build in time O(|w|) a data structure indicating if w is in L, and maintain this structure efficiently under letter substitutions on w. We consider this problem on the unit cost RAM model with logarithmic word length, where the problem always has a solution in O(log |w| / log log |w|) per operation. We show that the problem is in O(log log |w|) for languages in an algebraically-defined, decidable class QSG, and that it is in O(1) for another such class QLZG. We show that languages not in QSG admit a reduction from the prefix problem for a cyclic group, so that they require Ω(log |w| / log log |w|) operations in the worst case; and that QSG languages not in QLZG admit a reduction from the prefix problem for the multiplicative monoid U 1 = {0, 1}, which we conjecture cannot be maintained in O(1). This yields a conditional trichotomy. We also investigate intermediate cases between O(1) and O(log log |w|). Our results are shown via the dynamic word problem for monoids and semigroups, for which we also give a classification. We thus solve open problems of the paper of Skovbjerg Frandsen, Miltersen, and Skyum [30] on the dynamic word problem, and additionally cover regular languages.