Hasil untuk "History of Law"

Domenico Bilotti

It is important to underline that the history of Canon Law has a specific significance, even considering the methodological opportunity to find and to reconsider documents, periods, and personalities in order to modify and to enhance already acquired hermeneutical data. A partially unexplored hypothesis, however, consists in the peculiar attitude of Canon Law in approaching themes coming from the current configuration of legal relationships because the ecclesial paradigm has represented a primary framework, not only in Western societies, for Christian cultures and a not necessarily hostile and antithetical model to the others. By selecting a restrained amount of critical case studies, this essay will consider juridical institutes related to the legitimacy of public authorities, the legal protection of dissent (but on the basis of limited circumstances), the Private law possibility to realize human interests in a pacific, mutual, contractual way.

Anna Tomza

Artykuł stanowi historycznoprawną analizę ewolucji instytucji impeachmentu sędziowskiego (judicial impeachment) w amerykańskim porządku konstytucyjnym, z naciskiem na jego brytyjskie korzenie i współczesne dylematy interpretacyjne. Mimo wyraźnej niechęci ojców założycieli do instytucjonalnego dziedzictwa Korony Brytyjskiej mechanizm impeachmentu został włączony do Konstytucji USA jako środek kontroli nad urzędnikami publicznymi, w tym sędziami federalnymi. Główne zabezpieczenia przed arbitralnością, wywodzące się z obaw przed angielskim scire facias – procedurą umożliwiającą monarsze usunięcie urzędnika na podstawie domniemania „złego zachowania” (misbehavior), z przeniesieniem ciężaru dowodu na oskarżonego – obejmują precyzyjne klauzule: Good Behavior gwarantująca sprawowanie urzędu „podczas dobrego sprawowania” oraz High Crimes and Misdemeanors. Główny problem badawczy dotyczy przełomu paradygmatu interpretacyjnego zapoczątkowanego 15 kwietnia 1970 r. przez kongresmena Geralda R. Forda, który we wniosku przeciwko sędziemu Sądu Najwyższego Williamowi O. Douglasowi postulował usunięcie sędziego na podstawie naruszenia klauzuli Good Behavior, niezależnie od popełnienia czynu karalnego. Ta zmiana podważyła tradycyjne ujęcie impeachmentu jako procedury naprawczej o charakterze polityczno-karnym, otwierając debatę nad alternatywną, behawioralną metodą kontroli sędziów. Analiza wykazuje, że niejednoznaczność normatywna brytyjskich pojęć good behaviour i tenure ma doniosły wpływ na współczesną debatę konstytucyjną o możliwościach usuwania sędziów z urzędu.

P. Appelbaum, C. Lidz, A. Meisel

Martin Löhnig

The bankruptcy proceedings codified in the Bavarian Code of Civil Procedure immediately before the founding of the German Empire after long scientific and political discussion (Gant) competed as the most up-to-date regulation of the bankruptcy proceedings in a German individual state with the regulatory concepts of the Prussian Bankruptcy Code of 1855, which was significantly influenced by French law, for influence on the Reich Bankruptcy Code of 1877. It is therefore necessary to examine what impetus the Bavarian law was able to provide, which will be done using the example of the problem of selecting the bankruptcy trustee which is a crucial question in bankruptcy proceedings.

D. Kazanas

Jennifer A. Frey, Daniel J. Bachmann, Mirela Anghelina et al.

(1) Background: COVID-19 vaccination status varies widely among law enforcement and emergency medical services professionals. Though at high risk of exposure, these first responders have demonstrated significant vaccine hesitancy, with only 70% reportedly vaccinated. We sought to understand whether similar vaccine hesitancy exists for first responders and their household contacts around COVID-19 boosters. (2) Methods: In a prospective longitudinal cohort of first responders and their household contacts, survey data was collected, including demographics, medical history, COVID-19 exposure risks, and vaccination and/or booster status. The statistical analysis focused on primary vaccination and booster rates of both the first responders and their household contacts. (3) Results: Across 119 study participants, 73% reported having received some combination of vaccine and/or booster, and 26% were unvaccinated. Vaccinated individuals were older, reported less prior exposure to COVID-19 and had more comorbidities. Only 23% reported having received a COVID-19 booster. Pairing of the data for household contacts demonstrated a 60% agreement to receive primary vaccination but only a 20% agreement for boosters within households. (4) Conclusions: This study provides insight into the vaccination and booster rates of first responders and household contacts. Focused efforts to enhance vaccinations is essential for the protection and maintenance of this critical workforce.

Mohammed Ali Mahmoud

Mansour Fahmy (1886-1959), one of the dramatic figures in modern Arab philosophical and social thought. He was the reformist and enlightenment figure in modern Arab history. He is also the owner of a notable current that was subjected to a violent attack that silenced him for a long time and forced him to "hide" physically. However, this did not eliminate the new opinions and positions that came at the beginning of the twentieth century towards the issue of women. He is the first to write with a scientific methodology - from the point of view of sociology - on Islamic discourse and its dealings with women. he sought to differentiate between religion and the religious establishment, between the personality of the Prophet Muhammad and what later prevailed in the books of jurisprudence and others. When he discussed the headscarf issue, he concluded that it was the product of traditions and customs that the Hijab is not from the Islamic religion. Islamic law has nothing to do with the Hijab. Mansour Fahmy's creativity was at one of the sensitive stages in Egypt's modern history in which the political, social, national, cultural, and revolution clashed in each one. All this, in turn, identified the problem of Mansour Fahmy's intellectual personality in the battles of thought and politics. This research's main task is to redraw the features of his actual personality and the reality of his intellectual, social, and political positions. Besides, this study seeks to uncover the effect of philosophy on crystallizing Mansour Fahmy's critical personality and its role in laying the foundations of the critical vision with its practical, reformist, and enlightening dimensions.

Ruslanov E.V., Romanov A.A.

In November 2019 the joint group of researcers from the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Institution of History, Language and Literature of Ufa Federal Research Center of Russian Academy of Science has conducted archaeological exploration with the aim to find new monuments of the Middle Ages in the Kushnarenkovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. As a result of this exploration Taganaevo 5 settlement was discovered. Collection of materials found in the course of the test pits drilling consist of animal bones, fragments of pottery and handbuilt ceramics, clay coatening, hand forged nails, a fragment of the iron knife and a lithic core. Taganaevo 5 presents itself a multilayer site. The upper strata of its’ cultural layer refer to the ethnographic time dating back to the 19th century, middle strata contain ceramics of Bahmutino and Kushnarenkovo cultures (V-VII ) and at the lower strata have ceramics of the Srubnaya archaeological culture related to the era of the late Bronze Age and the Eneolithic (Agidel culture). Exploraion works which are aimed at finding new archaeologial sites in the forest-steppe zone of the Cis-Urals as well as the cultural and chronological attribution of these sites contribute greatly to the accomulation of a source base for an archaeological map showing resettlement of the representatives of the Agidel ceramics culture and representatives of the Srubnaya, Kushnarenkovo and Bahmutino ceramics types. As well as the location and spread of the settlements (historical sites, villages and auls) during the Modern Age.

José Carlos Matos Pereira

El artículo aborda la lucha del Movimiento de Expropiados por la central hidroeléctrica de Tucuruí, que, en los años 1970-1980, resistió a la acción del Estado y del capital que demandaban energía para los grandes proyectos de la Amazonia brasileña. Así, se presentan los hechos ocurridos en aquella época, desde el punto de vista de los afectados. Se trata de un trabajo que busca rescatar la memoria de ese movimiento a partir de testimonios, documentos, artículos periodísticos y registros fotográficos, con el objetivo de acercar las luchas, la resistencia y las dificultades de los “excluidos de la historia”, silenciados por el poder hegemónico y penalizados por la implantación de ese emprendimiento. El análisis realizado ha permitido recomponer una parte de la historia silenciada durante décadas, contribuyendo al cuestionamiento de la “jerarquía de credibilidad” y propiciando, a través de la investigación, el derecho a la voz de estos sujetos.

Kilin A.P.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the social situation of disenfranchised citizens. The object of the study is an ordinary citizen of the USSR: a former rural teacher and the wife of a priest Serafima Aleksandrovna Kilina (born in 1888), the subject of the article is the reconstruction of her biography. The methodological basis of the research is the anthropological approach and the synthesis of macro- and micro-history. The main source of the study is the personal file of a citizen who filed a petition before the election commission to restore their electoral rights. The personal file is a complex and multi-component source, which contains documents reflecting the quasi-judicial procedure for considering the applicant's appeal, as well as necessary and sufficient materials for making a decision, received at the initiative of the applicant or members of the election commission. The source base is supplemented by legal acts regulating the deprivation and restoration of voting rights. Materials of S. A. Kilina's personal file contain significant factual data that allow us to reconstruct her biography; they describe the bureaucratic procedures figuratively and in detail; they contain fragments of direct speech of the participants of the events, which makes this historical source very valuable. S. A. Kilina's biography includes both typical and unique facts that allow us to expand our understanding of the procedure for disenfranchisement and employment practices in early Soviet society. The fate of the citizen in the transition era allows us to reflect the process of social construction of the "new person", which, contrary to the declared goals, not only provoked downward social mobility and negative social selection, but could have more tragic consequences.

Dariusz Makiłła

Przedmiotem artykułu jest wewnętrzna działalność ustawodawcza księcia Albrechta von Brandenburg-Ansbach, który objął rządy w księstwie pruskim utworzonym po sekularyzacji pruskiej części Zakonu krzyżackiego jako lenno króla i Korony Polskiej (1525). W czasie swoich rządów książę podejmował działania mające na celu umocnienie swojej pozycji. Służyła temu również działalność prawodawcza, uzgadniana często ze stanami księstwa, w której znaczącą rolę odgrywały ustanawiane przez księcia przepisy porządkowe, wydawane samoistnie, ale często pojawiające się w ramach szerszych ustaw porządkowych obejmujących regulacje karne, prawno-osobowe czy prawno-majątkowe. Ich zadaniem było normowanie wielu stron życia i działalności poddanych, nakazywanie, zakazywanie określonych zachowań, reglamentowanie i represjonowanie ich postępowania. Wydawanie przez władców przepisów policyjnych służyć miało w procesie kształtowania się wczesnonowożytnego władztwa terytorialnego wprowadzeniu kontroli nad poddanymi, wprzęgnięciu ich w system dyscypliny społecznej, mającej na celu osiągnięcie porządku wewnętrznego. Działalność ta, w której przepisy policyjne pełniły funkcję instrumentu utrwalenia władzy, miała w przypadku księcia Albrechta dodatkowe znaczenie ze względu na ustanowienie w księstwie pruskim ewangelickiego kościoła krajowego, na którego czele, jako jego głowa, stał sam książę. Zespolenie władzy świeckiej z kościelną, zgodne z doktryną Marcina Lutra, zmierzało do powstanie społeczności, w której poddani książęcy byli jednocześnie członkami książęcego kościoła. Z tego powodu wiele z przepisów policyjnych miało szczególny moralny charakter.

G. Tsatsaronis

L. Kalman

This work on the history of constitutional theory suggests that in recent years, new political and interdisciplinary perspectives have undermined the tenets of legal liberalism, and that liberal law professors have enlisted other disciplines in an attempt to legitimize their beliefs.

archpriest Volodymyr Vakin

Prior to the partition of the Kyiv Metropole in 1448 into Kyiv proper and Moscow ones, we possess some historical evidence of the existence of extremely interesting and original practice of “monthly courts”. Based on the sources that have surivived until our time, we receive testimony about “monthly courts” as the right of the Metropolitan Bishop of Kyiv to come to Novhorod once in every four years, in person or by outsourcing that to special clergy, and to hear court cases within one month. Considering the facts that this practice is inherent only in our metropolis as our own canonical tradition and that nowhere else in the history of the Local Churches do such judicial precedents occur, the subject for debate among scholars and the field of canonical research are a number of questions. First and foremost, what the “moon court” actually was. That was a court of appellate jurisdiction for those dissatisfied with the decision of their own archbishop’s court or full consideration of a wide range of issues, both of a purely ecclesiastical nature and related to civil lawsuits, which at that time princely law were within the purview of the ecclesiastical authority of the ecclesiastical court. Secondly, the reasons for the origination of this practice and the question of its extension to the entire territorial jurisdiction of the Kyiv Metropolitanate. Thirdly, the canonical assessment of the jurisprudence created in our metropolis in terms of the canon law and traditions of the Orthodox Church. Taking into account the fact that the ecclesiastical judicial power is an integral element of the definition and ecclesiological expression of the nature of the higher ecclesiastical authority, the canonical and historical assessment of the practice of “monthly courts” makes it possible to outline the competence of the Metropolitan of Kyiv to the subordinate diocese, the title of archbishop and certain special privileges, such as wearing a white hood and bishop’s roves with crosses on them. The integrity and completeness of this study stems from the fact that information about the said practice of “monthly courts” derives directly from the documents of the Ecumenical Patriarch Anthony, preserved to these days, to whom Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kyiv, repeatedly appealed seeking council and support in his conflict with the diocese of Novhorod. Due to this, we get a complete picture of the place of the Ecumenical Patriarch in the structure of the hierarchy of the higher management of the Kyiv Metropolitanate.

L. Silbert

The role of the friction coefficient, μ, on the jamming properties of disordered, particle packings is studied using computer simulations. Compressed, soft-sphere packings are brought towards the jamming transition—the point where a packing loses mechanical stability—by decreasing the packing fraction. The values of the packing fraction at the jamming transition, ϕμc, gradually decrease from the random close packing point for zero friction, to a value coincident with random loose packing as the friction coefficient is increased over several orders of magnitude. This is accompanied by a decrease in the coordination number at the jamming transition, zμc, which varies from approximately six to four with increasing friction. Universal power law scaling is observed in the pressure and coordination number as a function of distance from the generalised, friction-dependent jamming point. Various power laws are also reported between the ϕμc, zμc, and μ. Dependence on preparation history of the packings is also investigated.

Afrizal Vatikawa

A doctor is required to provide good medical care and complies with the standard to the public. Doctors in carrying out their practice must make medical records. The existence of a medical record is not only needed as part of the health service but also as a legal basis because it contains facts about the patient’s condition about the history or condition if the disease and the treatment measures that have been, are being, and will be done by a doctor. The problem in this research is about counterfeiting of medical record data by doctors in Indonesia reviewed from the ethics, discipline, and law aspect. A complete and correct medical record contains the medical chronology from patients and becomes one of the keys to resolving cases malpractice even made excuses by corruptors to ignore from investigation process with illness reason. Medical records data counterfeiting cases in Indonesia are subject to ethics, discipline, and law sanctions based on applicable laws and regulations because the counterfeiting violated the provisions applicable rules in medical practice whereas if the case only violates the provisions of ethics code and/or discipline then it is  considered violations of ethic and/or discipline only. Thus, if a doctor is considered unlawful, then the doctor also violates ethics and discipline. Whereas, if a doctor is considered violate ethics and discipline then the doctor is not necessarily considered unlawful. Furthermore, a doctor should know and understand about ethics, discipline, and law related to medical practice and need special education every doctor continuously in order to give understanding about ethics, discipline, and law so that cases of violations of ethics, discipline, and law can be minimized, or even no more doctor in Indonesia does violation caused by lack of integrity as a doctor also need for improvement in the medical record system so that its existence can be well maintained and not easily manipulated by anyone.   Keywords: Counterfeiting, Medical Record, Ethic, Discipline, Law.

Néstor Vigil Montes

One of the most hackneyed themes in medieval political history is the formation of royal diplomacy and the relations between the diverse kingdoms of the Christian West. However, few researchers has been detained in the decisive importance of the written document to articulate that diplomacy and the adaptation of the notarial system to this new need, which is due to the intermonar-chical relations are subject to private law, in the absence of an international law. To analyze this phenomenon we have studied the specific case of Portuguese-Castilian relations in the Late Middle Ages, two kingdoms in the process of monarchical empowerment that maintained intense relations. Proof of which are the important legacy of more than two hundred documents preserved of this activity in the long century between the battle of Aljubarrota (1385) and the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). The notary was present under the figure of the secretary of the embassy in all diplomatic missions. All negotiations carried out will need to be validated with the notary sign of the two states parties, and be ratified later by the two monarchs in documents validated by their respective notaries. Professionals who adapted the notarial forms to the particular needs of diplomacy. Finally we also observed a paral-lel written system made up by private documents (correspondence, instructions, reports…), which is also fundamental to maintain the functioning of the negotiations. Though we can not speak of a particular diplomatics of diplomatic relations for this period in the absence of a specific scriptorium, we can point a new field in notarial diplomatics.

Marianna Muravyeva

Herbert Hovenkamp

P. Francis, Sally Falk Moore