Hasil untuk "Environmental effects of industries and plants"

S. D. Cunningham, D. Ow

H. Hoitink, P. Fahy

Emma Trinurani Sofyan, Mega Kartika Hermawan, Rija Sudirja et al.

Phosphorus (P) deficiency in intensively cultivated Inceptisols is a persistent problem, not only because of low P reserves but also because of ongoing soil degradation, which reduces fertilizer use efficiency and is characteristic of degraded soils. This study aimed to develop a “new” humic acid from water hyacinth biomass (WHL) through accelerated aerobic decomposition using lignocellulolytic microorganisms and to evaluate its effectiveness in improving soil P dynamics and chili growth responses. The experiment was conducted on P-deficient Inceptisols of the Jatinangor series characterized by low P availability and high metal content. Water hyacinth collected from local reservoirs and rivers was aerobically decomposed with selected microbial starters to enhance humification. WHL was applied in combination with inorganic P fertilizer (SP-36), and its effects on soil P availability, phosphorus dynamics, and chili pepper growth and yield were evaluated using path analysis. The results showed that WHL significantly improved P dynamics mainly through an indirect mechanism involving increased P availability and reduced P fixation, thereby improving chili growth and yield. Application of WHL at a rate of 30 kg ha?¹ combined with SP-36 at a rate of 250 kg ha?¹ produced responses comparable to those obtained with commercial humic acid. These findings indicate that WHL has strong potential as a renewable and cost-effective alternative source of humic acid to improve phosphorus efficiency, restore soil chemical function, and reduce dependence on inorganic P fertilizers in degraded Inceptisols under intensive cultivation.

Xiaotong Li, Qikui Wu, Jing Wang et al.

Roses exhibit significant potential as important ornamental plants and industrial crops with petals having high volatile organic compound (VOC) content, diverse aromatic profiles, and pleasant fragrance. The fragrance traits of petals, especially the sweet-aroma, are closely related to the evaluation of petal-derived products, and the development of novel cultivars. However, the scent diversity and key regulatory gene expression among different germplasms remain unclear. In this study, the petal VOC profiles of 32 rose varieties were analyzed. A total of 80 VOCs were detected, and the total VOC content ranged from 6.16 ± 0.03 to 28.26 ± 0.18 μg·g−1 FW, with an average of 13.80 μg·g−1 FW. Monoterpenoids and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids accounted for 93.53% of the total VOC content. Based on the content and odor activity value of each compound, geraniol, citronellol, β-phenylethanol, and linalool were identified as key characteristic components. The scents of all 32 germplasms were classified into five categories: floral-geranium, floral-green rose, floral-sweet rose, floral-lily, and floral-mixed. β-Phenylethanol and linalool were regarded as the target compounds for the characteristic sweet-aroma in floral-sweet rose and floral-lily scented germplasms. Gene expression analysis suggested that RrNUDX1-1a, RrCAD1, RrTPS1, RrAAAT1, and RrPAR2 were related to the differentiation of petal fragrances. Transient overexpression and silencing expression experiments verified that RrTPS1, RrAAAT1, and RrPAR2 regulated the biosynthesis of β-phenylethanol and linalool, emerging as potential targets for breeding sweet-scented cultivars. These findings explored the diversity of VOC in rose, providing both theoretical foundations and gene resources for rose floral characteristics improvement and novel cultivar development.

Samsu Arif, Sumbangan Baja, Nurmiaty Nurmiaty et al.

This study optimized maize cultivation in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, a tropical region with diverse topography and environmental constraints, by integrating Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) and spatial autocorrelation analysis to assess land suitability. Using a two-stage Fuzzy AHP, 12 criteria (e.g., slope, landslide risk, rainfall) were normalized via fuzzy membership functions and weighted through expert pairwise comparisons in a GIS framework, with spatial autocorrelation identifying clustering patterns. A 30-meter resolution dataset covering topographic, soil, climatic, land use, and environmental risk factors, prioritized slope, landslide risk, and rainfall, yielding a consistent model (CR = 0.0093). The suitability map classified 1.35% (2,445 ha) as highly suitable (S1), 18.1% (32,868 ha) as moderately suitable (S2), 49.1% as marginally suitable (S3), and 31.45% as unsuitable (N). Spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I = 0.81, p = 0.001) revealed S1/S2 hotspots in the northern plains, ideal for maize expansion, and N coldspots in the eastern highlands, limited by steep slopes and landslide risks. Overlay analysis highlighted land-use conflicts, with moderately suitable land in settlements and unsuitable land in nature reserves, underscoring the need for integrated planning. The framework prioritizes low-risk S1/S2 hotspots for cultivation, restricts high-risk zones, and promotes sustainable practices like terracing and agroforestry for marginal lands. This replicable methodology offers policymakers and farmers actionable insights to enhance maize productivity while ensuring environmental resilience in tropical landscapes. Policymakers should enforce zoning to protect S1/S2 hotspots and subsidize sustainable practices.

Qurrotin Ayunina Maulida Okta Arifianti, Maria Fernanda Rojas Michaga, Karim Rabea et al.

Achieving climate goals demands novel system designs that enable the conversion of municipal waste, such as plastic and food waste into energy and fuels with minimal environmental impact. This study proposes an innovative multi-energy generation system that integrates plasma gasification for plastic waste and anaerobic digestion for food waste, coupled with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. This novel conceptual design aims to maximize energy recovery while reducing lifecycle emissions compared to conventional waste-to-energy (WtE) pathways. Two novel system configurations were assessed: (1) a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, and (2) a CCHP system integrated with liquid biomethane production. Each configuration was evaluated under three CCS strategies: no CCS, pre-combustion CCS, and post-combustion CCS. The economic analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA) highlight the economic and environmental trade-offs of each design. Specifically, in Scenario 1, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) increases from 0.171 USD/kWh (no CCS) to 0.311 and 0.354 USD/kWh while in Scenario 2, the levelized cost of biomethane (LCObM) rises from 0.176 USD/kWh to 0.314 and 0.374 USD/kWh for pre- and post-combustion CCS, respectively. While CCS raises production costs, they also represent a tangible commitment to reducing emissions and underscore that transitioning to cleaner energy systems often entails higher near-term expenditures. Across both scenarios, the levelized cost of waste treatment (LCOWT) spans 0.081–0.236 USD/kg of waste. Global warming potential (GWP) ranges from −0.191 to 0.662 kgCO2-eq/kg of feedstock for Scenario 1, and 0.123 to 0.746 kgCO2-eq/kg for Scenario 2. This work provides the first integrated assessment of such a hybrid WtE system, offering new insights for sustainable waste valorisation. The proposed novel designs support future detailed engineering studies and inform policymaking for low-carbon waste management.

M. Broda

Wood is a renewable, versatile material with multiple applications and the largest terrestrial pool of sequestered carbon. However, it is susceptible to degradation, mainly caused by wood-decaying fungi. Since several traditional wood preservatives have been banned owing to their detrimental effects on humans and the environment, extending the lifespan of wood products using new generation natural preservatives is an imperative from the perspectives of human health and environmental protection. Several natural compounds of plant and animal origin have been tested for their fungicidal properties, including essential oils, tannins, wood extractives, alkaloids, propolis or chitosan; and their enormous potential in wood protection has been shown. Although they are not free of limitations, the potential methods to overcome their drawbacks and enhance their bioactivity already exist, such as co-impregnation with different polymers, cross-linkers, metal chelators or antioxidants. The presence of the discrepancies between laboratory tests and the field performance, as well as legislation-related problems resulting from the lack of standards defining the quality and performance of natural protective formulations, however, create an urgent need for further thorough research and arrangements. The collaboration with other industries interested in the utilisation of natural active compounds will reduce the associated costs, thus, will facilitate the successful implementation of alternative antifungal agents.

N. Stark, L. Matuana

Petroleum-based polymers have served the packaging industry in numerous ways as films, pouches, rigid containers, foamed containers, and other components for food, medical, and other packaging applications. However, growing concerns about environmental impact, awareness of greenhouse gas emission and their adverse effects, increased oil prices, and disposal and landfill issues are forcing researchers and the industry to develop sustainable packaging. Biobased materials, those derived from biological sources rather than petroleum sources, are ideally suited to meet these new sustainability requirements. Although biobased materials such as paper have been used for packaging extensively, packaging with increased functionality and performance is needed. Therefore, the movement toward sustainable packaging will include both improving current biobased packaging and development of new biobased materials such as biopolymers. The aim of this mini review was to offer a summary of the current state of biobased packaging as well as provide insight into current and future trends of sustainable paperand bioplastic-based materials for packaging industry. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Current global packaging market and materials The world packaging market is continuously growing. The most recent data from industry analyst Smithers Packaging report that the global packaging market was worth $914.7 billion in 2019, having increased by 8.4% in value terms since 2015. This market was expected to rise further but in 2020, the world faced an unprecedented global challenge in the COVID-19 pandemic, which has considerably affected the packaging market. Without considering the probable and long-term COVID-19 impact, industry experts estimated the global packaging market to be valued at $939.9 billion in 2020 and was forecasted to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 2.3% to 2025 reaching a value of $1.05 trillion. An additional market expansion is predicted across 2025e2030 at almost 1.8% annual growth rate, reaching a global value of over $1.15 trillion [1]. The fastest market growth during this period is projected to occur in the emerging and developing nations of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe due the rising real incomes, growing population, demographic changes, rising urbanization, the further development of a retail infrastructure, and so on. These leading economic and demographic trends coupled with the ). spread of the Internet and the ensuing rapid growth of the global ecommerce industry will result in a rapid expansion in demand for packaged goods in sectors such as food, beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In contrast, a slower growth is predicted for the more mature packaging markets such North America, Western Europe, and Australasia [1]. The global packaging materials market has been segmented into paper/paperboard, flexibles (almost 64% being plastics), rigid plastics, metals (steel and aluminum), glass, and others (wood, textiles, etc.) [1,2]. Paper/paperboard and plastics constitute the largest fraction of packaging materials used (78%) followed by metals, glass, and others (Fig. 1) [1]. This review will focus on paper/paperboard and both flexible and rigid plastics, which are the most widely used materials within the global packaging market, accounting for a value share of more than 70%. Among these materials, the packaging sustainability credentials for paper/paperboard continue to be strong due to its high recycling rate and the organic nature of the raw materials (trees) used to make it, which are sourced today from sustainably managed forests (e.g. Forestry Stewardship Council [FSC]ecertified forests). In contrast, most common flexible and rigid plastics used in packaging are petrochemical based and under increased environmental pressure to improve their sustainability credentials because they are not sourced from renewable materials and/or biodegradable so they pose serious ecological problems [3]. Fig. 1. Percent share in 2020 of the global packaging market by material type. Adapted from Ref. [1]. N.M. Stark and L.M. Matuana Materials Today Sustainability 15 (2021) 100084 According to the US-Environmental Protection Agency, more than 68% (68.2%) of paper and paperboard and less than 9% of plastics (8.7%) were recycled in 2018 in the United States [4,5], whereas the worldwide recycling rates were estimated at approximately 70% for paper-based packaging and 14% for plastic packaging [6]. Most of thesematerials are easily recyclablewhen used as a single material in packaging formats, for example, uncoated paperboard or corrugated cardboard. Unfortunately, packaging materials are often combined in different structures such as laminates, multilayers, coated materials, and so on, making their recycling impracticable and most of the times economically not convenient. Since they are either landfilled or incinerated at the end of their lives, these packaging materials have raised serious environmental concerns [1,7]. 2. Consumer preferences and industry responses The continued global economic and population growth, demographic changes (e.g. growth of the urban consumer base, the rising life expectancy, etc.), coupled with other changes in consumer lifestyles have resulted in an increased demand for packaged convenient and single-serving foods, durable and non-durable goods, healthcare/pharmaceutical products, and so on [8]. These changes have also increased the amount of packaging materials needed tomeet consumer’s demand; thus, resulting in an increased generation of municipal solid waste. Packaging waste remains a growing environmental concern and there is mounting public pressure by consumers worldwide for sustainable materials due to their growing environmental awareness and desire to preserve the environment [9,10]. The environmental public pressure is being backed by stringent legislations around the world banning specific materials derived from fossil fuels (e.g. single-use plastic packaging), mandating recycling, seeking more sustainable packaging material alternatives [10e15]. In response to changing consumer preferences and emerging regulatory policies, many brands and retail chains are committing to transition away from non-recyclable and difficult to recycle multilayer flexible packaging materials in favor of more recyclable, compostable, or biodegradable materials, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternatives [10e15]. Sustainable packaging, defined by the Sustainable Packaging Coalition as a packaging that, over time, reduces its environmental impact and footprint [16], is becoming one of the fastest growing 2 packaging sectors and is therefore identified as a priority for both the industry and consumers. Several large brand companies and their suppliers have introduced sustainability agenda in their business plans in the past few years. For examples, in 2015, PepsiCo introduced its 2025 sustainability agenda, which includes the intent to make 100% of its packaging recoverable or recyclable. As part of this, they plan to move toward completely biodegradable snack food packaging [17]. Similarly, Kraft Heinz announced in 2018 its strategy to make 100% of its packaging globally sustainable by 2025 [18]. Likewise, McDonald’s announced recently that its packaging will be 100% renewable and recycled by 2025 [19]. Sustainable packaging is also supported by the New Plastics Economy Global Commitment led and launched in October 2018, by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme [20]. This Global Commitment unites businesses, governments, and other organizations across five continents behind a common vision of a circular economy for plastics and 2025 targets to address plastic waste and pollution at its source, starting with packaging. To deliver a world without plastic pollution, the global commitment urges the industry and policymakers to develop regulations and strategies to accelerate advanced recycling innovations that will dramatically reduce plastic waste in oceans and landfills. Moreover, major brands worldwide have started to incorporate recycled plastics in their packaging due to recent advances in recycling technologies and legislations encouraging greater recycling and use of recycled content in packaging [21]. Packaging plays an extremely crucial role in our society by not only helping to prevent food loss and waste but also reducing energy use from the transportation and shipping of goods, among others. However, concerns over the large quantity of waste materials generated by the packaging industry are rising, and sound solutions are needed from the industry and policy makers. There is no doubt that the growing consumer concern over the preservation of the environment will drive demand for not only a circular economy for plastics, in which plastics typically are reused rather than discarded, but also for more sustainable packaging, based on renewable resources; concepts that will be described in the following sections. 3. Sustainable packaging materials 3.1. Wood fiberebased materials Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer and therefore is a valuable, readily available resource for sustainable packaging applications. Cellulose may be derived from biomass such as wood, forestry residues, agricultural residues, algae, plants, and some bacteria. In this article, we discuss packaging materials derived from wood-based cellulose fibers. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are other primary wood components which are found in varying quantities depending upon the sourced material. The wood cell wall may be comprised of 40e50% cellulose, whichmust be isolated from wood for wood fiberebased packaging [22]. Methods to isolate cellulose can impact the cellulose fiber morphology and chemical composition, which results in different packaging applications [23]. Cellulose fibers can contribute to sustainable packaging in

K. Kaderides, A. Kyriakoudi, I. Mourtzinos et al.

W. Chung, S. Chang, D. Chaudhary et al.

I. Ahmed, M. Mikail, Norhisam Zamakshshari et al.

Junjira Thipraksa, Thanapon Yooyen, Thaweedet Chainapong et al.

The increasing volume of wastewater from fish farming poses a serious environmental threat. This study investigated a novel treatment method for butter catfish (Ompok bimaculatus) wastewater using a constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) integrated with the water fern Azolla microphylla. The system was effectiveness in removing pollutants like electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate was evaluated. Additionally, the electricity generation capabilities were measured. The CW-MFC system achieved significant removal rates: 67.65% for EC, 61.67% for TDS, 100% for ammonium, 75.00% for nitrate, 81.25% for nitrite, and 70.00% for phosphate. Furthermore, the system generated a maximum open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 690±90 mV, a current density (CD) of 7.29±0.43 mA/m³and a power density (PD) of 0.37±0.04 mW/m³. Analysis of the microbial community revealed a diverse root consortium dominated by bacterial genera including Phreatobacter, Emticicia and Rhodobacter, along with fungal genera such as Strelitziana, Ramularia, Cladosporium,Trichomerium, Cercospora, Erythrobasidium and Fusarium. These findings suggest that CW-MFC systems integrated with A. microphylla offer a promising approach for sustainable and efficient treatment of wastewater from catfish farming while simultaneously generating bioelectricity.

Thi Xuan Dieu Phan

Food sustains human life, but household food consumption impacts negatively on the environment. Therefore, many studies in the literature focus on sustainable food consumption. However, these studies are quite fragmented and study only some aspects of food consumption. By applying the thematic analysis approach to available studies in the literature, this research aims to build a framework covering all three phases of food consumption: the acquisition phase (purchasing ingredients), usage phase (cooking, eating, sharing leftover food), and disposal phase (food waste). The framework proposed in this research can become a more comprehensive reference source for future studies in sustainable food consumption topics. In specific, policymakers can use this framework to design effective campaigns/policies to promote sustainable food consumption practices of their residents. Future researchers can reference this framework to conduct more comprehensive studies on sustainable food consumption topics.

Ifeyinwa Ifeanyi-Onyishi, Peter Ezeaku, Chigozie Umeugokwe et al.

The research investigated the distribution of soil fertility indices among aggregate-size fractions across three land-use types (forested, cultivated, and fallow lands) for loamy sand at Ede-Oballa, a derived savannah in southeastern Nigeria. Surface soil samples from these land-use types were air-dried and separated into <0.25 mm, 0.25-0.5 mm, 0.5-1.0 mm, 1.0-2.0 mm, 2.0-4.0 mm, and 4.0-8.0 mm aggregates before analyses. There were significant interaction effects of land-use type and aggregate-size fraction on the distribution of soil particle sizes (sand, silt, and clay) and contents of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases (Mg2+ and Na+), and exchangeable acidity as well as apparent cation exchange capacity (CEC). Land-use type affected soil pH, K+, Ca+, and percent base saturation but not soil organic carbon (SOC), which was rather unevenly distributed among the aggregate-size fractions. The distribution of most fertility indices, those defining CEC, and SOC content favoured >2.0 mm (large), 0.25-0.5 mm and <0.25 mm (micro-) aggregates, respectively, under cultivated land. However, soil total nitrogen and exchangeable acidity contents were best improved in the largest (4.0-8.0 mm) aggregates under forested and fallow lands, respectively. The study highlights the potential of land-use types generally and arable-crop cultivation specifically to engender aggregates of different sizes with specific roles in improving soil quality and fertility.

Paramjeet Dhull, Rajesh Kumar Lohchab, Mikhlesh Kumari, Kulbir Singh, Anil Kumar Bhankhar and Shaloo

Recently, magnetic nanomaterials have gained much attention from researchers because of their various unique physical and chemical properties and usage in a wide range of technological aspects. In this study, the synthesis of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was performed by a simple co-precipitation method. The synthesis of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was carried out by mixing ferric nitrate and oxalic acid in an aqueous solution followed by evaporation, resulting in the solution’s dried form. The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed by XRD, FTIR, Raman spectra, SEM-EDX, DSC, BET, and Zeta potential for detailed examination of the morphology, structure, and other physicochemical characteristics. The XRD results confirmed that the nanoparticles formed were Hematite (α-Fe2O3) after the evaluation of obtained spectra compared to the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards Database (JCPDS). The FTIR spectra showed various bonds among functional groups, O-H bending, Fe-O group, and within-vibration bonds. The phase study of the α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was performed by using Raman spectroscopy. SEM depicted a sphere-like or rhombohedral (hexagonal) structure, and the EDX spectrum confirmed the peaks of iron and oxygen.

Ahmad Ali Yuddin Fitra, Simon Oakley, Cahyo Prayogo et al.

Agroforestry systems have significant potential for development in increasing coffee production in Indonesia. Besides providing economic benefits, agroforestry can also have ecological impacts, such as improving soil structure, reducing erosion, and other environmental services. There is a complex interaction between trees, soil, and crops in agroforestry systems, making modeling a valuable approach to unraveling these processes. We utilized the spatial and temporal explicit model WaNuLCAS to (i) evaluate the model's performance in depicting actual events (through coffee production and soil water content), (ii) assess the dynamic processes influencing coffee production and the environmental impact of management patterns, (iii) formulate and simulate optimal scenarios for coffee production optimization. Data from a one-year period involving five agroforestry management patterns for coffee-pine in UB Forest were used as input for the model. The model validation results showed satisfactory and acceptable outcomes for coffee production and groundwater dynamics. WaNuLCAS simulation results indicated that pruning and thinning management are crucial factors in increasing coffee production and are related to creating optimal conditions for coffee plants (light, humidity, and inter-plant competition). Additionally, fertilization management can be combined as a supporting factor to meet the nutritional needs of coffee plants. WaNuLCAS simulation results also suggested that pruning and thinning can improve soil physical properties, but thinning increases surface runoff within the system. This research provides insights into how modeling can be used as a decision-making tool.

Rhulani Makhuvele, K. Naidu, Sefater Gbashi et al.

Mycotoxins present a great concern to food safety and security due to their adverse health and socio-economic impacts. The necessity to formulate novel strategies that can mitigate the economic and health effects associated with mycotoxin contamination of food and feed commodities without any impact on public health, quality and nutritional value of food and feed, economy and trade industry become imperative. Various strategies have been adopted to mitigate mycotoxin contamination but often fall short of the required efficacy. One of the promising approaches is the use of bioactive plant components/metabolites synergistically with mycotoxin-absorbing components in order to limit exposure to these toxins and associated negative health effects. In particular, is the fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges encapsulated with bioactive compounds of plant origin to inhibit toxigenic fungi and decontaminate mycotoxins in food and feed without leaving any health and environmental hazard to the consumers. The present paper reviews the use of botanicals extracts and their phytochemicals coupled with β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponge technology to inhibit toxigenic fungal invasion and detoxify mycotoxins.

A. Moeini, N. Germann, M. Malinconico et al.

Abstract Background Biopolymers can be considered a valid alternative to synthetic polymers in the food packaging industry since their biodegradability, biocompatibility, easy renewability, and generally good mechanical properties, comparable with the ones of conventional polymers. Natural secondary metabolites derived from plants and fungi have attracted much attention in the food packaging industry because of their both antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and positive effect on biofilm mechanical performances. Scope and approach Food packaging aims to preserve food quality and safety as well as to extend food shelf-life. Due to the environmental impact of synthetic polymers used in the food packaging industry, academic and industrial research focused the attention on the exploitation of biopolymer-based package systems. Active packaging is a new food packaging path, concentrating on generating a multifunctional system via formulating active agents into the packaging polymer matrices. Secondary compounds of plants and fungal are promising natural additives for active packaging since they can act as antioxidants, antimicrobial, and plasticizer agents. In this review, the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and plasticizing effect of secondary metabolites included in biopolymer-based food packaging materials are described, highlighting their main impact on bioplastics properties. Key findings and conclusions Secondary metabolites (SMs) evidenced antimicrobial and antioxidant activity by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and protect food from oxidation. Besides, depending on the specific formulation, preparation methodology, and physical or chemical interaction occurring between the polymer and additive functional groups, they could provide peculiar effects on the mechanical performances of the biofilms.

Yan Zeng, Enhui Chen, Xuewen Zhang et al.

In order to alleviate the pressure on environmental resources faced by meat and dairy production and to satisfy the increasing demands of consumers for food safety and health, alternative proteins have drawn considerable attention in the food industry. However, despite the successive reports of alternative protein food, the processing and application foundation of alternative proteins for meat and dairy is still weak. This paper summarizes the nutritional composition and physicochemical characteristics of meat and dairy alternative proteins from four sources: plant proteins, fungal proteins, algal proteins and insect proteins. The difference between these alternative proteins to animal proteins, the effects of their structural features and environmental conditions on their properties, as well as the corresponding mechanism are compared and discussed. Though fungal proteins, algal proteins and insect proteins have shown some advantages over traditional plant proteins, such as the comparable protein content of insect proteins to meat, the better digestibility of fungal proteins and the better foaming properties of algal proteins, there is still a big gap between alternative proteins and meat and dairy proteins. In addition to needing to provide amino acid composition and digestibility similar to animal proteins, alternative proteins also face challenges such as maintaining good solubility and emulsion properties. Their nutritional and physicochemical properties still need thorough investigation, and for commercial application, it is important to develop and optimize industrial technology in alternative protein separation and modification.

Eduardo Silva