Hasil untuk "Anthropology"

Margaret A. Douglas

G. Miller

M. Herzfeld

When this work – one that contributes to both the history and anthropology fields – first appeared in 1982, it was hailed as a landmark study of the role of folklore in nation-building. It has since been highly influential in reshaping the analysis of Greek and European cultural dynamics. In this expanded edition, a new introduction by the author and an epilogue by Sharon Macdonald document its importance for the emergence of serious anthropological interest in European culture and society and for current debates about Greece’s often contested place in the complex politics of the European Union.

J. Diamond, P. Bellwood

Nicolas Page, Alireza Gholami, Qian Zhang

In response to the global challenge of climate change, financial institutions are increasingly called upon to assess and disclose their carbon emissions. Various global carbon quantification and reporting standards were developed, such as the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol, Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials (PCAF) and others. Unfortunately, the now diverse landscape of standards increases the complexity for institutions seeking to develop voluntary carbon quantification and reporting. This study addresses the complexity issue by developing a criteria-based tool that summarizes the various components and requirements of the carbon standards. We propose eight criteria that summarize the standards’ key elements, requirements and relevance to the financial industry. We analyze seven major carbon quantification and reporting standards, systematically evaluating them against our tool. By doing so, we provide financial institutions with valuable insights in selecting appropriate standards to inform their emissions quantification and reporting decisions.

Akram Aqil Syahru, Nasrullah, Aven Ghina Salsabila et al.

Environmental degradation driven by negative externalities and fiscal inequality demands a reconfiguration of taxation grounded in the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP). This study aims to develop a normative–comparative framework for a green tax system that internalizes pollution costs while promoting fiscal justice. Using a normative legal research method, the analysis explores the theoretical and institutional foundations of green taxation, drawing from Indonesia’s environmental legislation, the Rio Declaration, and European Union guidelines, while examining fiscal equity and progressive redistribution. A comparative perspective highlights the implementation of PPP across jurisdictions: South Africa’s carbon tax, Portugal’s corporate and VAT-based green tax, and Indonesia’s emerging carbon pricing scheme. The study focuses on legal mechanisms of redistribution, including targeted cash transfers, tax credits, and tax-shift models, as well as the role of fiscal transparency and administrative oversight in mitigating regressive impacts. The findings indicate that a green tax framework rooted in PPP and supported by progressive redistribution and legal transparency enhances ecological accountability, social equity, and policy legitimacy. This paper contributes to environmental fiscal reform discourse by proposing a legally grounded and equitable model for sustainable green tax implementation.

Wenqian Zhang, Bo Guo

Abstract Per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are interfacially‐active contaminants that adsorb at air‐water interfaces (AWIs). Water‐unsaturated soils have abundant AWIs, which generally consist of two types: one is associated with the pendular rings of water between soil grains (i.e., bulk AWI) and the other arises from the thin water films covering the soil grains. To date, the two types of AWIs have been treated the same when modeling PFAS retention in vadose zones. However, the presence of electrical double layers of soil grain surfaces and the subsequently modified chemical potential of PFAS at the AWI may significantly change the PFAS adsorption at the thin‐water‐film AWI relative to that at the bulk AWI. Given that thin water films contribute to over 90% of AWIs in the vadose zone under many field‐relevant wetting conditions, it is critical to quantify the potential anomalous adsorption of PFAS at the thin‐water‐film AWI. We develop a thermodynamic‐based mathematical model to quantify this anomalous adsorption. The model couples the chemical equilibrium of PFAS with the Poisson‐Boltzmann equation that governs the distribution of electrical potential in a thin water film. Our model analyses suggest that PFAS adsorption at thin‐water‐film AWI can deviate significantly (up to 82%) from that at bulk AWIs. The deviation increases for lower porewater ionic strength, thinner water film, and higher soil grain surface charge. These results highlight the importance of accounting for the anomalous adsorption of PFAS at the thin‐water‐film AWI when modeling PFAS fate and transport in the vadose zone.

Zhenwen He, Xianzhen Liu, Chunfeng Zhang

Three-dimensional voxel models are widely applied in various fields such as 3D imaging, industrial design, and medical imaging. The advancement of 3D modeling techniques and measurement devices has made the generation of three-dimensional models more convenient. The exponential increase in the number of 3D models presents a significant challenge for model retrieval. Currently, these models are numerous and typically represented as point clouds or meshes, resulting in sparse data and high feature dimensions within the retrieval database. Traditional methods for 3D model retrieval suffer from high computational complexity and slow retrieval speeds. To address this issue, this paper combines spatial-filling curves with octree structures and proposes a novel approach for representing three-dimensional voxel model sequence data features, along with a similarity measurement method based on symbolic operators. This approach enables efficient similarity calculations and rapid dimensionality reduction for the three-dimensional model database, facilitating efficient similarity calculations and expedited retrieval.

Ahmed Adel Mannaa, Akram Abd Alaziz Sayed, Amr Moustafa Yehia et al.

Sung Youn Boo, Steffen Allan Shelley, Seung-Ho Shin et al.

There has been growing interest recently in hybrid installations integrating the offshore wind farm and aquaculture farm as co-existence while optimizing ocean space use. The offshore marine farms beyond coastal or sheltered areas will require mooring to ensure the station-keeping of the farm system during the storms. In the present work, a sub-surface longline farm is installed in a fixed offshore wind farm at a distance from the wind foundations. The farm is designed to cultivate oysters in multi-compartment bags attached to the longlines vertically. The farm with a cultivating area of 200 m × 200 m is supported by the various farm lines made of polypropylene and buoys that is moored with catenary mooring arrangements. Drag coefficients of a full-scale oyster bag in wave and current are determined using the results of wave basin tests. A lumped model is developed and validated with a complete model for a partial farm. The lumped model is used to simulate the coupled responses of the whole farm in the site extreme waves and currents of a 50-year return period. The strength and fatigue designs of the mooring and farm lines are evaluated against the industry standards and confirmed to comply with the design requirements.

Waktole Mosisa, Nigussie Dechassa, Kibebew Kibret et al.

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food security crop in Ethiopia. However, low soil fertility and the use of haphazard nitrogen (N) fertilizer with little attention to the rate and timing of N application constrain productivity. Therefore, field experiments were conducted during the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons to investigate the response of maize to different N application rates and timings. The treatments consisted of six N fertilizer rates (0, 23, 46, 69, 92, and 115 kg N ha−1) and four application timings (all at vegetative stages; one‐half at sowing + one‐half at vegetative stages; one‐third at sowing + one‐third at vegetative stages + one‐third at tasseling; one‐fourth at sowing + two‐fourths at vegetative stages + one‐fourth at tasseling). The experiments were a randomized block design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. The results of the study revealed that ears per plant, ear length, grains per row, grains per ear, stover, and grain yield were significantly (p ≤ .001) influenced by the interaction effects of N application rates and timings. The highest stover (9.99 t ha−1) and grain yield (9.41 t ha−1) were obtained from the application of 92 kg N ha−1 in three split applications of one‐fourth at sowing, one‐half at vegetative stages, and one‐fourth at tasseling. Therefore, it is concluded that 92 kg N ha−1 in three split applications of one‐fourth at sowing, two‐fourths at vegetative stages, and one‐fourth at tasseling was found to be the most economical in the study area.

Apazhev Aslan, Shekikhachev Yuri, Batyrov Vladimir et al.

One of the significant problems in ensuring the reliable operation of the nozzles is the intensive coking of the injector spray nozzle ports. Based on the assumption that all fuel left by injection under the needle burns, some researchers believe that the reason for coking is insufficiently emptying of this volume. There is also a well-known opinion about the impact of atomization quality at the final phase of injection. The lack of consensus and conflicting recommendations on the issue make the research relevant. A set of investigations has been carried out at OJSC “TsNITA” to study the influence of various factors, including design factors of the fuel system, on the coking of injector spray nozzle ports. This article describes the investigation results carried out on the basis of test materials for 24 variants of fuel systems on the D-240 engine, the analysis of varying parameters for the injection final phase is carried out depending on the combination of design factors and the relationship of coking of the injector spray nozzle ports with the final phase parameters is shown.

Taras Didukh

<p>The influence of the anti-religious campaign of the Soviet government on confessional life of the Roman Catholic Church is examined in the article, based on the study of special literature and involvement and complex analysis of the archival sources. Changes that took place in the Roman Catholic denomination due to pressure of the Soviet authorities on it, in particular reduction of its network in the western regions ofUkrainein 1958–1964, are analyzed.</p>

Wen-Bo Nie, Guo-Jun Xie, Jie Ding et al.

Nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-DAMO) coupling to Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) provides an opportunity for simultaneous nitrogen removal and methane emissions mitigation from wastewater. However, to achieve high nitrogen removal rate in such a process remains a critical challenge in practical application. This work investigated the interactions between n-DAMO and Anammox in membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) and then developed operational strategies of MBfR for high rate nitrogen removal from landfill leachate. Initially, influent containing nitrate and ammonium facilitated the development of n-DAMO and Anammox microorganisms in MBfR, but nitrogen removal performance is hard to be further improved even deteriorated. Detailed investigations of interactions among n-DAMO and Anammox microorganisms confirmed that extra addition of nitrite into MBfR fed with nitrate and ammonium not only stimulated the activities of Anammox bacteria, but also enhanced the activities of n-DAMO archaea from 172.3 to 356.9 mg NO3−-N L−1 d−1. Functional gene analysis also indicated that mcrA and hzsA genes increased after nitrite addition. Based on this finding, influent containing NO3−, NO2− and NH4+ enabled nitrogen removal rates of MBfR increase from 224.9 to 888.2 mg N L−1 d−1. Finally, nitrate in the influent was gradually replaced with nitrite to mimic the effluent from partial nitriation of landfill leachate, but maintain the nitrate availability for n-DAMO archaea through increasing nitrate production from Anammox. These operation strategies enabled MBfR achieve the steady state with a nitrogen removal rate of 6.1 kg N m−3 d−1. Microbial community analysis revealed n-DAMO archaea, n-DAMO bacteria and Anammox bacteria jointly dominated the biofilm, and their relative abundance dynamically shifted with feeding regime. This work provides promising operational strategies for high rate of nitrogen removal from landfill leachate through integrating n-DAMO and Anammox process.

Michael Kraus

Analyzing the work of Max Schmidt (1874-1950), especially his 1917 book Die Aruaken. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Kulturverbreitung [The Arawak: A Contribution to the Problem of Cultural Dissemination], this article deals with methodological and theoretical trends among German ethnologists carrying out expeditions in the Amazon region at the turn of the nineteenth century. The approaches outlined are placed in the context of the institutionalisation of ethnology as a separate academic discipline in Germany. The focus is on the development of modern fieldwork methods; the critique of diffusionism by Schmidt and other South America researchers; and the specific approaches of Max Schmidt who, in spite of the contemporary emphasis on "material" and "intellectual" culture, also considered sociological issues in his analysis.

Isabel Campos Salles Figueiredo, Natália Cangussu Duarte, Raúl Lima Coasaca et al.

Na perspectiva do saneamento ecológico, as águas cinzas representam um valioso recurso que pode ser aproveitado na agricultura. No Brasil, porém, ainda são incipientes os dados sobre a geração e características desse tipo de efluente. O presente estudo apresenta um diagnóstico sobre a segregação e a disposição do esgoto realizada em uma comunidade rural de Campinas (SP). Foi encontrado que em mais de 90% dos domicílios existia a separação das águas cinzas, sendo a aplicação no solo ou em áreas de plantação de frutíferas as formas de destinação em 87% dos casos. A fonte da água cinza influencia fortemente sua composição. O efluente da cozinha destacou-se pelos valores elevados de DQO, SST e turbidez, superando os valores médios típicos para esgoto sanitário. A água cinza proveniente do chuveiro apresentou alta concentração de NTK, devido ao hábito de urinar no banho. Aquelas provenientes da lavanderia possuíam maior pH e condutividade elétrica devido aos sabões e produtos de limpeza nela presentes.

A. Muhammad, A. Muhammad, K. Goda et al.

This study develops tsunami evacuation plans in Padang, Indonesia, using a stochastic tsunami simulation method. The stochastic results are based on multiple earthquake scenarios for different magnitudes (<i>M</i>_w 8.5, 8.75, and 9.0) that reflect asperity characteristics of the 1797 historical event in the same region. The generation of the earthquake scenarios involves probabilistic models of earthquake source parameters and stochastic synthesis of earthquake slip distributions. In total, 300 source models are generated to produce comprehensive tsunami evacuation plans in Padang. The tsunami hazard assessment results show that Padang may face significant tsunamis causing the maximum tsunami inundation height and depth of 15 and 10 m, respectively. A comprehensive tsunami evacuation plan – including horizontal evacuation area maps, assessment of temporary shelters considering the impact due to ground shaking and tsunami, and integrated horizontal–vertical evacuation time maps – has been developed based on the stochastic tsunami simulation results. The developed evacuation plans highlight that comprehensive mitigation policies can be produced from the stochastic tsunami simulation for future tsunamigenic events.

سیدابوالفضل مسعودیان, محمدصادق کیخسروی کیانی

The aim of this study is to examine the changes of snow-covered days in the elevation levels of Zayanderoud River Basin. The MODIS Terra and MODIS Aqua data were applied in the resolution of 500 × 500 m in the daily time scale from 2003 to 2014.  A Digital Elevation Model of the Basin that was the same as snow data both in spatial resolution and projection system was extracted over the Basin. To explore the trend for snow-covered days for each of the elevation levels, first the frequency of snow-covered days was calculated over each of the elevations from 1500 to 3850 meters at the intervals of 50 meter and then the trend was examined using Mann-Kendall trend test. The investigations showed that in April and May the number of snow-covered days indicates a decreasing tendency in the high elevation levels of the Basin. In the months of November and December, the number of snow-covered days has shown a positive tendency over many of the elevation levels. The examinations of changes in precipitation regimes show that the shares of precipitation in the fall months have increased while the shares of winter months have decreased. It seems that the variation of precipitation shares have influenced the snow cover regime of the Basin, and snow cover decreasing trend accompanied by changes in the regime could have adverse effects for the Basin.

Dr. Esmaeel Nasiri Hende Khale

The Urban Development Strategy (CDS) as a new approach to urban planning  was proposed by the Coalition of Cities in1999 to boost the participation of citizens and create the good governance of urban development.In this research ,the under study  statististical society includes the citizens of 3 districts of Qazvin, which has been studied as random by using questionnaires and SPSS statistical software analysis at  both  levels of descriptive and inferential statistics  with the aim of measuring the variables affecting on citizens' participation in urban development strategies process.The results obtained from  non-parametric statistical analysis  based on F-TEST between the relation of  education and  participation level in urban development indicates that the observed differences in the level of citizen's participation in urban development process in the three districts has been  real and can be generalized to the statistical society and the observed differences between the income rate  and participation level of citizens by F-TEST in district No.3 has not been based on the real  income and can not be generalized to the statistical society. The results obtained from the relation between the recognition and participation level in decision makings and urban development through correlation coefficient in district No.3 is equal to 0.456 with a significant level of 0.000. It should be added that T test findings show a significant relation between empowerment and participation level  in each under study district. As the  most effective factors and structure of opportunity in strategic approach of urban development in the under study area, it can be referred to modification and changing management approach , having prospective approach together with real participation of citizens as an absolute necessity in strategic process of urban development in Qazvin.

Marcelo Alves Terra, Fernanda Ferreira Leonel, Carla Gomes da Silva et al.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da cinza vegetal na germinação e no desenvolvimento da alface da variedade Lucy Brown, tipo americana. O tipo escolhido foi semeado em bandejas de isopor com cento e vinte oito células. As bandejas continham os seguintes substratos: cinza vegetal, esterco bovino, casca arroz crua, casca de arroz carbonizada, serragem, misturados com solo na proporção de 1:1, além de substrato comercial, solo com adubação de NPK e solo sem adubação. Após o início da germinação, as plântulas foram contadas de três em três dias. Mudas de alface da mesma variedade com três folhas verdadeiras foram transplantadas para caixas de leite com os mesmos substratos. Trinta e três dias após o transplante, a alface foi colhida, as folhas foram contadas, a biomassa verde e a biomassa seca foram determinadas e os caules e as raízes foram contados. O substrato que proporcionou a maior germinação foi a mistura de solo com esterco. Depois, vieram o substrato comercial, o solo com casca de arroz carbonizada, o solo puro, o solo com casca de arroz crua, o solo com NPK, o solo com serragem e o solo com cinza vegetal. Neste último, germinaram apenas de 7,83% das sementes. No momento da colheita, verificou-se, para todos os parâmetros avaliados, com exceção do peso seco da raiz, que o substrato que proporcionou o melhor desenvolvimento foi o solo com esterco bovino, que se diferenciou estatisticamente dos demais substratos avaliados. A cinza vegetal influenciou negativamente tanto na germinação quanto no desenvolvimento das plantas de alface.