Hasil untuk "Animal biochemistry"

K. Soetan, C. Olaiya, O. Oyewole

S. Lai, Ying-Ying Wang, D. Wirtz et al.

B. G. Hale, R. Randall, J. Ortín et al.

The non-structural (NS1) protein of influenza A viruses is a non-essential virulence factor that has multiple accessory functions during viral infection. In recent years, the major role ascribed to NS1 has been its inhibition of host immune responses, especially the limitation of both interferon (IFN) production and the antiviral effects of IFN-induced proteins, such as dsRNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L. However, it is clear that NS1 also acts directly to modulate other important aspects of the virus replication cycle, including viral RNA replication, viral protein synthesis, and general host-cell physiology. Here, we review the current literature on this remarkably multifunctional viral protein. In the first part of this article, we summarize the basic biochemistry of NS1, in particular its synthesis, structure, and intracellular localization. We then discuss the various roles NS1 has in regulating viral replication mechanisms, host innate/adaptive immune responses, and cellular signalling pathways. We focus on the NS1-RNA and NS1-protein interactions that are fundamental to these processes, and highlight apparent strain-specific ways in which different NS1 proteins may act. In this regard, the contributions of certain NS1 functions to the pathogenicity of human and animal influenza A viruses are also discussed. Finally, we outline practical applications that future studies on NS1 may lead to, including the rational design and manufacture of influenza vaccines, the development of novel antiviral drugs, and the use of oncolytic influenza A viruses as potential anti-cancer agents.

J. Thompson

K. Weber, C. Brilla

J. Stone, Suping Yang

J. R. Johnson

R. Hamm

D. Metzler

Uttam Kumar Sahu, Brijesh Kumar, M. H. Khan et al.

IntroductionSubclinical endometritis (SCE) is a postpartum uterine disorder characterized by cytological inflammation without clinical signs, impairing fertility and productivity in dairy cattle. Diagnosis relies on endometrial cytology, which is invasive and impractical under field conditions. Doppler ultrasonography enables non-invasive assessment of uterine blood flow (UBF) and may detect inflammation-associated vascular changes. However, uterine hemodynamic characterization in indigenous Bos indicus breeds affected with SCE remains limited. This study evaluated Doppler-derived uterine perfusion dynamics in healthy and SCE-affected Tharparkar cows.Materials and methodsTwenty lactating multiparous Tharparkar cows (70 ± 3.34 days postpartum) were screened using endometrial cytology; cows with ≥5% polymorphonuclear cells were classified as SCE-positive (n = 10), and healthy cows served as controls (n = 10). Transrectal color and spectral Doppler examinations of the middle uterine artery (MUA) were performed every three days throughout one complete estrous cycle. Resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV), blood flow volume (BFV), and MUA diameter were recorded. Serum progesterone (P4) was measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, repeated-measures ANOVA (GLM), and Pearson correlation.ResultsSCE cows exhibited significantly lower RI and PI across multiple cycle days (P < 0.05), indicating increased uterine perfusion. TAMV, BFV, and MUA diameter were significantly higher in SCE cows (P < 0.05). RI positively correlated with P4 concentration (r = 0.77; P < 0.0001) and corpus luteum size (r = 0.64; P < 0.0001), while BFV showed positive correlations with TAMV (r = 0.82; P < 0.0001) and MUA diameter (r = 0.78; P < 0.0001), and negative correlations with RI (r = −0.57; P < 0.0001) and P4 (r = −0.59; P < 0.0001). Production traits had no significant influence on Doppler indices (P > 0.05).ConclusionSubclinical endometritis in Tharparkar cows is associated with distinct uterine hemodynamic alterations characterized by increased blood flow and reduced Doppler resistance indices. These findings establish baseline Doppler reference patterns for an indigenous Bos indicus breed and support the potential utility of Doppler ultrasonography as a non-invasive adjunct tool for detecting uterine inflammation. Further studies integrating vascular and biochemical markers are warranted to enhance diagnostic precision.

Connor W. Elliott, Mark S. Ridgway, Paul J. Blanchfield et al.

Abstract Background Mature walleye (Sander vitreus) that spawn in the Trent River conduct long-distance annual migrations into eastern Lake Ontario that begin and end in the Bay of Quinte. This scale of movement likely reflects seasonal spawning activity in the spring and a combination of temperature and foraging preferences at other times of the year. This study used a combination of acoustic transmitters and pop-off data storage tags to collect high-resolution data on temperature, depth, rate of vertical movement (ROVM), and rate of horizontal movement (ROHM) during these migrations. We tested the theory that post-spawn fish migrating to Lake Ontario experience colder water temperatures than those remaining in the upper Bay of Quinte, and offset this cost with greater foraging, as indicated by ROVM. We also documented the trends in these variables seasonally at the daily and hourly level. Results Temperature experienced by walleye in the lake (11.56 °C; SE ± 0.1) was on average 5.33 °C colder than in the upper bay (16.89 °C; SE ± 0.3), and there was a 15.5% increase in ROVM for fish in the lake. All the measured variables had significant seasonal trends, while only temperature, depth, and ROVM had significant hour of day trends. Sex based differences were limited to males having greater annual ROVM than females. Conclusions There were differences in thermal habitat selection and vertical activity measures between the upper bay and Lake Ontario, which supported the current conceptual model of post-spawn walleye migration from the Bay of Quinte. Vertical activity peaked during crepuscular periods during the summer and fall when water temperatures promoted growth. This study demonstrates the value of combining tagging techniques to collect high-resolution data across multiple aspects of annual fish migrations.

S. Rehncrona, I. Rosén, B. Siesjö

Farook Sattar

This paper aims to develop an effective AI-driven method to predict the maturity level of coconut (<i>Cocos nucifera</i>) fruits using acoustic signals. The proposed sound-based autonomous approach exploits various deep learning models, including customized CNN pretrained networks, i.e., the ResNet50, InceptionV3, and MobileNetV2, models for maturity level classification of the coconuts. The proposed study also demonstrates the effectiveness of various deep learning models to automatically predict the maturity of coconuts into three classes, i.e., premature, mature, and overmature coconuts, for inspecting the coconut fruits by using a small amount of input acoustic data. We use an open-access dataset containing a total of 122 raw acoustic signals, which is the result of knocking 122 coconut samples. The results achieved by the proposed method for coconut maturity prediction are found to be promising, which enables producers to accurately determine the yield and product quality.

Xinghui Li, Haiping Wang, Yandi Wu et al.

Khalid Chebbac, Zineb Benziane Ouaritini, Aimad Allali et al.

<i>Artemisia negrei</i> (<i>A. negrei</i>) and <i>Artemisia aragonensis</i> (<i>A. aragonensis</i>) are in the family Asteraceae, which has been used in traditional medicine. The use of plant-derived insecticides has become a promising strategy to reduce the harmful effects of synthetic insecticides and overcome the bio-resistance of pest insects to insecticides. In this regard, the purpose of the current study was to determine the chemical composition and evaluate insecticidal effects of essential oils (EOs) extracted from <i>A</i>. <i>negrei</i> (EON) and <i>A. aragonensis</i> (EOA). Notably, all chemical constituents present in the EOs were identified through GC-MS analysis, whilst the insecticidal properties against <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> Fab. (<i>C. maculatus</i>) were investigated by use of <i>in vitro</i> an <i>in silico</i> approaches. The obtained results showed that both tested EOs present a significant insecticidal effect against <i>C. maculatus</i>, which increased significantly upon the dose used in both contact and inhalation tests. The lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) for the inhalation test were found to be 2.1 and 2.97 μL/L, while in the contact test they were 2.08 and 2.74 μL/L of air for EON and EOA, respectively. At 5 μL/L of air, the spawn reduction rate was 88.53 % and 77.41%, while the emergence reduction rate was 94.86% and 81.22% by EON and EOA, respectively. With increasing doses of up to 20 μL/L of air, the reduction in individual emergence reached 100% by the two oils tested after 36 h of treatment. In addition, Molecular docking (MD) simulations supported the <i>in vitro</i> findings and indicated that certain identified components in EOA and EON exhibited stronger hydrogen bonding interactions with the target receptors. Interestingly, the prediction of ADMET properties indicates that the molecules investigated have great pharmacokinetic profiles with no side effects. Taken together, our findings suggest that EOA and EON may exert both potential contact and inhalation insecticidal actions and could be used as an alternative tool for the control of this major insect pest of stored products.

Abdellatif Rahim, Mounia Sibaoueih, Adekhalid Essamadi et al.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Spirulina platensis primary against dental fluorosis and secondary against oxidative stress in lambs reared in endemic fluorosis areas. Forty-eight lambs aged 5 months were divided into four equal groups (each one including 6 males and 6 females). Groups I and II served as controls belonging respectively to fluorosis-free (Settat) and endemic fluorosis (El Fokra) areas, while the other two Groups III and IV (belonging to El Fokra) received respectively a fixed daily intake of 250 and 500 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) of Spirulina platensis. The experiment was carried out for 13 months until the adult incisors appeared for all animals. According to the Dean’s Fluorosis Index (DFI), 500 mg/kg BW/day of Spirulina platensis (Group IV) protected against dental fluorosis. Moreover, in both male and female lambs, this dose significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the plasmatic levels of fluoride, proteins, GSH, and MDA compared to the Group II. Furthermore, enzymatic activities of catalase and SOD increased significantly (p < 0.0001) in male and female lambs of the Group IV as compared to Group II. In conclusion, our findings support the potential use of Spirulina platensis as a valuable solution for addressing fluorosis in sheep, warranting further clinical trials.

Ron C Hogg, M. Raggenbass, Daniel Bertrand

Madeeha TARIQ, Aftab Ahmad ANJUM, Ali Ahmad SHEIKH et al.

Enterotoxaemia is one of the hazardous diseases of the livestock. In Pakistan prophylaxis failure is due to the vaccination with type D monovalent vaccine. There is a need to develop a cost effective multivalent vaccine against enterotoxaemia using characterized toxinotypes isolated from field. Indigenously (Punjab, Pakistan) characterized Clostridium perfringens toxinotypes A (MW551947.1), B (MW332247.1) and D (MW332258.1) (n=1 each) were used. These toxinotypes were used to produce higher amount of alpha, beta and epsilon toxin units under culture conditions. Colony forming units (CFU) of each bacterium was determined through the standard plate count method and 106 CFU/mL bacteria were used for vaccine dose. Monovalent, bivalent and multivalent oil adjuvant and alum precipitate vaccines were prepared. Formulated vaccines were passed the stability, sterility and safety test. Bacterin plus toxoid oil adjuvant vaccine produced higher (868.25±3.54 IU/mL) antibody titer at 28th day post vaccination in rabbits and 100% protection was observed after challenge. Multivalent bacterin plus toxoid oil adjuvant vaccine was used in field trials. Increased antibody response was detected after 4 months in sheep (1294.81±1.90 IU/mL) and goats (1091.85±2.51 IU/mL). During the experimental and field trials commercial vaccine did not produced higher antibody titer. Multivalent bacterin plus toxoid oil adjuvant vaccine proved as an excellent candidate for vaccination of animals against C. perfringens diseases, and it produced specific and efficient immune response to be used in field.

L. M.Thamilbharathi, R. Radhika, Binu K.Mani et al.

Haemonchus contortus commonly called the stomach worm or wire worm of ruminants inhabits the abomasum and is considered to be one of the economically important gastrointestinal strongyles in goats. In the present study, H. contortus was identified by PCR using the primers targeting partial 5.8S and partial internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS-2). Adult worms were identified morphologically and genomic DNA was extracted using DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (QIAGEN, Germany). Gradient PCR protocol was standardised using the extracted genomic DNA. Ten-fold serial dilution of adult DNA was used to analyse the minimum detection limit and the products were amplified upto the tenth dilution. Cross reaction of primer sets was checked using the DNA extracted from predominant adult srongyles like Oesophagostomum columbianum and Trichostrongylus colubriformis and no cross reaction was seen at the optimum annealing temperature (60.7°C).

Petra C. Fay, Fauziah Mohd Jaafar, Carrie Batten et al.

Bluetongue (BT) is a severe and economically important disease of ruminants that is widely distributed around the world, caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). More than 28 different BTV serotypes have been identified in serum neutralisation tests (SNT), which, along with geographic variants (topotypes) within each serotype, reflect differences in BTV outer-capsid protein VP2. VP2 is the primary target for neutralising antibodies, although the basis for cross-reactions and serological variations between and within BTV serotypes is poorly understood. Recombinant BTV VP2 proteins (rVP2) were expressed in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>, based on sequence data for isolates of thirteen BTV serotypes (primarily from Europe), including three ‘novel’ serotypes (BTV-25, -26 and -27) and alternative topotypes of four serotypes. Cross-reactions within and between these viruses were explored using rabbit anti-rVP2 sera and post BTV-infection sheep reference-antisera, in I-ELISA (with rVP2 target antigens) and SNT (with reference strains of BTV-1 to -24, -26 and -27). Strong reactions were generally detected with homologous rVP2 proteins or virus strains/serotypes. The sheep antisera were largely serotype-specific in SNT, but more cross-reactive by ELISA. Rabbit antisera were more cross-reactive in SNT, and showed widespread, high titre cross-reactions against homologous and heterologous rVP2 proteins in ELISA. Results were analysed and visualised by antigenic cartography, showing closer relationships in some, but not all cases, between VP2 topotypes within the same serotype, and between serotypes belonging to the same ‘VP2 nucleotype’.