Hasil untuk "Religious ethics"

Jhessica Silva, Diego A. B. Moreira, Gabriel O. dos Santos et al.

In Artificial Intelligence (AI), language models have gained significant importance due to the widespread adoption of systems capable of simulating realistic conversations with humans through text generation. Because of their impact on society, developing and deploying these language models must be done responsibly, with attention to their negative impacts and possible harms. In this scenario, the number of AI Ethics Tools (AIETs) publications has recently increased. These AIETs are designed to help developers, companies, governments, and other stakeholders establish trust, transparency, and responsibility with their technologies by bringing accepted values to guide AI's design, development, and use stages. However, many AIETs lack good documentation, examples of use, and proof of their effectiveness in practice. This paper presents a methodology for evaluating AIETs in language models. Our approach involved an extensive literature survey on 213 AIETs, and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected four AIETs: Model Cards, ALTAI, FactSheets, and Harms Modeling. For evaluation, we applied AIETs to language models developed for the Portuguese language, conducting 35 hours of interviews with their developers. The evaluation considered the developers' perspective on the AIETs' use and quality in helping to identify ethical considerations about their model. The results suggest that the applied AIETs serve as a guide for formulating general ethical considerations about language models. However, we note that they do not address unique aspects of these models, such as idiomatic expressions. Additionally, these AIETs did not help to identify potential negative impacts of models for the Portuguese language.

Minja Axelsson, Jiaee Cheong, Rune Nyrup et al.

Recent studies indicate that robotic coaches can play a crucial role in promoting wellbeing. However, the real-world deployment of wellbeing robots raises numerous ethical and socio-technical questions and concerns. To explore these questions, we undertake a community-centered investigation to examine three different communities' perspectives on using robotic wellbeing coaches in real-world environments. We frame our work as an anticipatory ethical investigation, which we undertake to better inform the development of robotic technologies with communities' opinions, with the ultimate goal of aligning robot development with public interest. We conducted workshops with three communities who are under-represented in robotics development: 1) members of the public at a science festival, 2) women computer scientists at a conference, and 3) humanities researchers interested in history and philosophy of science. In the workshops, we collected qualitative data using the Social Robot Co-Design Canvas on Ethics. We analysed the collected qualitative data with Thematic Analysis, informed by notes taken during workshops. Through our analysis, we identify four themes regarding key ethical and socio-technical questions about the real-world use of wellbeing robots. We group participants' insights and discussions around these broad thematic questions, discuss them in light of state-of-the-art literature, and highlight areas for future investigation. Finally, we provide the four questions as a broad framework that roboticists can and should use during robotic development and deployment, in order to reflect on the ethics and socio-technical dimensions of their robotic applications, and to engage in dialogue with communities of robot users. The four questions are: 1) Is the robot safe and how can we know that?, 2) Who is the robot built for and with?, 3) Who owns the robot and the data?, and 4) Why a robot?.

Dennis Müller, Maurice Chiodo

This paper identifies several different interconnected challenges preventing the move towards more ethical and sustainable mathematics education: the entrenched belief in mathematical neutrality, the difficulty of simultaneously reforming mathematics and its pedagogy, the gap between academic theory and classroom practice, and the need for epistemic decolonisation. In this context, we look at both bottom-up and top-down approaches, and argue that globalised frameworks such as the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals are insufficient for this transformation, and that ethical and sustainable forms of mathematics ought not to be built using these as their (philosophical) foundation. These frameworks are often rooted in a Western-centric development paradigm that can perpetuate colonial hierarchies and fails to resolve inherent conflicts between economic growth and ecological integrity. As an alternative, this paper advocates for embracing localised, culturally-situated mathematical practices. Using the Ethics in Mathematics Project as a case study within a Western, Global North institution, this paper illustrates a critical-pragmatic, multi-level strategy for fostering ethical consciousness within a specific research community, and shows how this may be achieved in otherwise adversarial circumstances.

Michael Klenk

Generative AI enables automated, effective manipulation at scale. Despite the growing general ethical discussion around generative AI, the specific manipulation risks remain inadequately investigated. This article outlines essential inquiries encompassing conceptual, empirical, and design dimensions of manipulation, pivotal for comprehending and curbing manipulation risks. By highlighting these questions, the article underscores the necessity of an appropriate conceptualisation of manipulation to ensure the responsible development of Generative AI technologies.

Ahmad Ebadi, Mohammad Emdadi Masuleh

In recent scholarly discourse, natural theology’s forefront initiative has been the construction of theistic arguments grounded in empirical observations. A notable focus within this domain is the cumulative argument (CA) approach. The CA posits that individually modest arguments, when synergized, can forge a more compelling collective case. This approach bifurcates into deductive and probabilistic methodologies, both scrutinized through a descriptive-analytical lens across three evaluative tiers: 1) Merits: The CA challenges atheistic and agnostic skepticism, bolstering theistic convictions. 2) Solvable critiques: The CA process is complex and challenging for the general public; it overlooks competing hypotheses, and a mere 50% likelihood assigned to premises fails to substantiate conclusive acceptance. 3) Critiques: The CA blurs distinctions between belief accuracy probability, and rationality degree; it also grapples with assigning definitive values to probability multipliers. This paper culminates with an exploration of the CA’s implementation within Islamic intellectual traditions, illustrating its application in affirming divine existence and underpinning methodologies like suspicious density and prophetic veracity, ultimately aiming to convince counterparts through reasoned dialogue. Although it has some limitations, CA is both rational and defensible when it effectively reinforces core theoretical beliefs and religious practices, including worship and ethics.   Introduction This article aims to analyze and critique the deductive and probabilistic formulations of the cumulative argument in natural theology. Additionally, it explores the historical application of the cumulative argument within Islamic thought. Cumulative Argument: Deductive and Probabilistic Formulation A cumulative argument consists of various yet converging proofs, where the aggregation of evidence brings the claim closer to being proven, even if each individual piece of evidence might not suffice on its own. “Cumulative” in this context means building up evidence sequentially to support the intended claim. In other words, when a conclusion cannot be proven by a single argument or piece of evidence due to its weaknesses, a stronger conclusion can be reached by considering the collective sum of all the evidence. This argument can be presented in both deductive and probabilistic formulations. In a deductive argument, multiple arguments can be presented for a given attribute, resulting in justificatory overdetermination (for theism). When considering a probabilistic argument, Bayes’s theorem is commonly used. By combining numerous pieces of evidence, each providing some support to theism, the goal is to construct a case that significantly bolsters theism more effectively than any single argument could on its own. The cumulative argument can be evaluated on three levels: 1. Advantages and Strengths: Impact on Belief: While a single witness may not establish a belief, their testimony might challenge atheism or ignorance. Stabilizing Effect: The combined weight of cumulative evidence can reinforce believers’ faith. 2. Solvable Critiques: The cumulative argument is often seen as complex and impractical for the general public due to the necessity of collecting and analyzing diverse types of evidence, which requires philosophical training. This creates an accessibility problem, as most religious believers may not have the requisite background to benefit from such arguments. The question arises whether this argument is an effective way to defend theism to a general audience. The answer is that the general public can accept the epistemic justification from cumulative arguments with the support of philosophical experts, similar to how they accept scientific beliefs about phenomena like the existence of electrons. This method is common in the sciences, so it should be applicable to religious beliefs as well. 3. Critiques: a) In the deductive formulation of the cumulative argument, there is a linear relationship between the probability of a belief being correct and its degree of reasonableness. However, this formulation lacks a specific or objective standard for determining the threshold of reasonableness. b) The formulation of probabilities in cumulative reasoning emphasizes the multiplication of probabilities, but it does not assign specific values for this multiplication. This is considered a weakness in this approach. Muslims Contributions Islamic thought is not indifferent to the cumulative argument. Across various sciences, different versions or levels of argument accumulation have been proposed within the Islamic intellectual framework. Muslim thinkers have utilized this model not only in arguments for the existence of God but also in the broader methodology of beliefs. This indicates that contemporary theological debates in the Islamic intellectual space incorporate this pattern. Here are some examples demonstrating the presence and relevance of this pattern in Islamic thought: Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence: A group of Islamic jurists employs an accumulation model known as “suspicion density” to deduce jurisprudential issues. This approach involves gathering evidence and aggregating weaker suspicions, which individually lack validity and authority, to reach a higher level of knowledge that meets the criteria for validity and authority. It is not feasible to use reasons whose falsity is evident in the inference process. However, reasons whose falsity has not been established, even if their likelihood is weak, can still be effective in the inference process. Although the inference resulting from suspicion density is not exactly an inductive method, it is based on induction; thus, the two are similar. In both methods, the acquired knowledge is gradually strengthened through repeated observations and accumulating evidence. Consequently, some Islamic jurists have utilized the principles of inductive logic to explain the quality and feasibility of suspicions. Philosophy: Muslim philosophers aim for the epistemological position of truth and certainty, but often recognize that this is difficult to achieve due to human cognitive weaknesses, which vary among individuals. Some people can attain certain knowledge, while others cannot. Given this challenge, an epistemological question arises: What should be done when certainty cannot be reached? Muslim philosophers suggest focusing on the epistemological value of suspicion and persuasive reasons, which are evaluated according to people’s varying perceptive abilities. When certainty is unattainable, persuasive reasons can prevent doubt about the possibility of knowledge. Another key question is whether certainty can arise from multiple doubts. According to Muslim philosophers, doubt holds epistemological validity due to its varying intensity. Accumulating suspicions can eventually lead to certainty and belief in a particular issue. Therefore, cumulative suspicions, when sufficiently aggregated, can achieve a level of validity. Theology: Some Islamic theologians have used the accumulation pattern to substantiate the truth of prophethood claims. Beyond relying on miracles, they have considered other methods, particularly the collection of evidence. These theologians assert that gathering evidence is a rational approach to discovering the truth, commonly used by researchers in social and natural sciences to achieve specific results. Although each piece of evidence may not be sufficient to conclusively prove prophethood, the combination of multiple pieces of evidence diminishes the likelihood of deception regarding the prophet’s divine claim. Conclusion Human epistemology seeks truth and certainty, but this is often hindered by individual perceptual weaknesses. This raises the question of what to do when certainty cannot be attained. Muslim and Western thinkers have developed frameworks focusing on the accumulation pattern and the epistemological value of suspicion and persuasive reasons, considering perceptual differences. In cases where certainty is unachievable, they use the accumulation of suspicion and persuasive reasons to avoid doubting the possibility of knowledge.

Bentov Yaakov, Schenker Joseph

Surrogacy is a complex and evolving practice that sits at the intersection of reproductive medicine, ethics, law, and social policy. This comprehensive review traces the historical, medical, and ethical foundations of surrogacy, from its roots in early IVF experiments to its current global practice. It explores the distinctions between traditional and gestational surrogacy, outlines medical and social indications, and evaluates associated perinatal and psychological outcomes. Central to the analysis is the debate between altruistic and commercial surrogacy, highlighting the ethical tensions surrounding compensation, autonomy, and potential exploitation. The review examines global legal frameworks, with detailed attention to Israel’s uniquely regulated system, which balances reproductive liberty with strict oversight. The paper also considers religious perspectives, showing how cultural and theological differences shape national policy. The experiences of gestational carriers, commissioning couples, and children born through surrogacy are examined to underscore the psychological and social implications. While surrogacy offers hope to many, it raises profound questions about the commodification of reproduction, the fragmentation of motherhood, and the responsibilities of professionals involved in care. Ultimately, the review argues for nuanced, culturally sensitive regulation that protects all parties particularly the child, whose interests must remain central throughout the surrogacy process.

Justyna Czekajewska, Dariusz Walkowiak, Anna Jelińska et al.

BackgroundThe conscience clause allows healthcare professionals to refuse participation in procedures that conflict with their ethical or religious beliefs. While intended to protect moral autonomy, its application, particularly in the context of brain death and organ donation, raises complex ethical and legal challenges. This study aims to explore the attitudes of young nurses and midwives in Poland toward the conscience clause in relation to brain death, including their ethical concerns, perceived consequences, and views on legal regulations.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 269 master’s students of nursing and midwifery at the Medical University in Poznan, Poland. Participants completed a questionnaire covering ethical dilemmas, legal opinions, and potential consequences related to invoking the conscience clause. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze the data, with significance set at p < 0.05.ResultsMost respondents supported both respecting patients’ beliefs (90.3%) and the right to act according to their own conscience (68.4%). However, they expressed concerns about negative social and professional consequences, such as strained relationships (40.2%), job loss (43.9%), or legal action (56.9%). Attitudes were shaped by religiosity and political views. Religious participants were more likely to support conscientious objection in organ retrieval (OR = 2.08). At the same time, right-leaning students were less likely to support invoking the clause when mandated to disconnect a brain-dead patient. Respondents favored structured national regulations (81.8%) over institutional discretion or full abolition of the clause.ConclusionYoung healthcare professionals report facing significant ethical and legal dilemmas related to brain death, and their views appear to be associated with personal values and societal context. The findings highlight the need for standardized guidelines, legal protections, ethics education, and further qualitative research to support ethically sound and patient-centered practice.

Jakob Mokander, Luciano Floridi

Ethics based auditing (EBA) is a structured process whereby an entitys past or present behaviour is assessed for consistency with moral principles or norms. Recently, EBA has attracted much attention as a governance mechanism that may bridge the gap between principles and practice in AI ethics. However, important aspects of EBA (such as the feasibility and effectiveness of different auditing procedures) have yet to be substantiated by empirical research. In this article, we address this knowledge gap by providing insights from a longitudinal industry case study. Over 12 months, we observed and analysed the internal activities of AstraZeneca, a biopharmaceutical company, as it prepared for and underwent an ethics-based AI audit. While previous literature concerning EBA has focused on proposing evaluation metrics or visualisation techniques, our findings suggest that the main difficulties large multinational organisations face when conducting EBA mirror classical governance challenges. These include ensuring harmonised standards across decentralised organisations, demarcating the scope of the audit, driving internal communication and change management, and measuring actual outcomes. The case study presented in this article contributes to the existing literature by providing a detailed description of the organisational context in which EBA procedures must be integrated to be feasible and effective.

Jaana Leikas, Rebekah Rousi, Hannu Vilpponen et al.

A super-intelligent AI- society should be based on inclusion, so that all members of society can equally benefit from the possibilities new technologies offer in everyday life. At present, the digital society is overwhelming many people, a large group of whom are older adults, whose quality of life has been undermined in many respects by their difficulties in using digital technology. However, this silver segment should be kept involved as active users of digital services and contribute to the functioning and development of a super-intelligent, AI-enabled society. The paper calls for action-oriented design thinking that considers the challenge to improve the quality of life, with an emphasis on ethical design and ethical impact assessment.

Louise McCormack, Malika Bendechache

Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (TAI) integrates ethics that align with human values, looking at their influence on AI behaviour and decision-making. Primarily dependent on self-assessment, TAI evaluation aims to ensure ethical standards and safety in AI development and usage. This paper reviews the current TAI evaluation methods in the literature and offers a classification, contributing to understanding self-assessment methods in this field.

Suzanne Thornton, Rochelle E. Tractenberg

The inclusion of human sex and gender data in statistical analysis invokes multiple considerations for data collection, combination, analysis, and interpretation. These considerations are not unique to variables representing sex and gender. However, considering the relevance of the ethical practice standards for statistics and data science to sex and gender variables is timely, with results that can be applied to other sociocultural variables. Historically, human gender and sex have been categorized with a binary system. This tradition persists mainly because it is easy, and not because it produces the best scientific information. Binary classification simplifies combinations of older and newer data sets. However, this classification system eliminates the ability for respondents to articulate their gender identity, conflates gender and sex, and also obscures potentially important differences by collapsing across valid and authentic categories. This approach perpetuates historical inaccuracy, simplicity, and bias, while also limiting the information that emerges from analyses of human data. The approach also violates multiple elements in the American Statistical Association (ASA) Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice. Information that would be captured with a nonbinary classification could be relevant to decisions about analysis methods and to decisions based on otherwise expert statistical work. Statistical practitioners are increasingly concerned with inconsistent, uninformative, and even unethical data collection and analysis practices. This paper presents a historical introduction to the collection and analysis of human gender and sex data, offers a critique of a few common survey questioning methods based on alignment with the ASA Ethical Guidelines, and considers the scope of ethical considerations for human gender and sex data from design through analysis and interpretation.

Irena Smetonienė

Pakanta (acceptance) is a sociological, psychological, philosophical, and even political term. Culture researchers focus on cultural elements, religious studies discuss tolerance towards specific religious communities, and philosophers, alongside tolerance, also refer to respect. Together, these concepts form the content of tolerance. The Latin word tolerantia and the Lithuanian word pakanta have the same origin, both stemming from the concept of patience. However, these terms are not entirely synonymous. Pakanta is a concept of everyday consciousness, while tolerancija is a category in philosophy and ethics. Thus, the concept of pakanta evokes interests of representatives from various fields, but linguistically it has not been widely studied. The aim of this article is to discuss the lexical meanings of pakanta in Lithuanian dictionaries, investigate how the term is used in public media texts, and examine how young people respond to the question, “What does pakanta mean to you?” In Lithuanian lexicographical sources, the lexemes pakanta and tolerancija are presented as synonyms. Illustrative examples show that pakanta is most often associated with patience. Pakanta has limits, and tolerating things that harm societal welfare should turn into intolerance. Although rarely using the term, young people primarily associate it with patience—this lexeme appears in half of the responses to the question “What does pakanta mean to you?”. The concept of tolerancija (tolerance) is more familiar and understood without explanation, appearing in 48% of the responses. As in lexicographical sources, both lexemes are used as synonyms. In media texts, pakanta and tolerancija are used either as synonyms or as equivalent concepts. From the collected examples, it is evident that the concept of pakanta in Lithuania also includes the respect mentioned by philosophers. Pakanta can apply not only to people or living things, but also to inanimate objects (such as food, medicine, taste, etc.). In media texts, the semantic aspects of intolerance—nepakanta—are particularly emphasised. Intolerance also has two sides: the positive one, as the inability to tolerate universal violations of order or various negative phenomena that may harm society or even the state; and the negative one, when it arises from envy and manifests itself as contempt for those who think differently, earn more, or have different orientations. Intolerance in the studied material further highlights the shades of pakanta. The use of pakanta is decreasing not only among young people but also among other Lithuanians, with tolerancija taking its place. The study leads to the conclusion that the cognitive definition of pakanta includes patience, self-control, respect.

Paul Finkelman

This article reconsiders the life and record of Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. Frankfurter was smart, hardworking, and talented, serving as a great activist lawyer and important law professor in his early career. When nominated to the court, there were high hopes he would follow Holmes and Brandeis in leading a progressive Court that would protect civil liberties and minority rights. However, it was not to be. On the Court Frankfurter became increasingly conservative and ultimately reactionary. In his opinions, he upheld persecution and discrimination of religious and racial minorities, occasionally hindered racial justice and civil liberties efforts, and opposed due process in criminal trials and fairness in elections. Arrogant and dismissive, he constantly fought with his brethren, alienating almost all of them. In the end Frankfurter was far too often on the wrong side of history, liberty and the law, and even legal ethics. The tragedy of Frankfurter is that he abandoned the constitutional rights and protections that he supported from his graduation from law school until he donned his robes. He could have been a great justice. Sadly, he was not.

Robbah Munjiddin Ahmada

The existence of patriotism is an important pillar for the continuity of the state and nation. Historically, patriotism has played a crucial role in achieving Indonesian sovereignty. In this context, patriotism faces challenges, making its actualization necessary. This is particularly significant as globalization leads to cross-culturalism, which can potentially result in soft imperialism. This study employs a qualitative approach with a literature study design, presented in a narrative-descriptive manner. It focuses on the idea of patriotism in the Indonesian context, patriotism in Islamic literature (the Qur’an and Hadith), and the relevance of patriotism in the modern context. The discourse of patriotism emerges as a blend of local aspects and global hegemony. Regarding patriotism in Islamic literature, it can be found in several verses of the Qur’an, such as QS. al-Qasas: 85, QS. al-Baqarah: 126, and QS. Maryam: 31, as well as in the Hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad by Imam Ibn Hibban, Imam Bukhari, and Imam Muslim. For actualization, the concept of public ethics offers an alternative for fostering a new sense of patriotism, especially since the existence of patriotism in Indonesia is closely tied to religious discourse.

Kelebogile T. Resane

This article unravels the destructive practice of bribery, which is ingrained in South African culture. Through the scenarios in the public transport industry and literature review, the article reveals that indeed bribery is a reality to reckon with. It is observed in all tiers of society such as politics, businesses and religious circles. Bribery explained as a ‘brown envelope syndrome’ is rife in the South African socio-political landscape. The objective of this article is to enlighten the readers that bribery from socio-theological perspectives is ethically unacceptable. It promotes corrupt political accountability, economic inequality, social disrespect and religious hypocrisy. The article starts with personal scenarios and then delves into the definition of bribery as payment in a form of money, favours or gifts, to influence a decision, to receive favours in turn, facilitate fast delivery of goods, gain an unfair advantage, avoid legal prosecution or to supply substandard products or services. The second part of the artilce discusses how bribery clashes with Christian ethics as pointed by Jesus in Mark 7:21–22, as bribery lies buried in human hearts and manifests itself in different sins. There is a clear biblical condemnation of bribery as detestable, and that by all means possible, it should be proscribed. Bribery in political circles is known as ‘brown envelope’, which means the currency exchanges between the corrupt and the corrupted. Solutions suggested is that citizens in their national democracies should break out of the shell and become vocal against bribery. The church should emerge behind the trees and come up with prophetic discernment, wisdom and be vocal against bribery. Personally, those exposed to bribery situations must maintain wisdom and learn how to refuse offers without endangering themselves. This research unravels bribery and its devastating effects of promoting corrupt political accountability, economic inequality, social disrespect and religious hypocrisy. Contribution: This article calls for communities and churches to be vocal against bribery and encourages personal accountability when confronted with bribery offers.

Abdolkarim Abedini, Ali Habati nejad

In Surah Juma, the main indicators of the revealed education system are depicted. In this surah, the foundations, obstacles of education and the results of education can be analyzed as the components of the education system. This article has identified the obstacles of education in the revelation education system based on the teachings of Surah Juma. Based on the results of this research, the most important obstacles to education can be expressed in six axes based on the verses of Surah Juma. The first axis is neglecting the concept of God's grace. The second axis is neglecting the correct relationship with the Qur'an. The third axis is neglecting the concept of guardianship of God and the position of divine saints. The fourth axis is the neglect of the truth of death, which is considered one of the most important obstacles to education, and the fifth axis is the lack of attention to the subject of mentioning and remembering God. The final axis of the obstacles of education is the issue of lahoism, which is expressed in the teachings of Surah Juma in connection with the concept of "Ma'indullah" and this connection can be analyzed as one of the irreplaceable points of the Qur'an.

Abdellah MOUSSA & Noura ABED

Abstract: The concept of coexistence has become a major concern in contemporary philosophical thought, whether on a social, political, cultural or ethical level. This is particularly relevant today as individuals face the challenges of diversity, ethnic, religious and cultural minorities. How can we transform people's aspirations into reality by rooting the values of peace and coexistence despite our cultural and individual differences? Is it possible to develop a universal ethic of coexistence Keywords: Ethics, the other, difference, plurality, diversity

Rochelle E. Tractenberg

This 2024 chapter gives a brief overview of cognitive and educational sciences' perspectives on learning outcomes (LOs) to facilitate the integration of LOs specific to ethical reasoning into any mathematics or quantitative course. The target is undergraduate (adult) learners but these LOs can be adapted for earlier and later stages of learning. Core contents of Ethical Reasoning are: 1. its six constituent knowledge, skills, and abilities; 2. a stakeholder analysis; and 3. ethical practice standards or guidelines. These are briefly summarized. Five LOs are articulated at each of three levels of cognitive complexity (low/med/high), and a set of assignment features that can be adapted repeatedly over a term are given supporting these LOs. These features can support authentic development of the knowledge, skills, and abilities that are the target of ethical reasoning instruction in math and quantitative courses at the tertiary level. Three contexts by which these can be integrated are Assumption (what if the assumption fails?), Approximation (what if the approximation does not hold?), and Application (is the application appropriate? what if it is not?). One or more of the three core contents of Ethical Reasoning can be added to any problem already utilized in a course (or new ones) by asking learners to apply the core to the context. Engagement with ethical reasoning can prepare students to assume their responsibilities to promote and perpetuate the integrity of their profession across their careers using mathematics, statistics, data science, and other quantitative methods and technologies.

Julia Barnett

Generative audio models typically focus their applications in music and speech generation, with recent models having human-like quality in their audio output. This paper conducts a systematic literature review of 884 papers in the area of generative audio models in order to both quantify the degree to which researchers in the field are considering potential negative impacts and identify the types of ethical implications researchers in this area need to consider. Though 65% of generative audio research papers note positive potential impacts of their work, less than 10% discuss any negative impacts. This jarringly small percentage of papers considering negative impact is particularly worrying because the issues brought to light by the few papers doing so are raising serious ethical implications and concerns relevant to the broader field such as the potential for fraud, deep-fakes, and copyright infringement. By quantifying this lack of ethical consideration in generative audio research and identifying key areas of potential harm, this paper lays the groundwork for future work in the field at a critical point in time in order to guide more conscientious research as this field progresses.

Katherine Evans, Nelson de Moura, Raja Chatila et al.

The ethics of automated vehicles (AV) has received a great amount of attention in recent years, specifically in regard to their decisional policies in accident situations in which human harm is a likely consequence. After a discussion about the pertinence and cogency of the term 'artificial moral agent' to describe AVs that would accomplish these sorts of decisions, and starting from the assumption that human harm is unavoidable in some situations, a strategy for AV decision making is proposed using only pre-defined parameters to characterize the risk of possible accidents and also integrating the Ethical Valence Theory, which paints AV decision-making as a type of claim mitigation, into multiple possible decision rules to determine the most suitable action given the specific environment and decision context. The goal of this approach is not to define how moral theory requires vehicles to behave, but rather to provide a computational approach that is flexible enough to accommodate a number of human 'moral positions' concerning what morality demands and what road users may expect, offering an evaluation tool for the social acceptability of an automated vehicle's decision making.