Amidst the growing demand for implementing advanced control and decision-making algorithms|to enhance the reliability, resilience, and stability of power systems|arises a crucial concern regarding the safety of employing machine learning techniques. While these methods can be applied to derive more optimal control decisions, they often lack safety assurances. This paper proposes a framework based on control barrier functions to facilitate safe learning and deployment of reinforcement learning agents for power system control applications, specifically in the context of automatic generation control. We develop the safety barriers and reinforcement learning framework necessary to establish trust in reinforcement learning as a safe option for automatic generation control - as foundation for future detailed verification and application studies.
Agrima Seth, Monojit Choudhary, Sunayana Sitaram
et al.
Representational bias in large language models (LLMs) has predominantly been measured through single-response interactions and has focused on Global North-centric identities like race and gender. We expand on that research by conducting a systematic audit of GPT-4 Turbo to reveal how deeply encoded representational biases are and how they extend to less-explored dimensions of identity. We prompt GPT-4 Turbo to generate over 7,200 stories about significant life events (such as weddings) in India, using prompts designed to encourage diversity to varying extents. Comparing the diversity of religious and caste representation in the outputs against the actual population distribution in India as recorded in census data, we quantify the presence and "stickiness" of representational bias in the LLM for religion and caste. We find that GPT-4 responses consistently overrepresent culturally dominant groups far beyond their statistical representation, despite prompts intended to encourage representational diversity. Our findings also suggest that representational bias in LLMs has a winner-take-all quality that is more biased than the likely distribution bias in their training data, and repeated prompt-based nudges have limited and inconsistent efficacy in dislodging these biases. These results suggest that diversifying training data alone may not be sufficient to correct LLM bias, highlighting the need for more fundamental changes in model development. Dataset and Codebook: https://github.com/agrimaseth/How-Deep-Is-Representational-Bias-in-LLMs
El presente texto muestra el desarrollo y la evaluación de un proceso educativo con profesores de matemáticas en formación, centrado en el uso de estrategias didácticas con características inductivas, en el marco de la
asignatura Matemáticas y Física de la Licenciatura en Enseñanza de las Matemáticas de la Universidad de Colima,
México. La experiencia incluye a 19 estudiantes que han tenido formación disciplinar en matemáticas y dominan el conocimiento procedimental y el lenguaje algebraico que implica la física en los niveles básicos, pero con poco acercamiento al conocimiento conceptual, tanto de física clásica como de física moderna. Bajo este principio, el curso se centró en la reflexión y la resolución de problemas. Desde esta lógica, la propuesta incluyó buscar,
tanto el dominio procedimental como conceptual, siendo este último el objetivo central de esta investigación.
Los métodos inductivos incluyeron la utilización de materiales audiovisuales y lecturas que van en un sentido de divulgación. Los resultados de sus trabajos muestran que, sin omitir un proceso formativo de corte más tradicional, como la resolución de problemas o libros de texto de física clásicos, la incorporación de estrategias inductivas sobre las particularidades de conceptos como “movimiento” o “luz” permite una comprensión más profunda de principios fundamentales, siendo un complemento funcional para una formación más integral.
Abstract Research has examined differences in vaccine hesitancy by religion and by race. Complex religion theory, however, argues that research should examine these two social forces in concert with one another to understand how the religious experience is racialized. Applying this theoretical approach, we examine the interaction of religion and race in a new module for vaccine hesitancy included in the 2022 General Social Survey. We find that the association between religiosity and vaccine hesitancy observed in other work is racialized. Stronger religious commitments are more strongly associated with more vaccine-hesitant attitudes for Black Americans than for White Americans. Yet stronger religious commitments are also more strongly associated with a higher likelihood of vaccine self-reports for a flu vaccine or a COVID-19 vaccine for Black Americans, after accounting for vaccine hesitancy attitudes. These indirect negative and direct positive associations between religiosity and vaccine reporting are important for understanding racialized differences in vaccine uptake. We use these findings to discuss how theories of racialized and complex religion can better serve the study of health and well-being.
The geometric trinity of gravity comprises three distinct formulations of general relativity: (i) the standard formulation describing gravity in terms of spacetime curvature, (ii) the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity describing gravity in terms of spacetime torsion, and (iii) the symmetric teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (STEGR) describing gravity in terms of spacetime non-metricity. In this article, we complete a geometric trinity of non-relativistic gravity, by (a) taking the non-relativistic limit of STEGR to determine its non-relativistic analogue, and (b) demonstrating that this non-metric theory is equivalent to the Newton--Cartan theory and its teleparallel equivalent, i.e., the curvature and the torsion based non-relativistic theories that are both geometrised versions of classical Newtonian gravity.
In the standard Einstein's theory the exterior gravitational field of any static and axially symmetric stellar object can be described by means of a single function from which we obtain a metric into a four-dimensional space-time. In this work we present a generalization of those so called Weyl solutions to a space-time-matter metric in a five-dimensional manifold within a non-compactified Kaluza-Klein theory of gravity. The arising field equations reduce to those of vacuum Einstein's gravity when the metric function associated to the fifth dimension is considered to be constant. The calculation of the geodesics allows to identify the existence or not of different behaviours of test particles, in orbits on a constant plane, between the two metrics. In addition, static solutions on the hypersurface orthogonal to the added dimension but with time dependence in the five-dimensional metric are also obtained. The consequences on the variation of the rest mass, if the fifth dimension is identified with it, are studied.
The article aims to reveal the main features of the Bolshevik project to build
the Kingdom of Reason in the USSR, associated with the radical reformatting of the relationship between the rational and irrational in the establishment of the socialist society. Theoretical sources include the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, linking the construction of a new communist society to the demystification of social relations and the elimination of alienation and reification; the writings of Vladimir Lenin and other prominent figures of the Soviet state, devoted to the organization of planned economy and the widespread implementation of rational management methods; and the works of the outstanding educator Anton Makarenko, aimed at developing and implementing the idea of educating a new Soviet person. The article posits Bolshevism (Leninism) as the Russian version of socialist transformation, inheriting its fundamental ideas from the French Enlightenment, including the concept of the Kingdom of Reason, manifested in the system of rationally organized planning, accounting, and control. However, in practice, the development of this system, taken to its extreme forms, gave rise to a number
of utopian projects that became embodiments of irrational thinking. Thus, the original idea to build the Kingdom of Reason underwent a transformation into its opposite. Nevertheless, the authors of the article believe that the Soviet model of a rationally organized social structure can be considered, if not fully realized, then overall a fairly successful project of building the Kingdom of Reason in a socialist state and methodologically correct sociopedagogical system for shaping a new person.
The zeroth-order general Randić index $R^{0}_{a+1}$ of an $n$-vertices oriented graph $D$ is equal to the sum of $(d^{+}_{u_i})^{a}+(d^{-}_{u_j})^{a}$ over all arcs $u_iu_j$ of $D$, where we denote by $d^{+}_{u_i}$ the out-degree of the vertex $u_i$ and $d^{-}_{u_j}$ the in-degree of the vertex $u_j$, $a$ is an arbitrary real number. In the paper, we determine the orientations of cacti with the maximum value of the zeroth-order general Randić index for $a\geq 1$.
Durante o período em que foi maniqueu, Agostinho compartilhou da ideia de que o mundo tem sua origem na junção de duas substâncias ontológicas, Deus e as Trevas, ambas de natureza corpórea. Ao encontrar Ambrósio, em Milão, este o fez pensar na possibilidade de se falar numa substância não corpórea, puramente espiritual, e que o mundo tem um único princípio – Deus, que criou tudo ex nihilo. Entretanto, no que concerne à origem do mal, isso não resolvia o problema; pelo contrário, aumentava ainda mais, pois, se há apenas uma única origem ontológica de tudo - Deus, que criou tudo do nada, como não atribuir a Este a origem do mal? Foi só no encontro com o neoplatonismo, também em Milão, que Agostinho confirmaria, filosoficamente, a noção de “substância espiritual”, que ouvira de Ambrósio, e, mais do que isto, despertaria para possibilidade de se falar ontologicamente do mal, não como ser, mas como não-ser ou nada. Entretanto, apesar de Plotino ter definido o não-ser (ou o nada) como o “ilimitado”, o “informe”, o “indeterminado”, isso, para Agostinho, ainda não resolvia plenamente o problema do mal, por tratar-se ainda de uma explicação natural, quando o coloca na matéria. De qualquer maneira, a partir daí, começou a pensar o mal como que “um tirar fora”, uma privação. Finalmente, no cristianismo, encontrou um lugar para o mal como algo totalmente imaterial, na livre vontade humana, que acontecer como ausência, defecção, do Bem - o não-ser.
Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan kajian dari perspektif teologi Kristen terhadap konsep budaya Batak tentang otoritas perempuan sebagai Ibu dalam pembentukan karakter unggul dalam keluarga Batak. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Penelitian dilakukan di Pematangsiantar pada bulan Nopember-Desember 2022 dengan empat orang informan. Dua di antaranya adalah tokoh perempuan Batak di lingkungan gereja dan sekolah teologi, dua lainnya adalah pemuda dari keluarga Batak. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan adanya tiga peran ibu yang memiliki otoritas dalam pembentukan karakter unggul pada anak. Ketiga peran tersebut adalah sipartangiang (pendoa), mendidik anak-anak untuk rajin berdoa, parsonduk bolon (menyiapkan kebutuhan makanan), mendidik anak-anak untuk memikul tanggung jawab terhadap kehidupan bersama, Ina Soripada (Ibu yang terhormat), mendidik anak-anak untuk sopan, jujur, dan berintegritas. Melalui ketiga peran ini, nampak bahwa ibu Batak memiliki otoritas untuk menjalankan pendidikan karakter unggul bagi anak-anak. Terbukti bahwa anak-anak yang berasal dari keluarga dengan ibu yang demikian memiliki karakter unggul yang berbeda-beda dari teman-teman sebayanya.
Both Albert Einstein and Erwin Schrödinger have defined what science is. Einstein includes not only physics, but also all natural sciences dealing with both organic and inorganic processes in his definition of science. According to Schrödinger, the present scientific worldview is based on the two basic attitudes of comprehensibility and objectivation. On the other hand, the notion of religion is quite equivocal and unless clearly defined will easily lead to all sorts of misunderstandings. Does science, as defined, encompass the whole of reality? More importantly, what is the whole of reality and how do we obtain data for it? The Christian worldview considers a human as body, mind, and spirit (soul), which is consistent with Cartesian ontology of only three elements: matter, mind, and God. Therefore, is it possible to give a precise definition of science showing that the conflicts are actually apparent and not real?
Neste artigo pretende-se discutir a dimensão política presente na origem da teoria do reconhecimento de Axel Honneth, partindo da constatação de que durante a reelaboração de sua tese de habilitação, publicada em 1992 com o título de Luta por reconhecimento, o autor se posiciona pela primeira vez diante do debate entre liberais e comunitaristas e elabora seu conceito formal de eticidade como uma resposta às limitações de cada uma dessas correntes da teoria política contemporânea
Para Apel, a linguagem é o meio adequado para se alcançar entendimento e sucesso na comunicação. A comunidade ideal de comunicação é a esfera na qual os indivíduos devem se locomover para alcançar entendimento sobre suas ações no mundo, através dos seus atos de fala. Apel fundamenta sua visão de linguagem a partir de várias contribuições filosóficas de outros autores. Neste artigo, são, particularmente, as contribuições de Heidegger e Wittgenstein que trazemos para a discussão.
El objetivo general de este texto es revisar el humor violento a través de teorías y funciones del humor, en primer lugar. En segundo lugar, y en concreto, realizar una caracterización de los tipos o las formas, y las expresiones o los modos, en su práctica cotidiana en general, y especialmente en la enseñanza aprendizaje.
Esto se realizó con la participación de jóvenes universitarios que expresaron opiniones y relataron experiencias, a través de una encuesta de grupos de enfoque y de narraciones. Como principal resultado es posible afirmar la vigencia del humor violento e incluso su magnitud en nuestros días, en la vida y en el espacio educativo.
N ck Spncer (d.) “challenging, interesting and essential reading for anyone with an interest in the relationship between religion and the law.” Dominic Grieve MP, Attorney General “Challenging, interesting and essential reading for anyone with an interest in the relationship between religion and the law. I don’t agree with everything that is written but that is not necessary to still appreciate the sincerity and the quality of the arguments put forward. I recommend this book as offering insight and depth to anyone who is interested in this subject.” The Rt Hon Dominic Grieve QC MP, Attorney General
Background: India faces a significant gap between the prevalence of mental illness among the population and the availability and effectiveness of mental health care in providing adequate treatment. This discrepancy results in structural stigma toward mental illness which in turn is one of the main reasons for a persistence of the treatment gap, whereas societal factors such as religion, education, and family structures play critical roles. This survey-based study investigates perceived stigma toward mental illness in five metropolitan cities in India and explores the roles of relevant sociodemographic factors. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected in five metropolitan cities in India including Chennai (n = 166), Kolkata (n = 158), Hyderabad (n = 139), Lucknow (n = 183), and Mumbai (n = 278). Stratified quota sampling was used to match the general population concerning age, gender, and religion. Further, sociodemographic variables such as educational attainment and strength of religious beliefs were included in the statistical analysis. Results: Participants displayed overall high levels of perceived stigma. Multiple linear regression analysis found a significant effect of gender (P < 0.01), with female participants showing higher levels of perceived stigma compared to male counterparts. Conclusion: Gender differences in cultural and societal roles and expectations could account for higher levels of perceived stigma among female participants. A higher level of perceived stigma among female participants is attributed to cultural norms and female roles within a family or broader social system. This study underlines that while India as a country in transition, societal and gender rules still impact perceived stigma and discrimination of people with mental illness.
We present a rationale and method for taking an idiographic approach to study the role religion plays in adolescent development. We theorize that adolescents harness qualitatively different aspects of religion to address idiosyncratic developmental needs. Therefore, analyzing religion's role in adolescent development necessitates a case-by-case holistic analysis. We introduce a systematic method using narratives to identify the personal ways that individuals attribute meaning in general and regarding religion in particular. We present three detailed case studies from a sample of 20 religious Israeli Jewish Orthodox emerging-adult women who provided retrospective narrative accounts of their general and religious development through adolescence. Systematic analysis reveals that religion was significant to these women in diverse and personal ways, addressing markedly different adolescent developmental needs.