Hasil untuk "Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases"

Eveline Sarintohe, William J. Burk, Jacqueline M. Vink et al.

Introduction: Little is known about how the COVID-19 situation affected weight development among Indonesian adolescents. This longitudinal study examined whether, and for whom, the COVID-19 situation affected weight outcomes over time among adolescents from private schools and higher socio-economic positions in Indonesia, where being overweight is a rather prevalent characteristic. This study specifically examined whether appetitive traits (i.e., emotional overeating, food responsiveness) as well as baseline zBMI, sex, and urban area could explain changes in zBMI. Methods: At baseline, 411 adolescents from 5 private schools in Indonesia (53.3% males, Mage = 12.02 years, SD = 0.45) filled out questionnaires on appetitive traits and background characteristics. In addition, their height and weight were measured. Of these, 336 adolescents (81.8%) also participated at follow-up. At follow-up, height and weight were measured or reported. We used linear regression to analyze the association between predictors and interactions with zBMI. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in zBMI over time, with a lower average zBMI during COVID-19 compared to before COVID-19. Female adolescents and adolescents with higher baseline zBMI values particularly tended to show this zBMI decreasing pattern. We did not find statistically significant main effects of baseline emotional overeating, food responsiveness, and urban area or any interactions. Conclusions: Indonesian adolescents appeared to decrease in terms of zBMI during COVID-19, particularly females and adolescents with higher pre-COVID-19 zBMI. Our findings suggest that (culturally-specific) contextual changes (i.e., less exposure to the Indonesian food environment at schools and more exposure to the home environment) might have a beneficial impact in terms of preventing overweight among Indonesian adolescents, particularly among those being more vulnerable (i.e., having higher baseline zBMI).

Naomi Hull, Anusha Bradley, Monique Boatwright et al.

ABSTRACT In 2024, the New Zealand (NZ) government made a rare departure from the joint food standards programme with Australia, administered by Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ). This paper presents a timely case study of how transnational dairy and baby food corporations lobbied the NZ government to reject updated infant formula standards, despite strong evidence and support across Australia for reform. Globally, transnational corporations dominate commercial milk formula industry, and industry and utilise lobbying strategies to delay and limit regulation. Drawing on original data from official information act requests, we examine the political dynamics surrounding infant formula regulation and the implications for breastfeeding protection and health governance in the region. Despite FSANZ's evidence‐based decisions to improve labelling, restrict health claims, and enhance consumer protection, NZ bowed to the lobbying pressure of key companies who had cited risks to exports, jobs and future product development. Lobbying by these companies targeted the Prime Minister and key ministers, demonstrating a remarkable level of access and influence. This case exposes the weaknesses in NZ's political transparency laws, where no mandatory lobbying registers and reporting requirements exist. We conclude that it is crucial for governments to make policy decisions without the influence of the baby food industry and provide a strong argument for better regulation of corporate lobbying. Infant and young child health must be prioritised over profit.

Cátia V. Almeida Santos, Catarina Pereira, Nuno Martins et al.

SO₂ is a preservative often used in the food industry, particularly in the wine industry. However, regulatory authorities and consumers have been strongly suggesting its reduction or even its replacement. In order to understand the impact of SO₂ on the profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as amino acids (AAs), the aging of two white wines (one being a varietal and another being a blend) under identical conditions and in the presence of different doses of total SO₂ was studied. After alcoholic fermentation (t = 0), either no SO₂ was added (0 mg/L), or 30, 60, 90, or 120 mg/L of SO₂ was applied. The samples under study were kept on fine lees for 3 months (t = 3). After 3 months (t = 6) and 9 months (t = 12), the wines were bottled and analyzed. For t = 0 and t = 3, the samples were submitted to HS-SPME-GC/MS for VOC analysis and LC-DAD for AA analysis. From the principal component analysis of the detected VOCs, it was observed that the blended wine in comparison with the varietal wine, was less impacted by the applied SO₂ doses and aging time. From the AA profile, it was also observed in this study that maturation on fine lees resulted in an increase in the total concentration of AAs as would be expected.

Paola Caceres-Rodríguez, Christopher Chavarria-Tapia, Karen Basfi-fer-Obregón et al.

Introducción: En Chile, la situación laboral del nutricionista se ha visto afectada por la numerosa competencia y limitados cupos en las áreas laborales tradicionales. En consecuencia, la carrera de Nutrición y Dietética de la Universidad de Chile decide abrir una nueva práctica profesional en áreas de desempeño emergentes a partir del año 2021. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar su implementación y valoración, considerando la opinión de todos los involucrados. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal mixto con muestreo no probabilístico. Para recoger la opinión de los/as participantes se diseñaron y realizaron encuestas online a alumnos/as del último nivel y a sus supervisores, entrevistas semiestructuradas a tutores de centros de prácticas y grupos de discusión a profesores de grado. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para los resultados cuantitativos y análisis temático para las cuestiones cualitativas. Resultados: Se obtuvo la opinión de 27 estudiantes, 8 supervisores, 10 tutores y 13 profesores de pregrado. En cuanto a la implementación, tanto la estructura como los centros y su modalidad de práctica fueron adecuados. La valoración fue alta por parte de los implicados, destacando el desarrollo y gestión de competencias genéricas entre los/as alumnos/as, y su contribución a ampliar el campo laboral, así como el papel del nutricionista en áreas emergentes. Como aspecto a mejorar, es necesario detallar más las actividades a realizar en cada centro. Conclusiones: La implementación de esta práctica fue exitosa, con un alto nivel de valoración. Su inclusión en el plan de estudios responde adecuadamente al perfil del egresado y a los objetivos de desarrollo de la unidad, respondiendo a necesidades previamente detectadas en el plan de estudios y en el entorno, contribuyendo así a la inserción laboral de los/as egresados/as y a la diversificación del campo actual de la disciplina.

Niina E Kaartinen, Heli Tapanainen, Mirkka Maukonen et al.

Abstract Objective: The shift towards plant-based diets with less meat and more legumes is a global target and requires an understanding of the consequences of dietary adequacy on the population level. Our aim was to model the impact of partial replacement of red and processed meat with legumes on nutrient intakes and population shares below dietary reference intakes. Design: Modelling study with three scenarios anchored in meat cut-offs: ≤ 70 g/d (Finnish dietary guideline); ≤ 50 g/d (Danish dietary guideline); ≤ 30 g/d (EAT-Lancet recommendation). In all subjects, the amount of meat in grams over the cut-off was replaced with the same amount of legumes. The SPADE method was used to model usual intake distributions. Meaningful differences in average intakes and in population shares below dietary reference intakes compared to the reference (FinDiet) were evaluated based on non-overlapping 95 % CI. Setting: Finnish national food consumption survey (FinDiet 2017). Subjects: Finnish adults (n 1655) aged18–74 years (47 % men). Results: The scenarios introduced increases in the average intakes of fibre, folate, K, Mg, Cu and Fe, and decreases in intakes of saturated fat, niacin, vitamin B12, Se and Zn. Meaningful shifts of the usual intake distributions of fibre and folate towards improvement in intakes emerged already in ‘scenario 70 g’. Overall, distribution shifts towards a higher probability of inadequate intakes of the studied nutrients were not observed. Conclusions: These results support the public health message to partly replace meat with legumes and may benefit nutrition policy actions towards sustainable diets in the Nordic countries and beyond.

Ainhoa Navarro-Abril, Javier Saurina, Sònia Sentellas

Biogenic amines (BAs) and free amino acids (AAs) are low-molecular nitrogenous compounds occurring in a wide range of foodstuffs, found in increased amount in different fermented foods, seafood, and wines. This study deals with the development of an analytical method based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry with precolumn derivatization with dansyl chloride for the determination of BAs and AAs in musts, wines, and sparkling wines. The resulting compositional profiles have been exploited as potential descriptors of quality and other oenological issues using chemometric methods including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial analysis of least squares-discriminants (PLS-DA). Proline is the most abundant compound, and other remarkable species are lysine, ethanolamine, tyramine, histamine, and putrescine. Fermented samples (wines and sparkling wines) are much richer in both BAs and free AAs than the initial musts. Significant differences have also been noticed in the quality, as the best products display, in general, lower levels. The dissimilarities in the content of the analytes between the two grape varieties studied (pinot noir and xarel·lo) and those dealing with quality aspects have made it possible to establish a tree to classify the samples based on these two features with excellent classification rates.

Marc Assaad, Nakisa Hekmat-Joo, Jeff Hosry et al.

Abstract Introduction Starting December 2019, the world has been devastated by the rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Many risk factors have been associated with worse outcomes and death from Covid-19 pneumonia including having diabetes mellitus. To date, it is not clear if all group of diabetics share the same risk of complications with COVID-19 infection. This study aims to compare disease severity and mortality rate in insulin users versus non-insulin users. Methods In this retrospective case–control study conducted at the largest health care network in New York state, we included adult, diabetic patients admitted from March 2020 to October 2020 with Covid-19 pneumonia. We compared the baseline characteristics in addition to outcomes of diabetic patients on home insulin (cases) and non-insulin user diabetics (controls). In addition, to determine if home insulin use is associated with an increased mortality, we conducted a cox regression analysis. Results We included 696 patients in the study period with a median age of 57 years, interquartile range [IQR] 51–62, and median body mass index 29.9 (IQR: 26–34.7). The majority (476 [68%]) were males. We identified 227 cases (33%) and 469 controls (67%). More cases than controls were hypertensive (74% vs 67%, p = 0.03), on ACE/ARB (50% vs 42%, p = 0.05), and had a hemoglobin A1c > 8.1 (71% vs 44%, p < 0.001). More cases had AKI (52% vs 38%, p < 0.001), however no significant differences were found in intubation rates (26% vs 24%, p = 0.54), detection of pulmonary embolism (4% vs 6%, p = 0.19) or death rate (15% vs 11%, p = 0.22) comparing cases and controls. In a multivariate analysis, we found that home insulin use was independently associated with increased risk of death: Hazard ratio: 1.92, 95% confidence interval (1.13–3.23). Conclusion We showed herein that diabetic patients on home insulin with COVID-19 pneumonia, have worse outcomes and increased mortality compared to diabetics on oral antihyperglycemic agents. Close monitoring of insulin-dependent type II diabetic patients is needed in the current pandemic.

Aimee Grant, Bethan Pell, Lauren Copeland et al.

Abstract Breastfeeding rates in many Global North countries are low. Qualitative research highlights that breastfeeding in public is a particular challenge, despite mothers often having the legal right to do so. To identify barriers and facilitators, we systematically searched the qualitative research from Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries relating to breastfeeding in public spaces from 2007 to 2021. Data were analysed using the Thematic Synthesis technique. The review was registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42017081504). Database searching identified 3570 unique records. In total, 74 papers, theses, or book chapters, relating to 71 studies, were included, accounting for over 17,000 mothers. Overall, data quality was high. Our analysis identified that five core factors influenced mothers' thought processes and their breastfeeding in public behaviour: legal system; structural (in)equality; knowledge; beliefs and the social environment. Macro‐level factors relating to legislation and inequality urgently require redress if breastfeeding rates are to be increased. Widespread culture change is also required to enhance knowledge, change hostile beliefs and thus the social environment in which mother/infant dyads exist. In particular, the sexualisation of breasts, disgust narratives and lack of exposure among observers to baby‐led infant feeding patterns resulted in beliefs which created a stigmatising environment. In this context, many mothers felt unable to breastfeed in public; those who breastfed outside the home were usually highly self‐aware, attempting to reduce their exposure to conflict. Evidence‐based theoretically informed interventions to remove barriers to breastfeeding in public are urgently required.

Tsubasa Tsutsumi, Dan Nakano, Machiko Kawaguchi et al.

Abstract Background and aim Metabolic dysfunction and associated systemic inflammation are risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and COPD is highly prevalent in men. We investigated the impact of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and MAFLD-related systemic inflammation on COPD in men. Methods We enrolled 2,041 men with fatty liver. Patients were classified into the COPD (n = 420/2041) and non-COPD (n = 1621/2041) groups. COPD and its high-risk group were diagnosed using the Japanese Respiratory Society Disease statement. Systemic inflammation was evaluated using the C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio. Independent factors for COPD were investigated by multivariate analysis and decision-tree analysis. Results The prevalence of MAFLD was significantly higher in the COPD group than in the non-COPD group. In multivariable analysis, in addition to heavy smoking and aging, MAFLD was identified as an independent factor for COPD (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.020–2.101, P = 0.0385). Decision-tree analysis showed that MAFLD, rather than heavy smoking, was the most influential classifier for COPD in non-elderly men (14% in MAFLD vs 6% in non-MAFLD groups). MAFLD was also the second most influential factor in elderly men who were not heavy smokers. In both groups, the CRP/albumin ratio was the first classifier for COPD (16% in the high CRP/albumin ratio group vs 3% in the low CRP/albumin ratio group of non-elderly men). Conclusions MAFLD is an independent predictor of COPD in men. MAFLD had a significant impact on COPD through systemic inflammation in men of all ages who were not heavy smokers. MAFLD may be useful to broadly identify COPD in men.

Luís Marangoni Júnior, Ewelina Jamróz, Sayeny de Ávila Gonçalves et al.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of green propolis extract (PE) and silica nanoparticles (SiO2) on the structure of sodium alginate-based films (SA), as well as their physical and antioxidant properties. Control samples (only SA), films with SA and PE (SA/PE3%), as well as films simultaneously containing SA, PE and SiO2 (SA/PE3%/SiO25% and SA/PE3%/SiO210%) were systematically evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy revealed homogenous distribution of PE and SiO2 within the film matrix. The addition of both compounds increased tensile strength from 12.9 ± 1.2 (control) to 19.6 ± 1.4 MPa (SA/PE3%/SiO210%), without noting any extreme changes in elongation at break or modulus of elasticity. Additionally, the incorporation of PE provided an outstanding UV light blocking effect, and strong DPPH radical-scavenging activity for all samples, therefore, suggesting their potential for future application in active food packaging.

RE Akhigbe, MA Hamed

Abstract Background Antikoch and highly active anti-retroviral therapy are effective drugs in the management of tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus, respectively. However, these cocktails have been independently associated with the aetiopathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. This study investigated whether or not the co-administration of antikoch and anti-retroviral, as seen in tuberculosis/Human Immunodeficiency Virus co-infection, will produce a similar effect. Also, it evaluated the role of glutathione and adenine deaminase/xanthine oxidase/uric acid signaling in antikoch/anti-retroviral-induced cardiometabolic dysfunction. Methods Male rats of Wistar strain were randomized into four groups: the control, which had 0.5 mL of distilled water as a vehicle, anti-Koch-treated rats that were administered a cocktail of anti-Koch, HAART-treated rats that had a combination of anti-retroviral drugs, and anti-Koch + HAART-treated rats that had treatments as anti-Koch-treated and HAART-treated rats. The treatment was once daily and lasted for eight weeks. One way-analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s posthoc test was used to test for significance and pairwise comparisons respectively. Results Although no changes in body weight gain and cardiac weight were noted, it was found that antikoch and/or HAART caused insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose level. In addition, antikoch and/or HAART led to dyslipidaemia, increased atherogenic indices, and elevated cardiac injury markers. These were accompanied by increased plasma and cardiac concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, C-reactive protein, and myeloperoxidase activity, as well as suppressed activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase, and a fall in reduced glutathione level. The observed alterations were more pronounced in animals that received a combination of antikoch and HAART. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence that antikoch and/or HAART induce cardiometabolic dysfunction via glutathione suppression and up-regulation of adenine deaminase/xanthine oxidase/uric acid-dependent oxidative stress and inflammatory response. These events were associated with dyslipidaemia and increased atherogenic indices. This infers that regular monitoring of glucose level, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and oxido-inflammatory markers is important in patients on antikoch and/or HAART for prompt diagnosis and management of cardiometabolic disorder if it ensues.

Kristian L. Funck, Esben Laugesen, Pernille Høyem et al.

Abstract Background Stroke is a serious complication in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Arterial stiffness may improve stroke prediction. We investigated the association between carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity [PWV] and the progression of cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH), a marker of stroke risk, in patients with T2DM and controls. Methods In a 5-year cohort study, data from 45 patients and 59 non-diabetic controls were available for analysis. At baseline, participants had a mean (± SD) age of 59  ±  10 years and patients had a median (range) diabetes duration of 1.8 (0.8–3.2) years. PWV was obtained by tonometry and WMH volume by an automated segmentation algorithm based on cerebral T2-FLAIR and T1 MRI (corrected by intracranial volume, cWMH). High PWV was defined above 8.94 m/s (corresponding to the reference of high PWV above 10 m/s using the standardized path length method). Results Patients with T2DM had a higher PWV than controls (8.8  ±  2.2 vs. 7.9  ±  1.4 m/s, p  <  0.01). WMH progression were similar in the two groups (p  =  0.5). One m/s increase in baseline PWV was associated with a 16% [95% CI 1–32%], p  <  0.05) increase in cWMH volume at 5 years follow-up after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes, pulse pressure and smoking. High PWV was associated with cWMH progression in the combined cohort (p  <  0.05). We found no interaction between diabetes and PWV on cWMH progression. Conclusions PWV is associated with cWMH progression in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic controls. Our results indicate that arterial stiffness may be involved early in the pathophysiology leading to cerebrovascular diseases.

Alejandra Contreras-Manzano, Alejandra Jáuregui, Claudia Nieto et al.

Abstract Background Cartoon characters on processed food packaging increase the perception of product preference among children, but their effect among adults has rarely been examined. We evaluated the effect of a cartoon character on breakfast cereals on beliefs about buying them for children, as well as whether demographic characteristics modified this effect. Methods An experimental study was conducted with adults from online consumer panels in Mexico (n = 3755). Participants were randomly assigned to a “cartoon” condition (n = 1789), in which they viewed a breakfast cereal box with a Minion character on the front of the package, or the “control” condition (n = 1966), in which the same cereal box was displayed with no character on the package. Participants were asked: “Is this a good cereal to buy children?” with the response options “Yes”, “No”, or “Don’t know”. Multinomial adjusted logistic models regressed responses to this question (Yes = 0, No = 1, 2 = Don’t know) on experimental condition. Differences in the effect of the cartoon character across demographic characteristics were tested by introducing multiplicative interaction terms. Results The adjusted model showed that participants in the “cartoon character” condition were 1.67 (1.45–1.94) times more likely to consider the cereal as being “Not good to buy for children” than those in the control condition (p < 0.001). This effect was smaller among parents (RRR = 1.39, 1.13–1.72) compared to those without children (RRR = 2.01, 1.63–2.47). No differences were observed in the proportion of participants answering “Don’t know” across experimental groups. Conclusion Among this sample of Mexican adults, a cereal with a cartoon character on the packaging was more often perceived as “not good to buy for children” compared to a cereal without it. This effect was smaller among parents, potentially due to children influences of parental decisions during food purchasing.

Sandra N. Slagter, Eva Corpeleijn, Melanie M. van der Klauw et al.

Abstract Background Diversity in the reported prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), suggests that modifiable factors may be at play. We evaluated differences in dietary patterns and physical activity between MHO and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). Methods Cross-sectional data of 9270 obese individuals (30–69 years) of the Lifelines Cohort Study was used. MHO was defined as obesity and no metabolic syndrome risk factors and no cardiovascular disease history. MUO was defined as obesity and ≥2 metabolic syndrome risk factors. Sex-specific associations of dietary patterns (identified by principal component analysis) and physical activity with MHO were assessed by multivariable logistic regression (reference group: MUO). Analyses were adjusted for multiple covariates. Results Among 3442 men and 5828 women, 10.2% and 24.4% had MHO and 56.9% and 35.3% MUO, respectively. We generated four obesity-specific dietary patterns. Two were related to MHO, and in women only. In the highest quartile (Q) of ‘bread, potatoes and sweet snacks’ pattern, odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) for MHO was 0.52 (0.39–0.70). For the healthier pattern ‘fruit, vegetables and fish’, an OR of 1.36 (1.09–1.71) in Q3 and 1.55 (1.21–1.97) in Q4 was found for MHO. For physical activity, there was a positive association between moderate physical activity and vigorous physical activity in the highest tertile and MHO in women and men, respectively (OR 1.19 (1.01–1.41) and OR 2.02 (1.50–2.71)). Conclusion The healthier diet -characterized by ‘fruit, vegetables and fish’- and moderate physical activity in women, and vigorous physical activity in men may be related to MHO. The (refined) carbohydrate-rich ‘bread, potatoes and sweet snacks’ dietary pattern was found to counteract MHO in women.

J. Reverter Masià

Elena Alexandrovna Kharlashina, Olga Sergeevna Shapoval'yants, Elena Vladimirovna Pekareva et al.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a polygenous multifactor disease that may be triggered by a viral infection that causes death of beta-cells by at least two mechanisms,virus-mediated autoimmunity and direct cell injury. A case of DM1 following infectious mononucleosis is described to illustrate the necessityof a combined approach to the examination of patients and prescription of treatment.

J. M. Moreno Villares, J. Manzanares López Manzanares, M.ª A. Valero Zanuy et al.

J. M. Moreno Villares, M.ª J. Galiano Segovia

Blanchard Chris M, Courneya Kerry S, Rhodes Ryan E et al.

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Walking is the primary focus of population-based physical activity initiatives but a theoretical understanding of this behaviour is still elusive. The purpose of this study was to integrate personality, the perceived environment, and planning into a theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework to predict leisure-time walking.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Participants were a random sample (N = 358) of Canadian adults who completed measures of the TPB, planning, perceived neighbourhood environment, and personality at Time 1 and self-reported walking behaviour two months later.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Analyses using structural equation modelling provided evidence that leisure-time walking is largely predicted by intention (standardized effect = .42) with an additional independent contribution from proximity to neighbourhood retail shops (standardized effect = .18). Intention, in turn, was predicted by attitudes toward walking and perceived behavioural control. Effects of perceived neighbourhood aesthetics and walking infrastructure on walking were mediated through attitudes and intention. Moderated regression analysis showed that the intention-walking relationship was moderated by conscientiousness and proximity to neighbourhood recreation facilities but not planning.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Overall, walking behaviour is theoretically complex but may best be addressed at a population level by facilitating strong intentions in a receptive environment even though individual differences may persist.</p>

L M Dobordzhginidze, Nikolay Andreevich Gratsianskiy

Необходимость коррекции дислипидемии у больных с диабетом основывается на следующих фактах: диабет широко распространен, а сердечно-сосудистые заболевания - основная причина смерти больных с сахарным диабетом. Высокая частота ИБС среди больных с сахарным диабетом ясно указывает на необходимость модификации риска для того, чтобы снизить главную причину заболеваемости и смертности у данной категории больных. Контроль за уровнем глюкозы не позволяет снизить смертность больных с диабетом. Результаты крупных клинических исследований с применением статинов указывают на безопасность и эффективность гиполипидемической терапии у больных с диабетом не только относительно уровня и состава липидов, но и в отношении клинические исходов (кардиальная и общая смертность), при этом благоприятный эффект статинов у больных с диабетом даже выше, чем у лиц не страдающих диабетом.