Hasil untuk "Law"

خالد سمير محمد حسن

تأتي هذه الدراسة في ظل تصاعد دعوات كثيرة من أجل إصدار قانون جديد لتنظيم الإدارة المحلية في مصر، نظرًا لأن القانون الحالي ( قانون رقم 43 لسنة 1979) لم يعد مواكباً لما جاء بالدستور الجديد ( دستور 2014 ) من صلاحيات جديدة ودعم صريح للامركزية و ترسيخ لديمقراطيتها و تعزيز لصلاحياتها .و تستعرض هذه الدراسة تاريخ الإدارة المحلية في مصر، مع التركيز على انتخابات المجالس المحلية خلال فترة حكم الرئيس الأسبق حسني مبارك ، وهي فترة غنية بالتفاعلات السياسية وشهدت عدة استحقاقات انتخابية محلية وقرارات بشأنها لم تتناولها دراسات سابقة بشكل كافٍ ، وقد استخدمت الدراسة المدخل التاريخي وذلك سعياً لحصر السلبيات والإستفادة منها وكذا الوقوف على مواضع القوة فى تجربة " إدارة المحليات " فى مصر بشكلها الحديث ومفهومها المعاصر عبر قرابة قرن كامل من الزمان ، سعيا للوصول إلى نتائج علمية يمكن أن نستقرأ منها توصيات فاعلة فى حالات مماثلة للدول النامية أو حديثة العهد بالتعددية السياسية والحريات والديمقراطية فى إدارة الأقاليم ..

M. V. Kravchuk

У статті досліджено інститут безоплатної приватизації земель в Україні як механізм реалізації конституційного права громадян на землю та як потенційний інструмент соціальної політики у вимірах Цілей сталого розвитку ООН, передусім ЦСР №1 «Подолання бідності» і ЦСР №10 «Скорочення нерівності». Обґрунтовано, що нині інститут часто втрачає соціальне призначення: дефіцит вільних земель, непрозорі процедури, бюрократичні бар’єри та корупційні ризики обмежують доступ вразливих груп, стимулюють швидке відчуження ділянок і посилюють концентрацію земель, що суперечить соціальній функції землі та приписам статей 13–14 Конституції України. Проаналізовано становлення інституту в ході земельної реформи 1990-х років та його закріплення у Земельному кодексі України 2001 року. Доведено, що стихійність первинного розподілу, неоднаковість регіональної практики, відсутність уніфікованих процедур і належного кадастрового обліку спричинили колізії та нерівність можливостей. Показано, що очікуваний ефект подолання бідності й формування прошарку ефективних землевласників здебільшого не досягнуто, а земля в окремих випадках перетворюється на об’єкт спекулятивного перерозподілу. Визначено      сучасні     передумови      реформування:      функціонування      ринку земель сільськогосподарського призначення та обмеження безоплатної передачі земель державної і комунальної власності в умовах воєнного стану. Запропоновано трансформацію інституту на засадах адресності та інституційної спроможності: збереження безоплатного набуття переважно для пріоритетних категорій (ветерани, ВПО, молоді фермери), поєднання з пільговими кредитами/ субсидованими ставками, посилення контролю за цільовим використанням і запобіжники проти спекуляції (зокрема обмеження відчуження упродовж визначеного періоду) та надмірної концентрації. Як орієнтир обґрунтовано доцільність земельного банку/агентства за типом SAFER, що акумулює земельний фонд і забезпечує справедливий доступ до нього для тих, хто реально планує працювати на землі. Наукова новизна полягає в обґрунтуванні безоплатної приватизації як інструменту досягнення завдань соціальної політики, а практичне значення — у розробленні пропозицій, релевантних для післявоєнного відновлення та сталого розвитку держави.

Fitri Rahmafitria, Heri Puspito Diyah Setiyorini, Purna Hindayani et al.

This study explores how destination attributes, such as accessibility, natural attractions, facilities, and disaster knowledge, influence tourists' risk perceptions, ultimately shaping their travel preparedness. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 806 tourists visiting a tsunami-prone beach destination in Indonesia. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was implemented in the analysis. The findings indicate that accessibility and well-developed tourist facilities tend to lower tourists’ perceived risk, while disaster knowledge heightens it, leading to improved preparedness. Tourists generally feel safer when destinations offer accessible amenities and infrastructure, yet this sense of security may inadvertently decrease their readiness for disasters. This situation creates a paradox: While enhanced accessibility and high-quality amenities contribute to visitor satisfaction, they can unintentionally lower risk perception and preparedness levels. The study challenges the conventional view that accessibility and amenities are inherently beneficial, highlighting the importance of balancing these attributes with proactive risk management strategies. Destination providers, destination management organizations (DMOs), and governments should enhance tourists’ disaster awareness through well-crafted guidelines, educational campaigns, and community engagement programs; these efforts help equip tourists with the necessary knowledge to respond effectively in emergency situations. At the same time, they contribute to the development of safer and more enjoyable tourist destinations.  

Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo

Andrea Boeri, Beatrice Turillazzi, Francesca Sabatini et al.

As acceleration toward the transition to a carbon-neutral energy production becomes an urgent imperative, universities are called to play a multifaceted role: to produce knowledge and cutting-edge research for the pursuit of energy transition; to transform infrastructures to promote circular economy practices and a more sustainable use of their building stock; and to promote energy citizenship through formal and informal education. The authors aim to move from these considerations to critically present some actions and programs in education, research, and campus operations in which the University of Bologna is engaged. The first part presents an overview of the role of universities in this transition, with a focus on the UI GreenMetric international standard for assessing the different dimensions of sustainability. In the core section, an empirical focus is provided on Bologna and its Cesena campus through three directions: the University’s multicampus sustainable strategy (campus operations), the relevant research–action projects on energy justice and the energy transition (research), and the EN-ACTION project to foster energy citizenship and behavioral change in students and citizens (education). This study concludes that the comprehensive approach of the University of Bologna in integrating sustainability into its operations, education, and research while fostering student engagement in energy citizenship, provides a replicable model for other institutions. It highlights the need for consistent and ongoing support to ensure the long-term impact and effectiveness of sustainability initiatives. The integration of social components and engagement with civil society is crucial for fostering a collective behavioral shift toward low-carbon systems, which can be further supported by interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research approaches.

Huu Nguyen Duc

Women have the right to be equal in all fields. This needs to be mainstreamed across the entire legal system, enshrined in both law and law enforcement, including positive measures such as quotas. As all areas of life are concerned with gender equality, efforts are needed to root out gender-based discrimination everywhere. Empowering women, and improving the status of women in society is a measure to accelerate the progress of countries towards achieving the goals of socially sustainable development. Vietnam is one of the countries that is always interested in women’s empowerment and gender equality in the process of sustainable development of the country. From the analysis of gender and feminist theories, the article will point out the motivating effects of women’s empowerment for socially sustainable development goals. Thereby, proposing solutions, contributing to the good implementation of women’s empowerment, and improving the status and role of women towards the goal of socially sustainable development in Vietnam now and in the future.

Marian Zdyb

Artykuł niniejszy jest poświęcony aksjologicznym podstawom ładu gospodarczego w kontekście kluczowych wartości. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że kształtowanie się gospodarki rynkowej oraz realizacja wolno­ści gospodarczej są istotnymi punktami odniesienia w procesie jego budowania. Pamiętać jednak należy, że klasyczna koncepcja ładu w tym zakresie stanowi nadmierne uproszczenie. Stąd też zasadne jest ujmowanie go w perspektywie idei trójpłaszczyznowego jego urzeczywistniania i identyfikacji podstawowych wartości leżących u jego podstaw. Jako cel podstawowy stawiam sobie uzasadnienie tezy, że problem kształtowania aksjologicznych podstaw ładu gospodarczego postrzegać należy przez pryzmat wartości, które nie biorą swo­jego uzasadnienia li tylko z pozytywno-prawnej legitymacji (dobro wspólne, godność człowieka), ale również tych, których moc kształtują wartości fundamentalne wyartykułowane w Konstytucji RP oraz zasady z nich wyprowadzone. W tym ostatnim przypadku rzecz dotyczy m.in. innych niż wolność gospodarcza praw i wolno­ści oraz wartości i zasad (pewność prawa, ochrona praw nabytych, ochrona konkurencji, prawość woli prawo­dawcy i organów stosujących prawo, autorytet państwa i prawa itd.). Rodzi to szereg wyzwań i aksjologicznych dylematów nie tylko natury ekonomicznej, lecz także prawnej i etycznej. Zasadne w związku z tym staje się dokonanie właściwej identyfikacji podstawowych normatywnych filarów i wartości ujmowanych w kontekście obowiązującego prawa oraz potencjalnych zagrożeń dla aksjologicznych fundamentów publicznego prawa gospodarczego. Istotne jest również zwrócenie uwagi na problem inflacji prawa, pewność rozwiązań norma­tywnych, ochronę praw nabytych i maksymalnie ukształtowanych ekspektatyw, jak i bezpieczeństwo prawne oraz nadmierną relatywizację podstawowych wartości stanowiących o istocie porządku prawnego. W zakresie aksjologicznych aspektów ładu gospodarczego ważną rolę odgrywa budowanie autorytetu państwa i prawa oraz rozwijanie etosu służby publicznej. W artykule wykorzystano metodę dogmatyczną i posiłkowo także inne metody.

Brian Tigere, Theresa Moyo

Background: Persons with disabilities living in rural areas are marginalised and excluded in most developmental initiatives in South Africa. They face many economic, political and social problems; hence, improving their quality of life is a daunting and challenging task which needs interventions from both the state and non-governmental stakeholders. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the role played by community gardens in rural Limpopo province in uplifting the lives of persons living with disabilities as well as their communities as a whole. Its main objectives were to assess the social and economic benefits they have provided to this group of people. Method: A qualitative research design was used for this study. Twenty-one participants were identified through purposive sampling. They were made up of people with disabilities, officials from Departments of Agriculture and Social Development. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect data which was analysed thematically. Results: Key results were that community gardens have contributed to the economic and social well-being of persons with disabilities. They have assisted them with income to supplement their social grants. They also created jobs for their members and contributed to improved livelihoods of their families. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that people with disabilities are capable people who, if given the necessary support, can transform their livelihoods both socially and economically. The study recommends that a disability access audit be conducted to resolve the accessibility challenges of the garden.

عبدالله عبدالعال محمد خزيم خزيم

ملخص الدراسة : Abstract يهدف هذا البحث إلى تسعير تأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق وذلک باستخدام نظرية المصداقية Credibility Theory بالتطبيق على شرکة مصر للتأمين ، ويعتمد الباحث فى سبيل الوصول إلى السعر العادل والکافى لتأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق على استخدام نظرية المصداقية وذلک من خلال تحديد التوزيع الاحتمالى المناسب لعدد الحوادث (التوزيعات المنفصلة) ، وکذلک تحديد التوزيع الاحتمالى المناسب لقيم الخسائر(التوزيعات المتصلة) ، ثم تطبيق معادلة المصداقية فى تسعير تأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق وذلک بتقدير معامل المصداقية Credibility Factor للوصول للقسط الصافى والسعر العادل ، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن التوزيع الاحتمالى المناسب لعدد الحوادث هو التوزيع البواسونى Poisson Distribution ، والتوزيع الاحتمالى المناسب لحجم الخسارة هو توزيع باريتو pareto Distribution ، کما توصلت الدراسة إلى السعر العادل والکافى لتأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق باستخدام نظرية المصداقية بالتطبيق على شرکة مصر للتأمين وهو 0.006 ، وبمقارنة السعر العادل الذى توصلت إليه الدراسة لتأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق بالسعر السائد والمطبق فى شرکة مصر للتأمين نجد أن الشرکة محل الدراسة تحصل على أسعار أقل من السعر العادل التى توصلت إليه الدراسة وبالتالى فقد أوصت الدراسة شرکة مصر للتأمين بضرورة تعديل أسعار تأمين التوقف عن العمل بسبب الحريق لديها وذلک بزيادة ورفع هذه الأسعار؛ حتى لا تحقق خسائر فى هذا النوع من التأمين فى المستقبل وحتى تتناسب الأسعار مع درجة الخطورة ولکى تتمکن هذه الشرکة من تکوين محفظة اکتتاب متوازنة تمکنها من تخفيض معدلات الخسائر لديها.

Ann Öhman, Monica Burman, Maria Carbin et al.

Abstract This article focuses on policy and law concerning violence against women as a public health issue. In Sweden, violence against women is recently recognized as a public health problem; we label this shift “The public health turn on violence against women”. The new framing implies increased demands on the Swedish healthcare sector and its’ ability to recognise violence and deal with it in terms of prevention and interventions. The aim was to describe and discuss the main content and characteristics of Swedish healthcare law, and national public health and gender-equality policies representing the public health turn on violence against women. Through discursive policy analysis, we investigate how the violence is described, what is regarded to be the problem and what solutions and interventions that are suggested in order to solve the problem. Healthcare law articulates violence against women as an ordinary healthcare issue and the problem as shortcomings to provide good healthcare for victims, but without specifying what the problem or the legal obligation for the sector is. The public health problem is rather loosely defined, and suggested interventions are scarce and somewhat vague. The main recommendations for healthcare are to routinely ask patients about violence exposure. Violence against women is usually labelled “violence within close relationships” in the policies, and it is not necessarily described as a gender equality problem. While violence against women in some policy documents is clearly framed as a public health problem, such a framing is absent in others, or is transformed into a gender-neutral problem of violence within close relationships. It is not clearly articulated what the framing should lead to in terms of the healthcare sector’s obligations, interventions and health promotions, apart from an ambivalent discourse on daring to ask about violence.

Irina P. Popova

The system of legal education has been developing to a greater extent under requirements of the market, going out of professionals’ control. In the condition of uncontrolled growth the processes ofde ter ior ation of quality, under utilization of vocational education capacity and professional development take place. The study of this problem focuses on deformation of the careers of graduates with higher legal education, who have given up their specialty, and on the potential of this type of higher education to be the basis for transforming professional careers in other fields of activity. The research is based on the data of semi-structured interviews with graduates of law schools that do not work by a chosen profession. The circumstances of the choice of legal education and reasons of giving up the chosen profession are analyzed. It is also important to consider the resources of legal education for developing of professional careers in new areas.

Sandra L. Ulinski, Simone T. Moysés, Renata I. Werneck et al.

Objective: To explore high-risk behaviors and experiences with traffic law among night drivers in Curitiba, Brazil. Method: Data from 398 drivers on sociodemographic parameters, high-risk behaviors, experiences with traffic law, and traffic law violations were collected through interviews conducted at sobriety checkpoints. Exploratory-descriptive and analytical statistics were used. Results: The mean age of the participants was 32.6±11.2 years (range, 18 to 75 years). Half of the drivers reported having driven after drinking in the last year, predominantly single men aged 18 to 29 years who drive cars and drink alcohol frequently. Only 55% of the drivers who had driven after drinking in the last year self-reported some concern about being detected in a police operation. Conclusions: A significant association was found between sociodemographic variables and behavior, which can help tailor public interventions to a specific group of drivers: young men who exhibit high-risk behaviors in traffic, such as driving after drinking alcohol, some of whom report heavy alcohol consumption. This group represents a challenge for educational and enforcement interventions, particularly because they admit to violating current laws and have a low perception of punishment due to the low risk of being detected by the police.

MÁRCIO TÚLIO VIANA

RESUMO:  Embora sirvam ambos ao sistema capitalista, Direito Civil e Direito do Trabalho têm origem e destino diferentes. O primeiro nasceu, basicamente, de cima para baixo, da elite para o povo. O segundo, ao contrário, foi produto da luta operária contra a exploração da fábrica. Hoje, no entanto, cada qual contém elementos do outro.  No caso do Direito do Trabalho, sua parte “civil” avança, enquanto sua parte “trabalhista” sofre fortes tensões.  PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direito Civil. Direito do Trabalho. Flexibilização   ABSTRACT: While serving both the capitalist system, Civil Law and Labor Law have different origin and destination. The first was born, basically, from the top to the bottom, from the elite to the people. The second, in contrast, was the product of workers' struggle against exploitation. Today, however, each of which contains elements of the other. In the case of Labor Law, its "civil" part progresses, while its "labor" part suffers tensions. KEYWORDS: Civil Law. Labor Law. Flexibilization.

Editorial Board

The article Condens. Matter Phys., 2013, vol. 16, 43802 ( DOI:10.5488/CMP.16.43802) has been retracted by the decision of the Editorial Board. There is a significant overlap with an article: Phys. Rev. E, 2006, vol. 74, 036120 ( DOI:10.1103/PhysRevE.74.036120). Appologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

José Andrés Álvarez Patallo

This article analyses the origin and development of Social Security from a materialist perspective, contrary to idealism. Idealism supports that the mental representation, of any kind, is what makes true reality. On the other hand, materialism is based on the ideological opposite methodological assumption based on the principles that material reality configures the ideas. The first conclusion to be made is that Social Security was born because of salary independency which led to the Industrial Revolution, which made it neccesary to establish a substitute system of the salarial incomes in case of the losses of them. The second conclusion can be resumed in the fact that the problem of the salarial independency and the solution of it, nowdays remain, which means that Social Security is even more necessary and viable than ever. <p><strong>Published online</strong>: 02 December 2014</p>

Jean Étienne Marie Portalis

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Milorad Bejatović, Goran Bejatović

Every economy is trying to be stabile and to be in progress. To try to reach this she needs to be based on Quantitative-qualitative coordinated process of reproduction. The economy is based on processes of production, trade, distribution and consumption, and all of this is to satisfy wide specter of social and economical needs. If there is a will to provide stabile function of wide reproduction, this processes must be organized, regulated, guided and controlled by state on macroeconomical level. The state does this by network of political factors. Economy of every countries, as well as those undeveloped and those most developed, in this process are having some problems in their functioning, which we can call universal. This requires a necessity of state intervention. These problems are here because there is a lack in factors of production or irregular deployment, weighted process of reproduction, specially because of wider ecological crisis. The common property is that this problems are occurring if phases of production, as the base phase of reproduction, and this is necessary spreading on every phases of production. The economy is a key social activity that is in unbounded connection with the state. Without legal regulation of economical relations, judicial protection, and as well as economical politics as systems of masers that have impact on economical relations and processes for the purpose of optimization, the economy of one country could not be functional or it would be turned in to the monster mechanism, which members would be fighting for their lives, without choosing the means or methods, and this would on the end bring them to collapse. Excessive government intervention would lead to the abolition of the basic economic laws, because the economy as a condition for their survival requires autonomy, while the total neutrality of state by the economy, is creating a system full of anomalies.

Rolando Tamayo y Salmorán

Eva Hradilová

Rozsah a zaměření tohoto článku neumožňují podat vyčerpávající charakteristiku jednotlivých ka­tegorií klientů NGOs. Nejedná se ani o klasickou te­oretickou studii, snahou naopak po obecném teore­tickém úvodu zůstává přiblížit praktické otázky čin­nosti právních poradců nevládních organizací. Ten­to příspěvek si však neklade za cíl komplexně vyřešit všechny problemy, které se v této oblasti nabízejí.