Hasil untuk "Latin America. Spanish America"

Marcos Delprato

Latin America's education systems are fragmented and segregated, with substantial differences by school type. The concept of school efficiency (the ability of school to produce the maximum level of outputs given available resources) is policy relevant due to scarcity of resources in the region. Knowing whether private and public schools are making an efficient use of resources --and which are the leading drivers of efficiency-- is critical, even more so after the learning crisis brought by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, relying on data of 2,034 schools and nine Latin American countries from PISA 2022, I offer new evidence on school efficiency (both on cognitive and non-cognitive dimensions) using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) by school type and, then, I estimate efficiency leading determinants through interpretable machine learning methods (IML). This hybrid DEA-IML approach allows to accommodate the issue of big data (jointly assessing several determinants of school efficiency). I find a cognitive efficiency gap of nearly 0.10 favouring private schools and of 0.045 for non-cognitive outcomes, and with a lower heterogeneity in private than public schools. For cognitive efficiency, leading determinants for the chance of a private school of being highly efficient are higher stock of books and PCs at home, lack of engagement in paid work and school's high autonomy; whereas low-efficient public schools are shaped by poor school climate, large rates of repetition, truancy and intensity of paid work, few books at home and increasing barriers for homework during the pandemic.

Triveni Magadum, Sanjana Murgod, Kartik Garg et al.

In this research, renewable energy expansion in South America up to 2050 is predicted based on machine learning models that are trained on past energy data. The research employs gradient boosting regression and Prophet time series forecasting to make predictions of future generation capacities for solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, and other renewable sources in South American nations. Model output analysis indicates staggering future expansion in the generation of renewable energy, with solar and wind energy registering the highest expansion rates. Geospatial visualization methods were applied to illustrate regional disparities in the utilization of renewable energy. The results forecast South America to record nearly 3-fold growth in the generation of renewable energy by the year 2050, with Brazil and Chile spearheading regional development. Such projections help design energy policy, investment strategy, and climate change mitigation throughout the region, in helping the developing economies to transition to sustainable energy.

Yu Wu, Ke Shu, Jonas Fischer et al.

This paper presents a novel task of extracting low-resourced and noisy Latin fragments from mixed-language historical documents with varied layouts. We benchmark and evaluate the performance of large foundation models against a multimodal dataset of 724 annotated pages. The results demonstrate that reliable Latin detection with contemporary zero-shot models is achievable, yet these models lack a functional comprehension of Latin. This study establishes a comprehensive baseline for processing Latin within mixed-language corpora, supporting quantitative analysis in intellectual history and historical linguistics. Both the dataset and code are available at https://github.com/COMHIS/EACL26-detect-latin.

Dali Wang, Chen Wang, Qinglei Cao et al.

The development of a kilometer-scale E3SM Land Model (km-scale ELM) is an integral part of the E3SM project, which seeks to advance energy-related Earth system science research with state-of-the-art modeling and simulation capabilities on exascale computing systems. Through the utilization of high-fidelity data products, such as atmospheric forcing and soil properties, the km-scale ELM plays a critical role in accurately modeling geographical characteristics and extreme weather occurrences. The model is vital for enhancing our comprehension and prediction of climate patterns, as well as their effects on ecosystems and human activities. This study showcases the first set of full-capability, km-scale ELM simulations over various computational domains, including simulations encompassing 21.6 million land gridcells, reflecting approximately 21.5 million square kilometers of North America at a 1 km x 1 km resolution. We present the largest km-scale ELM simulation using up to 100,800 CPU cores across 2,400 nodes. This continental-scale simulation is 300 times larger than any previous studies, and the computational resources used are about 400 times larger than those used in prior efforts. Both strong and weak scaling tests have been conducted, revealing exceptional performance efficiency and resource utilization. The km-scale ELM uses the common E3SM modeling infrastructure and a general data toolkit known as KiloCraft. Consequently, it can be readily adapted for both fully-coupled E3SM simulations and data-driven simulations over specific areas, ranging from a single gridcell to the entire North America.

Michele Campolieti, Arturo Ramos

We study the distribution of strike size, which we measure as lost person days, for a long period in several countries of Europe and America. When we consider the full samples, the mixtures of two or three lognormals arise as very convenient models. When restricting to the upper tails, the Pareto power law becomes almost indistinguishable of the truncated lognormal.

Moisés Wagner Franciscon

Durante o stalinismo tardio (1945-53), o cinema soviético, como o americano, produziu várias películas veiculando mensagens de interesse governamental. A propaganda soviética transparece em filmes como Zagovor obrechennyh, 1950, apesar (e talvez com maior maestria) do trabalho do diretor Mikhail Kalatozov. Por meio da sócio-história cinematográfica de Marc Ferro pode-se apreciar a construção de um discurso legitimador dos novos regimes socialistas locais, da condução da luta política contra o titoísmo e a passagem do Leste Europeu da influência ocidental (ora inglesa, ora alemã) para a soviética (cumprindo o papel do antigo pêndulo russo), e o fim da experiência democrática liberal, trocada pela da democracia popular, com a derrota do novo rival americano e de seu Plano Marshall na região, substituídos pelo COMECOM.

Valerio Lucarini, Vera Melinda Galfi, Gabriele Messori et al.

Elucidating the statistical properties of extreme meteo-climatic events and capturing the physical processes responsible for their occurrence are key steps for improving our understanding of climate variability and climate change and for better evaluating the associated hazards. It has recently become apparent that large deviation theory is very useful for investigating persistent extreme events, and specifically, for flexibly estimating long return periods and for introducing a notion of dynamical typicality. Using a methodological framework based on large deviation theory and taking advantage of long simulations by a state-of-the-art Earth System Model, we investigate the 2021 North America Heatwave. Indeed, our analysis shows that the 2021 event can be seen as an unlikely but possible manifestation of climate variability, whilst its probability of occurrence is greatly amplified by the ongoing climate change. We also clarify the properties of spatial coherence of the 2021 heatwave and elucidate the role played by the Rocky Mountains in modulating hot, dry, and persistent extreme events in the Western Pacific region of North America.

Lluis Danus, Carles Muntaner, Alexander Krauss et al.

Scientists collaborate through intricate networks, which impact the quality and scope of their research. At the same time, funding and institutional arrangements, as well as scientific and political cultures, affect the structure of collaboration networks. Since such arrangements and cultures differ across regions in the world in systematic ways, we surmise that collaboration networks and impact should also differ systematically across regions. To test this, we compare the structure of collaboration networks among prominent researchers in North America and Europe. We find that prominent researchers in Europe establish denser collaboration networks, whereas those in North-America establish more decentralized networks. We also find that the impact of the publications of prominent researchers in North America is significantly higher than for those in Europe, both when they collaborate with other prominent researchers and when they do not. Although Europeans collaborate with other prominent researchers more often, which increases their impact, we also find that repeated collaboration among prominent researchers decreases the synergistic effect of collaborating.

Myungjong Kim, Taeyeon Ki, Aviral Anshu et al.

This paper describes the submission to the speaker diarization track of VoxCeleb Speaker Recognition Challenge 2021 done by North America Bixby Lab of Samsung Research America. Our speaker diarization system consists of four main components such as overlap speech detection and speech separation, robust speaker embedding extraction, spectral clustering with fused affinity matrix, and leakage filtering-based postprocessing. We evaluated our system on the VoxConverse dataset and the challenge evaluation set, which contain natural conversations of multiple talkers collected from YouTube. Our system obtained 4.46%, 6.39%, and 6.16% of the diarization error rate on the VoxConverse development, test, and the challenge evaluation set, respectively.

Arturo Sánchez Pineda

This schematic proposal is looking to give a first view of the different and vital services, protocols, tools and know-how relative to the Scientific Computing (SC) and Information Technology (IT) for scientific endeavours and capacity-building projects in the Latin America region. The proposal of transversal services and protocols for the design, development, deployment, distribution, training, publication and citation, proper accreditation and dissemination of scientific experiments, data, processes, software, documentation, results and resources using world-leading protocols and industrial standards under the Open Access philosophy is presented. It shows a dedicated review of scenarios and proposals that can be seen under the umbrella of a "SC+IT Hub". It also gives effective usage of current hybrid spaces (physical and virtual) that contains very well known industrial and academic resources and practical ideas and how to deploy those for current *diverse* and future experiments and research teams in the region.

Camila Lorenz, Thiago Salomao de Azevedo, Francisco Chiaravalloti-Neto

West Nile virus (WNV) is a vector-borne pathogen of global relevance and is currently the most widely distributed flavivirus of encephalitis worldwide. This virus infects birds, humans, horses, and other mammals, and its transmission cycle occurs in urban and rural areas. Climate conditions have direct and indirect impacts on vector abundance and virus dynamics within the mosquito. The significance of environmental variables as drivers in WNV epidemiology is increasing under the current climate change scenario. In this study, we used a machine learning algorithm to model WNV distributions in South America. Our model evaluated eight environmental variables (type of biome, annual temperature, seasonality of temperature, daytime temperature variation, thermal amplitude, seasonality of precipitation, annual rainfall, and elevation) for their contribution to the occurrence of WNV since its introduction in South America (2004). Our results showed that environmental variables can directly alter the occurrence of WNV, with lower precipitation and higher temperatures associated with increased virus incidence. High-risk areas may be modified in the coming years, becoming more evident with high greenhouse gas emission levels. Countries such as Bolivia and Paraguay will be greatly affected, drastically changing their current WNV distribution. Several Brazilian areas will also increase the likelihood of presenting WNV, mainly in the Northeast and Midwest regions and the Pantanal biome. The Galapagos Islands will also probably increase their geographic range suitable for WNV occurrence. It is necessary to develop preventive policies to minimize potential WNV infection in humans and enhance active epidemiological surveillance in birds, humans, and other mammals before it becomes a more significant public health problem in South America.

Domenico Branca, Boris Blanco-Gallegos

El propósito de este artículo es reflexionar sobre la autorrepresentación aymara en el contextoperuano. El tema de la lengua tiene una importancia fundamental en las reivindicaciones político-identitariasa nivel global, ya que representa una herramienta comunicativa que pertenece, primariamente, al campo de laintimidad personal y, al mismo tiempo, a la idea de formar parte a un conjunto más amplio. La antropologíahan indagado detenidamente el rol de la lengua en las construcciones étnicas y grupales, el papel de marcadorque cumple en la construcción de los confines entre el “nosotros” y los “otros”, así como la necesidad políticade estudiar los textos producidos por ləs propios actorəs sociales. En esta línea, este texto, resultado de unainvestigación etnográfica de larga duración en la región de Puno, analiza la autorrepresentación identaria y eluso de la lengua aymara en textos muy diversos, desde traducciones literarias hasta artículos científicos, conel objetivo principal de contribuir a la discusión sobre la autorrepresentación étnica.

Andrey Schelchkov

The division in the international communist movement and the creation of Trotskyism movement coincided with turbulent revolutionary events in Spain, where the left-wing forces were building up their forces. As in many other countries, the split of the communists was reflected in domestic politics, one of the aspects of which was the confrontation and extreme hostility of the two currents in world communism. The Spanish question and the situation in Spanish Trotskyism had a significant impact on the process of forming the doctrine of Trotskyism, primarily in the issue of electoral unions, attitudes towards the Popular Front, and the tasks of the communists in the democratic revolution. This work highlights the process of the formation of the Trotskyist movement in Spain, the influence and role in this process of the International Secretariat of Trotskyism, internal splits in the movement, the participation of Spanish Trotskyism in the revolutionary movement.

Benjamin Charles Germain Lee, Jaime Mears, Eileen Jakeway et al.

Chronicling America is a product of the National Digital Newspaper Program, a partnership between the Library of Congress and the National Endowment for the Humanities to digitize historic newspapers. Over 16 million pages of historic American newspapers have been digitized for Chronicling America to date, complete with high-resolution images and machine-readable METS/ALTO OCR. Of considerable interest to Chronicling America users is a semantified corpus, complete with extracted visual content and headlines. To accomplish this, we introduce a visual content recognition model trained on bounding box annotations of photographs, illustrations, maps, comics, and editorial cartoons collected as part of the Library of Congress's Beyond Words crowdsourcing initiative and augmented with additional annotations including those of headlines and advertisements. We describe our pipeline that utilizes this deep learning model to extract 7 classes of visual content: headlines, photographs, illustrations, maps, comics, editorial cartoons, and advertisements, complete with textual content such as captions derived from the METS/ALTO OCR, as well as image embeddings for fast image similarity querying. We report the results of running the pipeline on 16.3 million pages from the Chronicling America corpus and describe the resulting Newspaper Navigator dataset, the largest dataset of extracted visual content from historic newspapers ever produced. The Newspaper Navigator dataset, finetuned visual content recognition model, and all source code are placed in the public domain for unrestricted re-use.

Guillermo Marco Remón, Julio Gonzalo

In recent years, several systems of automated metric analysis of Spanish poetry have emerged. These systems rely on complex methods of syllabification and stress assignment, which use PoS-tagging libraries, whose computational cost is high. This cost increases with the calculation of metric ambiguities. Furthermore, they do not consider determining issues in syllabic count such as the phenomena of compensation between hemistichs of verses of more than eleven syllables. However, it is possible to carry out an informative and accurate metric analysis without using these costly methods. We propose an algorithm that performs accurate scansion (number of syllables, stress pattern and type of verse) without syllabification. It addresses metric ambiguities and takes into account the hemistichs compensation. Our algorithm outperforms the current state of the art by 2% in fixed-metre poetry, and 25% in mixed-metre poetry. It also runs 21 and 25 times faster, respectively. Finally, a desktop application is offered as a tool for researchers of Spanish poetry.

Juan Ramón Moreno-Vera, José Monteagudo Fernández

En la experiencia que aquí se presenta, estudiantes de la Universidad de Murcia dejaron las aulas por unas horas para llevar a cabo un aprendizaje situado de la historia del arte mediante un itinerario didáctico sobre la Murcia medieval. De este modo, se rompen las barreras físicas del aula y se integran los elementos de aprendizaje con el propio paisaje urbano por donde los estudiantes pasan a diario. El itinerario didáctico partía desde el antiguo Alcázar Seguir de la ciudad, hoy Convento de clausura, pasando por la plaza de Santo Domingo, antigua plaza del zoco; la conjunción urbana de “las cuatro esquinas”, donde convergen las calles de los principales gremios de la ciudad; la catedral de Murcia, donde se conservan los restos de la antigua mezquita Al-Jama y, finalmente, en el conjunto monumental de San Juan de Dios, donde aún es visible el nicho del mihrab del antiguo oratorio del Alcázar mayor medieval. Los resultados de la investigación se basan en el análisis de un pre-test y un post-test que el alumnado contestó sobre sus conocimientos de la Murcia medieval. La progresión de aprendizaje del alumnado participante fue positiva mejorando en el post-test los resultados previos.

Alexander V. Kir'yanov

The data on molecular phylogeny of the Colias complex of South America (SA), obtained via barcoding a mitochondrial part of genome, are reported. Barcoding was trialed employing the Barcoding of Life Database platform and comprised 93 specimens of SA Colias sp. plus 2 outgroup specimens (C. philodice guatemalena from North America). It is established that Colias sp. from SA form a single monophyletic clade, characterized by notable interspecific mutational divergences (3.5-4.5%) and moderate intraspecific ones (0.3-0.9%). It also reveals the occurrence of 3 well-established (notably diverged genetically) species (C. dimera, C. vauthierii, and C. alticola, the latter re-raised to sp. level), plus a complex of 3 'emerging' species (C. lesbia, C. euxanthe, and C. flaveola) which are weakly differentiated genetically. Furthermore, it disregards the sp. status of taxa weberbaueri, mossi, nigerrima, erika, blameyi, and mendozina, as certain evidences are being brought to consider them ssp. of a clinal type of super-sp. C. flaveola s. lat. Importantly, the clade formed by SA Colias is found to be sister to the one comprising Colias sp. occurring outside the region (in Eurasia, North America, and Africa). A direct comparison of the results obtained for SA Colias with those for worldwide Colias (GenBank data) leads to the conclusion that these are largely divergent autochtonous subcomplexes, being in fact subgenera s. lat. of genus Colias. The first subgenus comprising all SA Colias sp. and named Aucolias (Austral Colias, or of southern hemisphere stem) is sister to the second one (comprising all Colias sp. from the Old and New Worlds), for which the name Colias (Colias) s. str. is preserved.

Claudia Freidenraij

C. Rolfo, C. Caglevic, D. Bretel et al.

Latin America and the Caribbean have not yet developed strong clinical cancer research programmes. In order to improve this situation two international cancer organisations, the Latin American Society of Clinical Oncology (SLACOM) and the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) worked closely with the Peruvian Cooperative Oncology Group (GECOPERU) and organised a clinical cancer research workshop held in Lima, Peru, in October 2015. Many oncologists from different Latin American countries participated in this gathering. The opportunities for and strengths of clinical oncology research in Latin American and Caribbean countries were identified as the widespread use of the Spanish language, the high cancer burden, growing access to information, improving patient education, access to new drugs for research centres, regional networks and human resources. However, there are still many weaknesses and problems including the long timeline for regulatory approval, lack of economic investment, lack of training and lack of personnel participating in clinical research, lack of cancer registries, insufficient technology and insufficient supplies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, few cancer specialists, low general levels of education and the negative attitude of government authorities towards clinical research.

Elliott Middleton

'Animal spirits' or confidence levels are heavily dependent on how current conditions compare to adaptation levels. In the US, with its highly flexible labor markets and weak safety nets, the unemployment rate seems to serve as a generalized job insecurity indicator. In data spanning the postwar period, approximately when the unemployment rate crosses above its adaptation level as modeled by an exponential moving average over the trailing four years, a collapse of confidence occurs, and unemployment accelerates upward into a recession. In the current context of massive inequality in incomes and wealth in America, secularly declining real incomes for most Americans, and minimal trust in central government (as reflected in the election of a 'third party candidate' in the recent Presidential election) it seems likely that Americans' trust in their economic system and system of government will face severe challenges in the next cyclical downturn. If the next cycle follows previous patterns, it will be triggered by a collapse of 'animal spirits' as the unemployment rate rises above its adaptation level.