Hasil untuk "Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania"

Binderiya Amarbayasgalan

In recent years, with the continuous development of international Chinese education, the field of Chinese textbook research has shown a flourishing trend. Based on the CNKI database, this study employs Cite Space 6.3 R1 software to conduct a bibliometric analysis of literature on Chinese textbooks for foreign learners from 1999 to 2023. The study systematically examines publication volume, key authors, major institutions, research hot spots, and emerging trends. The findings indicate that Chinese textbook research has undergone four stages: the preliminary stage (1999-2005), steady growth stage (2006-2010), peak stage (2011-2018), and stabilization stage (2019-2023). Regarding research hot spots, topics such as textbook compilation, localization, principles of textbook design, and error analysis have gained significant academic attention. Furthermore, keyword clustering and burst word analysis reveal the evolutionary trends of Chinese textbook research, suggesting that future studies may focus more on personalized, intelligent, and multi modal textbook development. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the current state and development trends of Chinese textbook research and provides insights for future investigations.

S. S. Naumov

During the Bakumatsu period (1853–1867), under pressure from Western countries, the Tokugawa shogunate was forced to end Japan’s policy of selfisolation and conclude unequal treaties with a number of Western powers. This caused deep discontent in the country, affecting various segments of the population. In the context of the political crisis, the shogunate launched a series of reforms aimed at strengthening its power, including military power.Great Britain secretly supported the opposition forces in the south of the country, and France made a bet on the shogunate, expressing its readiness to support its reforms. As a result, in January 1867, a French military mission consisting of 15 people arrived in the Japanese port of Yokohama, commanded by Captain Charles Chanoine, who had previously led French troops in China during the Second Opium War (1856–1860). The purpose of the mission was to modernize the obsolete military system of the Tokugawa shogunate.However, the recommendations of the French military advisers were not fully realized, because, after the outbreak of the civil war in January 1868 and the defeat of the supporters of the shogun, Emperor Meiji ordered the mission to leave Japan in October. A number of members of the mission, who did not obey this order, led by Jules Brunet, along with supporters of the shogunate, took part in the creation of the Republic of Ezo (1868–1869) on the island of Hokkaido.

Perini, Gaia

The present article focuses on a short story written by Lu Xun in 1935, «Gathering Vetch», later included in Gushi Xinbian (Old Tales Retold). In this text the author has been faithful to the official biography of the two legendary hermits Boyi and Shuqi, as it was recorded by Sima Qian and commented by Confucius, while on the other hand he could not fail to contaminate it with his irreverent wit, as well as with a variety of unmistakably modern narrative devices. Through a close reading of this single work, the article aims at analyzing Lu Xun’s ambivalent yet vital relationship with the Chinese tradition and folklore; it shows how the writer mingled the most authoritative historical texts (zhengshi) with the unofficial history (yeshi) and oral culture. This mixture between orality and the sacred written word of the Classics was not intended to demystify the canon for the sheer pleasure of it; rather, as this article tries to prove, Lu Xun engaged in a profound and radical rethinking of the Chinese past by retelling it in a new way.

Hiroshi Nara

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Krisztina Teleki

A tanulmány Mongólia egy 1736-ban jurtaszentélyként alapult kolostorának történetét mutatja be, amely 1937-ig a mai Xöwsgöl megye Tömörbulag járásában állt. A 16 szentélyt és ezer szerzetest számláló, tajgai kolostor könyvnyomtatásáról és fafaragásairól volt híres. Érdekessége, hogy egykori szerzetese, Süx Gotow (1915–2010) nemcsak, hogy részt vett kolostora hagyományának a felélesztésében, hanem annak részletes történetét is ránk hagyta. Jelen tanulmány elsősorban 1999-ben írt könyve alapján szemlélteti Mongólia egykori kolostorainak alapítását, fejlődését és jelenlegi helyzetét.

Dina Dharma Janto, Susy Ong

As more and more religious content appears in anime, the actual meaning of its use in anime may be different. This phenomenon is known as religious cosmetics introduced by Jolyon Baraka Thomas. Religious cosmetics introduces the term religious vocabulary and religious imagery. This study focuses on analyzing religious vocabulary, and aims to prove whether the Shinto religious vocabularies that appears in the anime Enen no Shouboutai season 1 (2019) are religious cosmetics. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive. The use of words in the anime Enen no Shouboutaiseason 1 will be compared with the meaning of the vocabulary from the Shinto religious dictionary compiled by Brian Bocking. The results showed that there are eighteen data of religious vocabularies that appear in anime Enen no Shouboutai season 1, which can be divided into five categories, namely (1) ‘amaterasu’, (2) ‘kami’, (3) ‘matsuri’, (4) ‘oni’, and (5) ‘sake’. However, among those five categories appeared throughout the series, four were found as Shinto religious vocabularies which used as religious cosmetics while one category (3) ‘matsuri’ was not used as religious cosmetics. The reason is because the meaning and the use of the word is getting wider, not only used in Shinto related topics, but also in daily life generally.

Laude Ngadi M

Manifestos and literary programs in French-Speaking sub-Saharian of Africa: About ‘invisibility’ of the corpus in literary criticism. Despite an abundant production, the corpus of literary manifestos and programmes from sub-Saharan Francophone Africa is relatively invisible in literary criticism. With the exception of a few studies, critical works devoted to the programmatic works of writers are rare. This article proposes some hypotheses that can explain why the body of literature of authors’ ideas in this space is generally ‘invisible’. The approach of the literary field, applied to the sociology of scientific production, makes it possible to highlight three main causes for this invisibility: the importance of identity and cultural discourse, which makes it impossible to delimit the geographical space of writers from sub-Saharan Francophone Africa, whose production and reception are dominated by that of their colleagues from the West Indies and the Caribbean; the omnipresence of political and social discourse which takes precedence over poetic reflection; the metalanguage of the manifesto due to the fact that writers are also generally literary critics.

Salah Al-ddin Abdi, Akram Zolfaghari

The phenomenon of deconstruction emerged in the late sixties of the twentieth century from the point of view of structuralism. Associated with breach of the metaphysics of presence, deconstructing criticism was raised by Jacques Derrida, within which the verbal/parole aspects of the texts are violated. The purpose of this comprehensive outlook is to delve into the hidden meanings of the text and its metaphysical dimensions. Dimashq al-Ḥarāʼiq was written byZakaria Tamer, a well-known short story writer in the Arab world. This article deals with the collection of two short stories, "Mot al-Sha'r al-Asvad" and "vajh al-ghamar" by analyzing the text using the deconstruction approach. The research method is descriptive-analytic. After the text analysis, it emerges that the main contradictions in the stories are hope / despair, dignity / inferiority and captivity / freedom. By analyzing these contradictions and deconstructing them, it is concluded that the existence of contradictory inversion in the stories is due to the disapproval of the higher classes by the oppressed lower class, which is attributed to the lack of knowledge or the lack of power for confrontation.

Jean-Paul Lehners

Aline de Witt

Joan-Mari Barendse

Viljoen identifies an engagement with history and “dystopic views” as separate trends in recent Afrikaans literature. In investigating characteristics of recent Afrikaans dystopian futurist novels it becomes apparent that the past also plays an important role in the visions of the future that is created. The past is an important premise in dystopian literature in general. It can be linked to the protagonist’s search for identity and meaning in the dystopian space. This article explores the relationship between the past and future in Afrikaans dystopian futurist novels published after 1999. Specific reference is made to the following dystopian novels by established Afrikaans writers: Oemkontoe van die nasie (2001) by P. J. Haasbroek, Raka die roman (2005) by Koos Kombuis and Horrelpoot (2006) by Eben Venter. The self-published dystopian novels Die Nege kerse van Magriet (2006) by Barend P. J. Erasmus and Beslissing in die Karoo (2011) by Sebastiaan Biehl, which lie outside the mainstream of Afrikaans literature, are also discussed. These novels by Erasmus and Biehl are written from an extreme right-wing perspective and differ from the more mainstream novels in their portrayal of a future South Africa. In this paper I explore the role of references to South African history in the construction of the future in the Afrikaans dystopian novels published after 1999. I discuss how the Afrikaner characters use the past in their search for identity in a postcolonial and post-apartheid context.

Dan Wylie

Taqdir .

<p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong></p> <p><strong><em> </em></strong></p> <p><em>The purpose of this paper is to know the structure of compound verb (V + V) in Japanese. The structure is a forming of zenkoudoushi (first verb) and koukoudoushi (second verb). The second verb is kiru. And the first verbs are joutai doushi (statis) keizoukudoushi (contuinity), shunkandoushi (fungtual), and daiyoushudoushi (the four verb). This classification from the Kindaichi’s classification. </em></p> <p><em>As a single verb kiru means to cut, to slice, to decide, and to turn off. When it combined with other verbs, the verb kiru will form a compound verb which has several meanings. Commonly, compound verb kiru has two meanings, namely in terms of lexical meaning and syntactical meaning. Lexically, compound verb kiru means setsudan ‘cutting’ and shuketsu ‘ends/over’, while syntactically this verb means kyokudo ‘extraordinary/ infinite’ and kansui ‘perfective’. </em></p> <p><em>The compound verb ~kiru which attached to continuity (keizokudoushi) has meaning as setsudan ‘cutting’, shuketsu ‘ends/over’, and kansui ‘perfective’, while when it is attached to the punctual verb (shuunkandoushi) means kyokudo ‘extraordinary/ infinite’.</em><em> </em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p>Keyword : <em>zenkoudoushi, koukoudoushi, compound verb</em>, ~<em>kiru</em></p> <p> </p>

Mariëtta Alberts

This article deals with the national dictionary offices of the previous bilingual dispensation, the eleven official national dictionary offices in the present multilingual dispensation, and the future prospects of these offices. It discusses the past dispensation in terms of the need and reasons for the establishment of national dictionary offices, i.e. national lexicography units (NLUs). Attention is given to the prescripts of the National Lexicography Units Bill (1996) for the establishment of NLUs, as well as the transfer of these units from the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology to the Pan South African Language Board. The restructuring of dictionary units that existed prior to the multilingual dispensation is considered, together with the establishment of new dictionary units for the official African languages. The present situation is dealt with by describing the status quo at the NLUs in terms of housing, administration, funding, management, training, computerisation, cooperation, production and the like. The article concludes with some questions and reservations about the future of the NLUs, followed by a number of apposite recommendations.

T.T. Cloete

N.P. van Wyk Louw het ’n kort gedig van net twee verse geskryf. Sintakties is albei verse onvoltooid. Vers 1 is aan die begin van die gedig sintakties oop en vers 2 is aan die einde van die koeplet sintakties onvoltooi. Hierdie oop plekke aan die begin en einde van die koeplet laat die leser toe om die gedig in ’n haas eindelose aantal gedigte te vermenigvuldig.

Mubenga, Kajingulu Somwe

This paper is written from the perspective of systemic functional linguistics (Halliday 1978). In this perspective, a text is a semantic unit that has a particular function and is related to its social system via its context of situation and of culture (Eggins 1994; Halliday and Hasan 1985). These inherent properties of a text hold true for a translated text as well. Since translation is an act of communication, priority is given to functional equivalence (Waard and Nida 1986) and norms (Toury 1995). The aim of this paper is to propose an integrated approach – an approach that combines linguistic and nonlinguistic resources – to cohesion and coherence in interlingual subtitling since this has not yet been done in translation studies. Thus, the paper is purely theoretical in nature. It is divided into four sections. The first section is an introduction to the notions of cohesion and coherence. The second section discusses current theories of cohesion and coherence. The third section reviews various approaches to these notions. In the final section, an integrated approach is proposed as a viable approach to cohesion and coherence in interlingual subtitling. Advantages and implications of this integrated approach are highlighted for further research.

Weideman, Albert

As in many other countries, communicative language teaching (CLT) became the orthodoxy in second language teaching in many sub-Saharan African education systems in the last two decades of the previous century. There is enough evidence, however, to indicate that it has not been adopted by a critical mass of language teachers in their day-to-day classroom practice, as distinct from their professed adherence to its main tenets. There may be many reasons for this resistance. Markee’s (1993) discussion of these indeed picks up a number of points that may be worth following up. This paper looks at three instructional tools that may assist teachers in overcoming resistance and adopting a communicative approach. The first is an instrument developed by Shaalukeni (2000) for use in her own work as an advisory teacher in northern Namibia. The paper discusses the employment of this instrument in her action research study into stimulating the use of pair work tasks in English second language classes. The second and third instruments help teachers to articulate their beliefs about language learning, as well as to examine whether these beliefs are in harmony with what we know about language learning, and aligned with what the teachers themselves profess. Such strategies are not sufficient to bring about change, but they may be the beginning of overcoming resistance to what is new. Gedurende die laaste twee dekades van die twintigste eeu het kommunikatiewe taalonderrig, soos elders ook die geval is, tweedetaalonderrig in talle onderwyssisteme van Afrika-lande suid van die Sahara oorheers. Daar is egter meer as genoeg bewyse dat ’n kritieke massa onderwysers hierdie aanpak nog nie in hul daaglikse onderwyspraktyk geïmplimenteer het nie, alhoewel hierdie onderwysers tog te kenne gee dat hulle die aanpak oor die algemeen professioneel aanvaarbaar vind. Daar kan seker vele redes aangevoer word vir hierdie weerstand. Markee (1993) se uiteensetting van moontlike redes bevat talle punte wat die moeite werd is om oor na te dink. Hierdie artikel kyk na drie instrumente wat ’n mens sou kon gebruik om onderwysers te help om weerstand teen ’n kommunikatiewe aanpak te bowe te kom. Die eerste van die drie is deur Shaalukeni (2000) ontwikkel, vir gebruik in haar eie werk as vakadviseur in die noorde van Namibië. Die aanwending van hierdie instrument in haar aksienavorsing-ondersoek, wat daarop gemik was om leerders in Engels as tweedetaalklasse in pare te laat werk, word bespreek. Die tweede en derde instrumente wat ter sprake is, maak dit vir onderwysers moontlik om hul oortuigings oor die aanleer van taal te verwoord, asook om hulleself af te vra in watter mate hierdie oortuigings met ons kennis oor taalonderrig ooreenstem. Hierdie strategieë is weliswaar nie voldoende om verandering te waarborg nie, maar kan tog die begin wees van ’n poging om weerstand teen nuwe taalonderrigmetodes te bowe te kom.

Bruce Louden

Anita SZEMETHY

Janusz Krzywicki

Sony Labou Tansi est né au Congo Belge. Au début, son éducation à Mbanzalele, à 13 km du village paternel, puis dans une école protestante de Soundi-Loutete, se faisait en kikongo, conformément à la politique culturelle belge. Il a commencé à apprendre le français seulement lorsque son oncle a décidé de le transférer au Congo Brazzaville, où vivait sa famille maternelle. Tout en fréquentant l'école du type occidental, Sony poursuivait son éducation informelle en kikongo, auprès de sa grand-mère. D’après J.-M. Devésa (1996, p. 61), «de ces premières années passées au village, au contact des anciens, Sony a hérité d'une grande maîtrise du kikongo, de son usage symbolique et crypté, de ses tournures métaphoriques et oraculaires complètement hermétiques pour le locuteur pratiquant la langue comme un simple outil de communication. » De cette éducation, il lui est resté un attachement à la culture kongo qui paraît évident, et une fascination de l'imaginaire qui transparaît dans ses oeuvres, toutes plus ou moins proches du conte. C'est également à la culture traditionnelle que Sony Labou Tansi doit probablement l'art de suggérer ce qu'il y a au-delà du langage.