Hasil untuk "History of Spain"

J. Gómez‐Salgado, Montserrat Andrés-Villas, Sara Domínguez-Salas et al.

Measures to prevent and contain the COVID-19 health crisis include population confinement, with the consequent isolation and interruption of their usual activities. The aim of the study is to analyse psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this, a cross-sectional observational study with a sample of 4180 people over the age of 18 during quarantine was developed. Variables considered were sociodemographic variables, physical symptoms, health conditions, COVID-19 contact history and psychological adjustment. The data were collected through a self-developed questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Bivariate analyses were performed, including Chi-Squared test and Student’s T-test. Predictive ability was calculated through logistic regression. Results obtained showed a high level of psychological distress (72.0%), with a higher percentage in women and people of lower middle age. Statistically significant differences were found in the variable working situation (χ² = 63.139, p ≤ 0.001, V = 0.123) and living with children under the age of 16 (χ² = 7.393, p = 0.007, V = 0.042). The predictive variables with the highest weight were sex (OR = 1.952, 95% IC = (1.667, 2.286)), presence of symptoms (OR = 1.130, 95% CI = (1.074, 1.190)), and having had close contact with an individual with confirmed COVID-19 (OR = 1.241, 95% CI = (1.026, 1.500)). These results could enrich prevention interventions in public health and, in particular, in mental health in similar pandemic situations.

Manuel Rivero Rodríguez

Au XVIIe siècle, la conception de l’histoire comme maîtresse de la vie en rendait quasi obligatoire la lecture pour les souverains et les ministres, car ses enseignements servaient à analyser le réel et à chercher des modèles de réponse. Gaspar de Guzmán comte-duc d’Olivares, premier ministre et favori de Philippe IV entre 1622 et 1643, donnait à l’histoire et aux historiens un rôle fondamental dans son programme de gouvernement. D’une part, l’histoire était un outil d’analyse, il y recourait pour prendre des décisions ; d’autre part, elle représentait une réserve mémorielle des faits et accomplissements de son ministère, et c’est pour cela qu’il s’est efforcé à laisser consignés les exploits militaires et actions politiques de son gouvernement comme enseignement pour la postérité. L’histoire soutenait la bonne réputation, et il voulut que les historiens qui furent à son service le placent pour la postérité dans la galerie des grands hommes dont les faits étaient rappelés et célébrés, sans y parvenir toutefois.

Carlos Cano‐Barbacil, M. Carrete, P. Castro-Díez et al.

Invasive alien species have widespread impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystem services. Since the number of introductions worldwide is continuously rising, it is essential to prevent the entry, establishment and spread of new alien species through a systematic examination of future potential threats. Applying a three-step horizon scanning consensus method, we evaluated non-established alien species that could potentially arrive, establish and cause major ecological impact in Spain within the next 10 years. Overall, we identified 47 species with a very high risk (e.g. Oreochromis niloticus, Popillia japonica, Hemidactylus frenatus, Crassula helmsii or Halophila stipulacea), 61 with high risk, 93 with moderate risk, and 732 species with low risk. Many of the species categorized as very high or high risk to Spanish biodiversity are either already present in Europe and neighbouring countries or have a long invasive history elsewhere. This study provides an updated list of potential invasive alien species useful for prioritizing efforts and resources against their introduction. Compared to previous horizon scanning exercises in Spain, the current study screens potential invaders from a wider range of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms, and can serve as a basis for more comprehensive risk analyses to improve management and increase the efficiency of the early warning and rapid response framework for invasive alien species. We also stress the usefulness of measuring agreement and consistency as two different properties of the reliability of expert scores, in order to more easily elaborate consensus ranked lists of potential invasive alien species.

Alina Rzepnikowska

ABSTRACT The European Union expansion in 2004 resulted in a large-scale migration from less ethnically diverse Poland to multicultural societies. Many Polish migrants have become conscious of being white due to contact with people of colour, and at times, not-quite-white through encounters with the local white population. The presumed whiteness has not protected them from racialisation in the UK, especially in the context of Brexit. In contrast, in the Spanish context they have often been privileged by whiteness and Europeanness, although they have also been categorised as Eastern European Others. This paper illustrates how Polish migrants are racialised in relation to their ambiguous position linked to the construction of ‘Eastern Europeans’. It does so by drawing on narrative interviews with Polish women in Manchester and Barcelona based on the fieldwork conducted in 2012–2013 and interviews in Manchester in 2017–2018. The central argument is that racialisation of Polish migrants is influenced by the history and present of East–West relations. The peripheral condition shared by Spain and Poland helps to explain the differences in racialisation of Polish migrants in Britain and Spain.

Kate E. Holohan

In recent years, scholars have paid increasing attention to the material, spiritual, and collecting histories of both pre-invasion and colonial New Spanish (Mexican) featherworks. Rapidly and globally disseminated through religious and family networks, these objects traveled from Mexico to Spain, and other locations, before the end of the sixteenth century. This article explores the little-known history of a devotional featherwork <i>Ecce Homo</i> sent from Portugal to southeastern Africa in 1569. Originally a gift to Sebastian I of Portugal sent from the Spanish-colonized Americas, the <i>Ecce Homo</i> later entered the collection of Catherine of Austria, Sebastian’s grandmother. Catherine presented it to the Jesuits accompanying the Portuguese evangelizing and gold-seeking mission to Mutapa, a vast kingdom that encompassed parts of present-day Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Its intended recipient was the Mutapa emperor. However, this was not a gift meant to grease the wheels of diplomacy, nor was it designated as a tool for conversion: it was, instead, meant for the Mutapa emperor “se se convertese”—if he is converted. That is, it was conceived as a gift from one Catholic monarch to another, for use in personal devotion. The perceived spiritual efficacy of these feather images —themselves recently assimilated to Catholic Iberia from polytheistic Mesomerica—thus extended well beyond the transatlantic Iberian realms.

Christiane Hoth de Olano

Reseña

Antonio de Murcia Conesa

Catia Brilli

This article analyses the evolution of the role of the consuls in the territories of the Hispanic monarchy during the Genoese emigration from the end of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century. Emigration from the Ligurian coasts underwent profound political and institutional changes during this period; on the one hand this led to the disappearance of the republic of Genoa and to its annexation to the kingdom of Sardinia, and on the other hand, to the disintegration of the Hispanic monarchy, to which the Genoese businessmen had linked their fortunes. In order to identify the possible changes or continuities in Genoese consular affiliation with the emergence of new state realities, the analysis will focus on the port of Cadiz, a centre for commerce with the Indies and home to one of the most important communities of expatriates at the end of the Old Regime, and the port of Buenos Aires, the main settlement area for modern Genoese emigration to America after the collapse of the colonial order.

Joan Maria Thomàs

El presente artículo reflexiona sobre las relaciones establecidas por la Alemania nazi durante la Guerra Civil española primero con el partido fascista español Falange Española de las JONS y posteriormente, desde el momento de su creación, con el partido único del régimen franquista, Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS. Analiza los orígenes y desarrollo de dichas relaciones, centrándose en las de tipo político del Estado y del partido nazis establecidas por el Encargado de Negocios y después embajador general Faupel, caracterizadas por un extremado intervencionismo, así como las de su sucesor, el diplomático profesional von Stohrer, caracterizadas por una actitud más distanciada. El artículo incluye igualmente un análisis de las relaciones económicas, militares y policiales entre el régimen nazi y el Estado franquista durante la contienda.

Moisés Prieto

In 1818, the Swiss physicians Rengger and Longchamp travelled to Paraguay with the aim of studying its natural history. As a consequence of a failed murder attempt against Supreme Dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, they were forced to stay there until 1825. Their experiences gave birth to the Ensayo histórico sobre la revolución del Paraguay. Considering the peculiarity of dictatorial rule at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the increasing importance of sentiment, the present article attempts to analyse this essay in light of the history of emotions. Beyond the dichotomy reason/emotion, the expressed feelings (fear, mistrust, honour, nostalgia, etc.) and the emerging emotional regime may legitimise or discredit the dictator.

Simona Binková

Chronicle

C. Rodríguez-Morata, C. Rodríguez-Morata, J. A. Ballesteros-Cánovas et al.

Andrea Arismendi

Jorge Victoria Ojeda

En este artículo se presenta a un funcionario que laboraba en las playas de Yucatán, cuya presencia en la historia regional va desde la época colonial hasta tiempos independientes (siglo XVI-1867). Su papel no había sido estudiado en la América hispana. En esta investigación se dan a conocer asuntos legales e ilegales que el vigía realizaba en su puesto de trabajo, así como los hechos que el empleo tenía implícitos.   Abstract   This article presents an official who worked on the beaches of Yucatan, whose presence in regional history goes from colonial to independent times (XVI century-1867). Its role had not been studied in Hispanic America. In this research we give you to know the legal and illegal affairs that the watchtower (vigía) performed in his job and waht that employment had implied.

Gilles Bienvenu

La description du paysage paraguayen par les missionnaires jésuites, à partir de 1609, marque une profonde rupture par rapport aux descriptions données jusqu’alors par plusieurs générations d’Européens. Le pays de Cocagne peuplé d’agriculteurs fait place à un enfer vert dont les populations sont décrites comme essentiellement nomades et forestières : sauvages. Au delà du désir manifeste des missionnaires de magnifier leur propre entreprise de rédemption des Indiens Guaranis, cette transfiguration du paysage et cette négation de l’activité agricole des populations natives est ici interprétée comme une réponse des Jésuites à la question de la légitimité de leur appropriation des terres, en phase avec l’évolution de la philosophie du droit européen.

R. Anderson, G. Jiménez-Moreno, J. Carrión et al.

Cayetana Martinez-Maza, Maria Teresa Alberdi, Manuel Nieto-Diaz et al.

Histological analyses of fossil bones have provided clues on the growth patterns and life history traits of several extinct vertebrates that would be unavailable for classical morphological studies. We analyzed the bone histology of Hipparion to infer features of its life history traits and growth pattern. Microscope analysis of thin sections of a large sample of humeri, femora, tibiae and metapodials of Hipparion concudense from the upper Miocene site of Los Valles de Fuentidueña (Segovia, Spain) has shown that the number of growth marks is similar among the different limb bones, suggesting that equivalent skeletochronological inferences for this Hipparion population might be achieved by means of any of the elements studied. Considering their abundance, we conducted a skeletechronological study based on the large sample of third metapodials from Los Valles de Fuentidueña together with another large sample from the Upper Miocene locality of Concud (Teruel, Spain). The data obtained enabled us to distinguish four age groups in both samples and to determine that Hipparion concudense tended to reach skeletal maturity during its third year of life. Integration of bone microstructure and skeletochronological data allowed us to identify ontogenetic changes in bone structure and growth rate and to distinguish three histologic ontogenetic stages corresponding to immature, subadult and adult individuals. Data on secondary osteon density revealed an increase in bone remodeling throughout the ontogenetic stages and a lesser degree thereof in the Concud population, which indicates different biomechanical stresses in the two populations, likely due to environmental differences. Several individuals showed atypical growth patterns in the Concud sample, which may also reflect environmental differences between the two localities. Finally, classification of the specimens' age within groups enabled us to characterize the age structure of both samples, which is typical of attritional assemblages.

C. Dabrio, C. Zazo, J. Goy et al.

J. Martín, J. Braga

Miguel Ángel LAMA

This study tries to complete from different sides some aspects already dealt with by the critics about the poetry of Nicasio Álvarez de Cienfuegos. Such as the formation of its limited corpus, its verse lines not collected among his works and which were published in Gonzalo de Córdoba, López Peñalver’s version of the French novel or the powerful feeling of death which can be noticed in his most spirited and famous compositions.<br>Este trabajo intenta completar desde diferentes lados algunos aspectos ya abordados por la crítica de la obra poética de Nicasio Álvarez de Cienfuegos. Así, la formación de su reducido corpus, sus versos no recogidos entre sus obras y que se publicaron en Gonzalo de Córdoba, la versión de López de Peñalver de la novela francesa o el poderoso sentimiento de la muerte que se aprecia en sus composiciones de mayor aliento y más renombradas.