This work analyzes for the first time, based on new archival documents and other sources, the problems of material and domestic arrangement of military personnel families; World War II disabled veterans, demobilized military personnel and orphans on the materials of Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The activities of state and party bodies in organizing employment, social security and help to families of front-line soldiers, disabled, demobilized military personnel. This article established the number of beneficiaries who received benefits and pensions, as well as employed families of military personnel disabled during the war years. It also revealed the omissions and shortcomings in the organization of material and household arrangements, the normalized provision of food and industrial goods to the families of military personnel and war invalids. This paper considered activities of state bodies and the public in organizing the help of orphans and children who have become homeless. The experience of labor collectives of factories, factories, collective farms, state farms, public organizations, and citizens in providing patronage help, families of front-line soldiers, disabled people and orphans is summarized.We concluded that the main areas of state and public support for the families of military personnel, war invalids, orphans and demobilized children in Kabardino-Balkarian Republic were state benefits, pensions, targeted material help, tax exemptions, provision of food and industrial goods, solving housing problems, employment and restoration of orphanages.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
Sergey Rachinsky, a professor tof the Moscow University, an educator and the founder of the school in Tatevo, Tver Oblast, and also the founder of 20 schools near Tatevo, was a close friend and interlocutor of Konstantin Pobedonostsev, Sergey Smolensky, Vasily Rozanov, Leo Tolstoy and many other famous contemporaries. On 14 May 1899, Emperor Nickolas II signed an Imperial rescript addressed to Rachinsky, thanking him for his work in public education. This article focuses on the circumstances of the appearance of the rescript. On the basis of archival documents, the author of the article shows that there was a specific reason for the appearance of the rescript. Rachinsky was concerned about two schools founded by himself, that they were deprived of the status of a parish school and also were deprived of funding by local authorities. His close friend, the chief Procurator of the Synod K.P. Pobedonostsev, decided to help his friend and wrote the text of the rescript, which was presented to Emperor Nickolas II for signature. Rachinsky also wrote a letter to the Emperor, following the advice of Konstantin Pobedonostsev, showing that he was a committed monarchist and the letter to the emperor was a sincere display of his fillings.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Introduction. State descriptions of the northern peasant volosts of Russia demonstrate the features and techniques of business writing, typical for the Russian Middle Ages and early modern times. Methods and materials. The article analyzes scribal and census books for several villages of the volost Kurgomen of the Podvinskaya quarter of the Vazhsky district beyond the middle 17th – first half 18 centuries. On the basis of a microanalysis of peasant genealogies, several family clans of peasants living in neighboring villages were identified, the family surnames of the peasants were investigated. Analysis. The development or extinction of peasant clans, and some features of intra-family relations and the dynamics of population displacement at the village / volost level have been traced. The given data confirm the well-known fact that during the censuses, some of the peasants were hiding from the description. The period of Peter I caused heavy damage to the northern villages. The analyzed material shows that only large family clans were able to preserve themselves and their importance in the parish. Results. The results obtained in the article relate not only to the process of folding the branched peasant clans, which played a significant role in the volost and parish, defending, first of all, their own interests, but also the problems of the reliability of state descriptions.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
Orthodox Christian approaches to the sacrament of penance in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries are a story of adaptation, reception, and sometimes unintended consequences. In the middle of the seventeenth century, Ruthenian theologians like Metropolitan Petro Mohyla, Ioannikii Haliatovskyi, and Innokentii Gizel’ adapted what they thought useful from the confessional diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into Orthodox practice. Faced with a different set of challenges, contemporary Moscow-based clerics, including Patriarch Nikon, decided to adapt many of these confession-related changes for their own purposes. In the eighteenth century, Ruthenian hierarchs including Dymytrii Tuptalo and Teofan Prokopovych, alternately emphasized or instrumentalized such notions as the secrecy (‘seal’) of the confession that would become foundational in the Russian empire. The approaches to the sacrament of penance at the turn of the eighteenth century—simultaneously constitutive and transformational—are thus a curious case of histoire croisée, with shape-shifting intercrossing at multiple national and confessional levels.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
ntroduction. The article examines the activities of the Russian repressed scientist, agronomistsoil scientist, laureate of the Lenin Prize in the field of agriculture Alexandra Zaitseva and her contribution to the development of agriculture in Kazakhstan.
Materials. The article uses archival documents, and many sources are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In particular, the documents of the State Archive of Karaganda region on scientific and technical documentation, the State Archive of Akmola region and materials of periodicals of those years were studied.
Analysis and results. The authors comprehensively investigate her scientific activities in Akmola and Karaganda regions and pay special attention to her contribution and new scientific discoveries in the steppe arid zone. The study examines the merits of A. Zaitseva in the opening of an experimental station as part of the Akmola camp of wives of “traitors to the Motherland”, known as the women’s camp in the Soviet Union. It also presents her activities as a researcher in Karlag as a head of the department of agrotechnics and agrochemistry during the Great Patriotic War and in the difficult post-war years. In particular, her contribution to the sowing of winter wheat on the stubble of spring crops and grassland crop-rotation, introduced into the production practice of collective and state farms in Karaganda region. Separately, her activities in the All-Union Research Institute of Grain Farming in Akmola region as a head of the department of agrosoil science have been investigated. Particular attention is paid to her participation in the practices to reduce wind erosion while developing virgin and fallow lands in Northern Kazakhstan.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
Along with the analysis of military strategy and tactics and of the ideological component of the struggle, the history of the Russian Civil War can also be studied with regard to the supporting factors in the opposing camps. The present article is based on the study of sanitary-medical services of the Red Army and the armies of the White Movement. Under war conditions, the boundary between military and civil medicine was blurred, as we are talking about a domestic war that coincided with several major epidemics. The personnel as well as the organizational forms and practices of medical care went back to the experiences of World War I. At the outbreak of the war the armed formations competed with each other to attract specialists to their ranks. Members of the medical community thus had to decide which side to serve - a choice that some made consciously and others situationally. At the beginning of the war, the Whites had an advantage regarding medical personnel; by the end of the war, the Bolsheviks had managed to rectify this situation. The Whites adopted the experience of World War I, assigning public organizations a special role in supplying the army. The Reds, in contrast, sought to match the revolutionary spirit of the era by encouraging initiative. This they combined with a fairly tight control of their services, creating a centralized system from the outset. The analysis of how the warrying parties organized their military medical-sanitary services can thus add new insights to our understanding of why the Bolsheviks achieved victory in the Civil War.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
This article is devoted to the attitude of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia to Moscow Patriarchate during the period Metropolitan Philaret (Voznesensky). During his years as head of the Russian Church Abroad, criticism of the actions of Moscow Patriarchate intensifi ed. The reason for criticism was the Patriarchate’s support for the Communist state, as well as its participation in the ecumenical movement. Metropolitan Filaret, who initially expressed his opinion with restraint, gradually changed his rhetoric. Partly, the Metropolitan’s sharpness was due to the infl uence of radicals, i.e. Protopresbyter George (Grabbe) (later Bishop Gregory) and Archimandrite Panteleimon (Metropoulos). The Councils and the Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia also made harsh statements. In particular, it was said that Moscow Patriarchate cannot be considered the successor of His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon, and its orders are illegal. Attempts were made to declare Moscow Patriarchate unholy (Rus. безблагодатный, lit. ‘with no divine grace’). This opinion was expressed by the First Hierarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, Metropolitan Filaret (Voznesensky), as well as by the secretary of the Synod of Bishops, Protopresbyter George Grabbe. They believed that the holiness (Rus. благодать) of the cleric of Moscow Patriarchate can only be obtained at the moment of joining the Russian Church Outside Russia. Despite this opinion, the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia did not offi cially declare Moscow Patriarchate unholy. A large part of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia spoke of Moscow Patriarchate with respect and were ready for dialogue.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
The archaeological studies developed two concepts concerning the character of Tagar economy: semi-nomadic and sedentary. They are based on different approaches to burial assemblage materials, accidental findings, and general opinion on stock-raising economy in Eurasian forest-steppes and steppes. The zooarchaeological profile of Tagar settlements can resolve this argument. A high share of horse bones may mean a semi-nomadic or nomadic lifestyle, while low share of equine remains can be a sign of a sedentary economy. The research featured Tagar settlements in the forest-steppe areas of the interfluve area between the Kiya and the Chulym. The paper describes the zooarchaeological collection of the archeological site of Kоsоgol I, the largest Early Iron Age settlement in the area. The collection includes 6,634 samples, of which 687 belong to horses. The authors believe that cattle breeding was the main branch of the Tagar economy. Horses were the third most important group. However, horses were not meat animals, as bones of young horses were quite rare among the kitchen waste. The Tagars killed mature or old work horses (older than 12–13), which could not work anymore. Hunting was a secondary branch of their economy: they hunted does, as well as water and moor fowl near the settlement. The results of Kosogol I zooarchaeological assemblage study proved the theory about the sedentary cattle breeding of the early Tagar people.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
After the death of Emperor Alexander III in October 1894, various rumours began to circulate in the public communication of Russia and, above all, in the both capitals as to what political course the young Emperor Nicholas II would adhere to, i.e. whether he would continue his father’s line or his grandfather’s reforms. In addition to rumours, the opposite opinions of the past reign were actively voiced in the press. Such assessments, formally referring to the past, were in fact aimed to infl uence the shaping by Nicholas II of the government course. The initiatives of the end of 1894 — beginning of 1895 to support the literary circles should also be considered in this perspective. The idea of the liberal orientation of the monarch and his possible steps in this direction were more widely disseminated. The adherents to this point of view seemed to deliberately shape the information environment to establish the ideological agenda for Nicholas II and to impede his departure in the opposite direction. For a long time, the new tsar gave no defi nite answer as to what direction he would follow. The suspense lasted almost three months, and only on 17 January 1895, the Emperor clearly outlined his political priorities in the famous speech in the Winter Palace. Its sharpness can seem inadequate to the content of the addresses of Zemstvo about which he was speaking. However, it is explained by the fact that Nicholas II reacted to veiled constitutionalist ideas imbedded in the addresses and to the entire campaign to shape his liberal image in the public opinion that unfolded immediately after the death of Alexander III.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
Предметом исследования является профессиональная дискуссия историков и преподавателей истории в странах бывшего Советского Союза и Восточного блока по так называемым «трудным вопросам» российской истории. Автор привлекает современные научные публикации, затрагивающие такие вопросы, и учебные издания. Статья состоит из пяти разделов, каждый из которых соответствует одному из «трудных вопросов». В первом рассматривается состояние исследований по проблеме образования древнерусского государства, варяжскому вопросу и цивилизационным особенностям восточнославянских народов. Второй раздел посвящен проблеме имперского прошлого России и колониальному дискурсу как новой объяснительной модели, применяемой к имперскому периоду историками и авторами учебников в некоторых странах бывшего СССР. В третьей части, касаясь революционных событий 1917 г., автор отмечает, что выдвинутая несколько лет назад концепция единого революционного процесса (1917–1922) до сих пор не закрепилась в российской школе. Кратко рассмотрены другие проблемы, важные для понимания истории революции: истоки Первой мировой войны и уровень развития Российской империи в начале XX в. В четвертой части обсуждается концепция советской модернизации 1930-х гг. и рассматриваются негативные оценки советского периода истории в бывших союзных республиках. В пятой части дан краткий обзор проблем, связанных с исследованием и репрезентацией истории повседневности и культуры. Сделан вывод, что история культуры недостаточно представлена в российских школьных учебниках, а исследования по истории повседневности нередко имеют поверхностный характер. Обсуждая различные «трудные вопросы» российской истории, автор указывает на противоречивые исторические гипотезы и мнения, сформировавшиеся в последние десятилетия на постсоветском пространстве.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics
The research deals with the specific features of developing intercultural sensitivity in students of Linguistics in a non- linguistic environment. The paper comprises scientific literature analysis on intercultural sensitivity and the factors of its development. Chen and Starosta's five-factor Intercultural Sensitivity Scale, supplemented by a questionnaire, was employed to measure intercultural sensitivity of 1st, 2nd, and 3d year students majoring in Linguistics. The calculations employed the methods of statistical processing of Student T-test and Fisher criterion. The intercultural sensitivity of students was above average (mean value = 89.47), whereas the increase of all components of intercultural sensitivity, except "Interaction confidence", correlated with the level of foreign language proficiency. In addition, senior students revealed more respect for cultural differences, though they were less confident than junior ones. Moreover, the difference between these two components increased from the 1st year to the3d year of study. Finally, interaction confidence increased if students had travelled overseas and had an experience of interaction with culturally different counterparts. The results and conclusions can be used for the design of programs and training courses for translators and teachers of foreign languages in a non-linguistic environment.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
This article analyses the narrative sources and epigraphic monuments of Muscovite Russia which are related to various cases of violent (“vain”) death (drowning, murder, etc.); these were traditionally regarded as an obstacle to being buried in a Christian cemetery and to the subsequent church commemoration. The data registered by ethnographers in the latter half of the 19th — 20th centuries made them believe that these views were leftovers of heathendom. The article draws on epitaphs of the 16th — early 18th centuries as well as on epistles of hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church and draws a conclusion about the absence of obstacles to being buried in a cemetery and to a regular commemoration of those who died a violent death. Besides, inscriptions on funerary crosses set up on the place of death symbolised martyrdom. The sources analysed allow us to believe that the death while being in czar’s service came to be regarded as one of the basic values of those in service since the 1560s. Moreover, my conclusion is that the superstitions in question are not related to heathendom. They originated in Christian times and were gradually overcome in the culture of commemoration during the 16th — 17th centuries being preserved in the background of the people’s consciousness.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
The article is devoted to the study of the theory of naive linguistics and the principles of its research. The material of the research is the results of psycholinguistic experiment. The results show ordinary representations of native speakers of Mongolian language. The words denoting flora and fauna (bionyms) were used as the stimuli for the experiment. The responses in the experiment have revealed a specific character of word functioning in the language consciousness of Mongolian native speakers. To describe a naive view on a word meaning, the respondents used associations in the form of spontaneous definitions and citations that include the word stimulus as well as comparisons it inspired. The research has made it possible to reconstruct a fragment of the ethnical language world view as a component of the language consciousness of Mongolian native speakers. In the conclusion the author gives a description of these bionyms, compiled on the basis of lexicographic processing of reactions and within the framework of the naive linguistics theory.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, Psychology
The article deals with the problems of historiography of the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic. The author analyzes the approaches to disclosure of the nature and the causes of the armed conflict in Chechnya, existing in modern Polish historiography. The active phase of the military operations of the armed conflict in Chechnya was completed in 2001. At that time, historians, analysts and journalists create a wide range of theoretical works concerning the conflict. A number of common features on the use of basic resources are discussed in these publications. The degree of accessibility of the sources which focus on the description of the conflict and its socio-political assessment is of great importance for researchers and their objectives. Modern Polish historiography, dedicated to the armed conflict in Chechnya, is in the stage of development and the state of its documentary complex is characterized by a number of qualitative changes. The article highlights the scientific and objective truth, comparing it with the comments of the contemporaries. In terms of methodological aspects it is an interesting work for specialists in the fields of history and political science. The author urges us to meditate on the objective truth and subjective opinion about the events. Versions of the causes of the conflict, conflict results and prospects set out in the Polish historiography may have significance not only for understanding of the situation in the Chechen Republic itself but also for the international relations.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
Рассматривается издание документов из архива походной канцелярии А. Д. Меншикова, связанных с деятельностью украинского гетмана И. С. Мазепы, осуществленное петербургским историком доктором исторических наук Татьяной Таировой-Яковлевой. Особое внимание уделено письмам Мазепы к Меншикову за 1704–1708 гг., публикация которых была проанализирована с использованием архивных оригиналов Научно-исторического архива Санкт-Петербургского института истории РАН. Результатом анализа стал ряд критических замечаний в отношении отдельных документов публикации: отмечены многочисленные неточности в передаче текста источника, ошибки в датировке некоторых их них, отсутствие их классификации по форме (письмо; постскриптум; записочка, или цедула), почти полный недостаток научного комментария. Обращение к другим опубликованным документам и архивным собраниям эпохи позволило уточнить обстоятельства возникновения и датировку ряда документов, а также восстановить правильную передачу текста. Кроме того, автор выражает сомнение касательно правомерности употребления названия «Батуринский архив» в отношении публикации представленного комплекса источников, содержащего крайне мало документов, непосредственно хранившихся в канцелярии гетмана И. С. Мазепы.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics