1 lutego 1933 r. doszło do przedterminowego rozwiązania przez prezydenta Paula von Hindenburga Reichstagu VII kadencji. Stało się to pod wyraźną presją Adolfa Hitlera, dążącego do uzyskania upragnionej większości konstytucyjnej. Kanclerz Rzeszy przedstawił swoje cele polityczne w swoim przemówieniu, wygłoszonym 10 lutego 1933 r. w berlińskim Sportpalast. Wystąpieniem tym zainaugurował również oficjalnie kampanię wyborczą NSDAP. Szef niemieckiego rządu zaatakował w ostrych słowach system polityczny Republiki Weimarskiej.Niecały tydzień przed wyborami doszło do wydarzenia, które miało stanowić symboliczne pożegnanie Niemiec z systemem demokratycznym. 27 lutego 1933 r. po godz. 21.00 w płomieniach stanął gmach Reichstagu. Następnego dnia prezydent Rzeszy zdecydował się na skorzystanie z zapisu art. 48 konstytucji o „stanach nadzwyczajnych”, składając podpis pod dekretem „O ochronie narodu i państwa” (Verordnung zum Schutz von Volk und Staat) i „Rozporządzeniem Prezydenta Rzeszy przeciwko zdradzie narodu niemieckiego i przygotowaniu zdrady głównej” (Die Verordnung des Reichpräsidenten gegen Verrat am Deutschen Volke und hochverräterische Umtriebe). Decyzja głowy państwa o „zawieszeniu praw obywatelskich” stworzyła podstawę do dalszego demontażu niemieckiej demokracji.Ostateczne pożegnanie Niemiec z systemem demokracji parlamentarnej nastąpiło wraz z uchwaleniem 24 marca 1933 r. ustawy o specjalnych pełnomocnictwach. Jej najpoważniejsze następstwa prawne wynikały z faktu dopuszczenia możliwości stanowienia przez rząd ustaw z pominięciem konstytucji. Do tego typu kwestii zaliczone zostały decyzje dotyczące się spraw budżetowych. Trudno się nie zgodzić z ówczesnym stwierdzeniem Hitlera na zakończenie debaty nad ustawą: „Dajcie mi cztery lata a nie poznacie Niemiec”.Uzyskanie przez NSDAP hegemonistycznej dominującej pozycji w Niemczech nie oznaczało bynajmniej końca działalności Reichstagu. Odtąd, miał się on jednak stać się instytucją czysto fasadową. Począwszy od listopada 1933 r. wszystkie kolejne wybory parlamentarne miały wyłącznie kadłubowy charakter. Obywatele Rzeszy mogli oddawać swoje głosy wyłącznie na jedną listę NSDAP. Wszystkie pozostałe partie polityczne zostały zdelegalizowane. Aż do swojego ostatniego posiedzenia w kwietniu 1942 r. Reichstag służył Hitlerowi wyłącznie do wygłaszania kolejnych przemówień, przepełnionych narodowosocjalistycznymi sloganami propagandowymi.
History of Central Europe, History of Balkan Peninsula
As of 2022, the European Union has taken several steps regarding enlargement. We focus on the accession of countries with which the Union is actively negotiating membership. This is examined under two enlargement scenarios: first, the enlargement along the lines of the Western Balkan countries, and second, the accession of a trio (Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia) to the already enlarged Union. We determine the a priori power of the member states based on the Banzhaf and Shapley--Shubik indices. Various coalitions are also assumed to assess the power and influence of member states, considering both pre- and post-enlargement scenarios. We found a rare case when the two indices give different rankings. In the case of the Western Balkan countries' accession, the smaller population member states gain power, presenting an example of the new member paradox. While in a Union of 36 members, every member state loses some of their current power. However, some coalitions are better off with the EU36 enlargement than a EU33 one.
Mario Bjeliš, Vasilis G. Rodovitis, Darija Lemic
et al.
The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann 1824; Diptera, Tephritidae), is considered one of the most important pests, infesting more than 300 species of fresh fruit and vegetables worldwide. The medfly is an important invasive species, which has spread from the eastern part of sub-Saharan Africa to all of the world’s continents in recent centuries. Currently, the medfly is expanding its geographical range to cooler, temperate areas of the world, including northern areas of Mediterranean countries and continental areas of Central Europe. We collected and analysed all the available information, including in historical records, on the phenology of the medfly in the Balkan Peninsula, to map and understand the path of invasion and spread dynamics on the northern Mediterranean coast and in Central Europe. The medfly was first recorded in the Balkan Peninsula in 1915, in the Aegean area on the island of Aigina, followed by a few records on its presence in the Peloponnese in the early 1930s and throughout the Adriatic coastal area in the 1950s; it was first detected on the Croatian coast in 1947. By 2010, the medfly had been detected along the entire Ionian coast, while the first record of its presence on the Balkan coast of the Black Sea was made in 2005. Since 2000 to date, there has been a significant increase in the frequency of medfly detections in the interior of the Balkan Peninsula, including occasional detections in areas with unfavourable climatic conditions for overwintering, which seems to be favourable for reproduction during the summer and lead to significant infestation of late ripening fruits (late summer and autumn). In the last 20 years, the medfly has spread to more northerly areas (43 to 45 degrees latitude) and has been detected at higher altitudes (>200 to 600 m). Along the Balkan Peninsula, the infestation of fruits from 25 host plant species, from 14 genera and 10 plant families, has been reported. Considering the extremely high invasiveness of the medfly and its wide distribution in several Balkan regions with different climatic conditions, we can assume that it is adapting to new climatic conditions and infesting new host plants.
Can we think of the artifact as an integral part of an anthropology of life
as it has developed in the wake of the anthropology of nature founded by
Philippe Descola? Judaism clearly fits within this perspective since a vast
body of normative texts, notably the Babylonian Talmud, defines and
discusses the jewishness of artifacts - whether ritual or everyday - by
endeavoring to determine their correct position on a graduated scale ranging
from nature to artifice, understood here as emic categories. This article
aims to support this reflection by studying two ritual objects related to
the festival of Sukkot: the skhakh, the roof of the sukka hut, and the
lulav, the bouquet of the four species. As we shall see, the making of the
ritual object according to specific rules shows us its place in the
encounter with the supernatural, the goal towards which any ritual device
aspires. After a theoretical analysis of the Talmudic prescriptions, we will
look at some of the practical ways in which the Sukkot hut can be documented
photographically in the Balkans, in the broadest sense of the term. We will
present examples from Greece, Romania and Bulgaria.
Cilj rada je da prikaže sličnosti i razlike u odnosu srpskih i španskih vlasti prema komemoraciji Holokausta u toku 2005. godine. U vreme 60. godišnjice od okončanja Drugog svetskog rata došlo je do dalje institucionalizacije sećanja na Holokaust određivanjem 27. januara kao zvaničnog dana sećanja na nivou Evropske unije i Ujedinjenih nacija. Ovi transnacionalni procesi uticali su na srpsko i špansko društvo na različite načine. Prilagođavanje starih oblika komemoracije novim globalnim okvirima, na površinu je iznelo i druga pitanja – sećanje na ratove, pitanje stradanja srpskog/španskog i jevrejskog naroda i njihov međuodnos, kao i tumačenje uloge lokalnih profašističkih snaga u Holokaustu.
This paper argues that in the early 19th century, border guard regiments were generally staffed with less qualified officers than the line regiments were, potentially because service in the former was considered to be less prestigious for a Habsburg officer during this period. This is demonstrated through a comparative case study of officers serving in 1840 in the 51st line infantry regiment and the 17th border guard regiment (or 2nd Romanian border guard regiment). The case study focuses on three quantifiable indicators: education, language abilities, and knowledge of engineering. The data were gathered from the officers’ Conduite-Listen (personal records), which was an evaluation form that recorded a plethora of information about all the regiment’s Oberoffiziere (subaltern officers).
Rad ima za cilj da na osnovu izvorne građe Diplomatskog arhiva Ministarstva spoljnih poslova prikaže i analizira učešće jugoslovenskih građevinskih preduzeća u procesu izgradnje magistralnog izvoznog gasovoda Urengoj – Pomari – Užgorod, u vreme američkih sankcija uvedenih Sovjetskom Savezu, usled zaključivanja „Dogovora veka“, vezanog za izvoz prirodnog gasa iz Sovjetskog Saveza u države Zapadne Evrope. Takođe, rad kroz jugoslovenski slučaj prikazuje i krizu sovjetske građevinske industrije u kontekstu ekonomske stagnacije i nastanak fenomena napuštenih gradilišta, tzv. dolgostroja.
Different ways to estimate future return levels for extreme rainfall are described and applied to the Iberian Peninsula (IP), based on Extreme Value Theory (EVT). This study is made for an ensemble of high quality rainfall time series observed in the Iberian Peninsula over the period 1961-2010. Both, peaks-over-threshold (POT) approach and block maxima with the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution will be used and their results compared when linear trends are assumed in the parameters: threshold and scale parameter for POT and location and scale parameter for GEV. Both all-days and rainy-days-only data sets were considered, because rainfall over the IP is a special variable in that a large number of the values are 0. Another methodology is then tested, for rainy days only, considering the role of how the mean, variance, and number of rainy days evolve. The 20-year return levels (RLs) expected in 2020 were estimated using these methodologies for three seasons: fall, spring and winter. GEV is less reliable than POT because fixed blocks lead to the selection of non-extreme values. Future RLs obtained with POT are higher than those estimated with GEV, mainly for some gauges showing significant positive trend for the number of rainy days. Fall becomes the season with heaviest rainfall, rather than winter nowadays, for some regions.
After the Second World War, Henryk Batowski became deeply involved in fostering post- -war cooperation among the Slavic nations. From 1945 to 1952, he served as an activist and a member of the governing body of the Polish Slavic Committee, which was responsible for promoting the idea of Slavic unity to a wide audience. For many years, he also worked as an editor for “Życie Słowiańskie” [“Slavic Life”], the primary publication of the association. He perceived the emergent Slavic movement as non-political and non-ideological, a stance that often conflicted with the communist authorities. This research aims to shed light on Henryk Batowski’s contributions to the Slavic Committee and evaluate the significant role this distinguished scholar played in advancing the aforementioned concept amidst the socio-political landscape of post-war Poland.
History of Central Europe, History of Balkan Peninsula
This article attempts to reconstruct the key segments of the events that took place at Lake Plav on December 25th, 1915, when 21 Serbian soldiers were executed by order of Colonel Aleksandar K. Stojšić. The source base for this research had to rely on the memoirs and recollections of contemporaries due to the limited mention of this topic in official military correspondence. This unprecedented event signaled the appearance of a new type of war related violence in the Serbian army. Besides the issues of desertion, violence and punishment in the armed forces, this article also discusses the notions of sovereignty and citizenship in times of extreme hardships of war during the Great Serbian Retreat. Many Serbian soldiers who left their units in late 1915 tried to defend themselves by saying that the “military oath” was invalid because Serbia was “abandoned” or “lost”. Such a situation forced the military authorities to try to regain their shaken authority by “negotiating discipline” under completely new circumstances.
In a previous escapade we gave a collection of continued fractions involving Catalan's constant. This paper provides more general formulae governing those continued fractions. Having distinguished different cases associated to regions in the plan, we nickname those continued fractions \enquote{The Balkans} as they divide into areas which are related but still different in nature. Because we do not provide formal proofs of those machine-constructed formulae we do not claim them to be theorems. Still, each and every proposed formula was extensively tested numerically.
During the second half of XIX century there were several plans to build railway in Ottoman Empire. Some of these plans were to be realized in the Balkans. Because Ottoman Empire did not had a technical possibilities to build this infrastructure by herself, started the negotiations with different European funds, governments, companies and personalities. The part of the Ottoman Empire in Europe had a priority in the project for building railway, by connecting Istanbul with European railway network through Sarajevo, which later fell under Austro-Hungarian administration. But there were also plans for connecting important harbors with internal part of the country. One of the plans was the railway line Thesaloniki-Skopje-Prishtina-Mitrovica. Railway transport was a quick way of transport and therefore the Empire wanted to benefit from it in different aspects, to improve the economical situation, but also to transport quickly its military troops in the region. There were also European governments which were interested to give credits to Ottoman Empire to build railways looking on that as a better way to have access on Ottoman markets. The Berlin Treaty of 1878 had a very important impact on the new railway corridors which were changed from previous plans, because the map of the Balkans was changed, and therefore railway priorities as well. The railway connections which were built during the Ottoman Empire modernized the transport and had a huge impact on the development of the region and made possible that the traveling to and from the capital of the Empire to be shorter than ever.
Utisak o prednosti društvene i porodične zajednice nad pojedincem i nosiocima bračne zajednice u direktnoj je vezi s pojmom kulturnog identiteta individue. Kako je pojam kultura definisan kao način implementacije prethodno stečenih znanja, verovanja i nasleđenih običaja, a identitet nas upućuje na istovetnost i jednakost, možemo reći da je identitet muslimanske žene u braku počivao na elementima islamskog zakona: šerijata, te pripadnosti zajednici muslimana: umi, a hrišćanske (pravoslavne) žene na pripadnosti crkvi i upražnjavanju tradicije, verovanja i običaja seoske ili gradske sredine kojoj je pripadala. Društveno-političke okolnosti u Kneževini Srbiji XIX veka donele su promene u bračnim odnosima hrišćana, ali nisu imale nikakvog uticaja na muslimansko stanovništvo. Promene u bračnim zajednicama muslimana bile su uslovljene opštim društvenim promenama kojima se islamska zajednica postepeno prilagođavala. Ovaj rad se bavi analizom i kontrastiranjem primarnih uslova na osnovu kojih je žena stupala u brak u XIX veku: elementima šerijatskog bračnog prava kod muslimanske žene, crkvenih kanuna i državnih zakona kod hrišćanke. Istovremeno, ovaj rad svedoči o (ne)zavidnom položaju žena o čijem su statusu raspravljali mnogi polazeći s različitih stanovišta, služeći se pogrešnim interpretacijama, te time uzeli učešće u kreiranju njihovog identiteta. Rad je nastao primenom interdisciplinarnog načina istraživanja uz korišćenje izvora srpske i osmanske provenijencije, te relevantne literature.
Based on sources in the Archives of Yugoslavia and
the Military Archives of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of
Serbia, as well as published sources and relevant historiographical literature, this paper aims to analyze the course of the border
incidents between Yugoslavia and the Cominform countries. The
paper attempts to answer a number of questions: What was the
number of border incidents? When were they most common?
How many Yugoslav soldiers lost their lives or were injured?
What was the process of settling the situation at the borders?
A previous study of symmetric collisions of massive nuclei has shown that current models of multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions do not adequately describe the transfer product yields. To gain further insight into this problem, we have measured the yields of MNT products in the interaction of 977 (E/A = 4.79 MeV) and 1143 MeV (E/A = 5.60 MeV) $^{204}$Hg with $^{208}$Pb. We find that the yield of multi-nucleon transfer products are similar in these two reactions and are substantially lower than those observed in the reaction of 1257 MeV (E/A = 6.16 MeV) $^{204}$Hg + $^{198}$Pt. We compare our measurements with the predictions of the GRAZING-F, di-nuclear systems (DNS) and improved quantum molecular dynamics (ImQMD) models. For the observed isotopes of the elements Au, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi, the measured values of the MNT cross sections are orders of magnitude larger than the predicted values. Furthermore, the various models predict the formation of nuclides near the N=126 shell, which are not observed.
Mathematical concepts and results have often been given a long history, stretching far back in time. Yet recent work in the history of mathematics has tended to focus on local topics, over a short term-scale, and on the study of ephemeral configurations of mathematicians, theorems or practices. The first part of the paper explains why this change has taken place: a renewed interest in the connections between mathematics and society, an increased attention to the variety of components and aspects of mathematical work, and a critical outlook on historiography itself. The problems of a long-term history are illustrated and tested using a number of episodes in the nineteenth-century history of Hermitian forms, and finally, some open questions are proposed.
In accordance with the Copenhagen Criteria EU membership requires the candidate country
to achieve a certain level in minority protection, but up until now there has been no definite
answer as to what actually constitutes this rule in practice. For the first time, Serbia was
expected to adopt a specific framework document, the so-called Action Plan for the Exercise
of the Rights of National Minorities in order to open negotiations on Chapter 23 of its EU
integration negotiations. Whether or not this precondition, determined by the EU means
that successful accession is conditioned by respect for national minority rights in candidate
member states in the future. In the case of Macedonia constant pre-accession monitoring
has been carried out and reported in the country’s progress reports. Although Serbia and
Macedonia occupy different stages in the EU integration process, both contain in their national
minority policy sensitive issues that are very similar in their nature. The paper provides a
short overview of the (non)-existing EU standards in national minority protection in general,
and analyses the most relevant aspects of this issue from the perspective of Serbia and
Macedonia.
While automatic computational techniques appear to reveal novel insights in digital art history, a complementary approach seems to get less attention: that of human annotation. We argue and exemplify that a 'human in the loop' can reveal insights that may be difficult to detect automatically. Specifically, we focussed on perceptual aspects within pictorial art. Using rather simple annotation tasks (e.g. delineate human lengths, indicate highlights and classify gaze direction) we could both replicate earlier findings and reveal novel insights into pictorial conventions. We found that Canaletto depicted human figures in rather accurate perspective, varied viewpoint elevation between approximately 3 and 9 meters and highly preferred light directions parallel to the projection plane. Furthermore, we found that taking the averaged images of leftward looking faces reveals a woman, and for rightward looking faces showed a male, confirming earlier accounts on lateral gender bias in pictorial art. Lastly, we confirmed and refined the well-known light-from-the-left bias. Together, the annotations, analyses and results exemplify how human annotation can contribute and complement to technical and digital art history.