Hasil untuk "History America"

Samuel Moyn

Mary C. Waters

S. Howell, S. Webb

Layna Mosley, T. L. Friedman

T. Atwater

R. Collier, D. Collier

P. Hoffman, A. Bally, A. R. Palmer

R. Takaki

Michael S. Kimmel

Natalie Coulter

C. Stevens, E. Freedman, John D’Emilio

N. G. Olenina

INTRODUCTION. Herbal medicinal products are widely used in medical practice. Special considerations apply to the extent of safety and efficacy studies required for herbal medicinal products in different countries, as documented in their marketing authorisation frameworks. Currently, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) lacks guidelines on the extent of preclinical and clinical studies required for herbal medicinal products.AIM. This study aimed to analyse the possibility of using international standards and approaches in the development of the EAEU guidelines for preclinical and clinical studies of the safety and efficacy of herbal medicinal products.DISCUSSION. First of all, marketing authorisation of herbal medicinal products involves special considerations because these medicinal products contain complex mixtures of bioactive substances. According to the analysis of the regulatory approaches of the European Union (EU), the United States of America (USA), and the EAEU, the safety and efficacy testing requirements for herbal medicinal products are harmonised to a certain degree. The terms used for herbal substances and herbal medicinal products have almost identical definitions in all the studied documents. Despite the differences in their typological classifications of herbal medicinal products, the EU and USA documents provide similar principles for determining the required extent of published data and original studies on the safety and efficacy of herbal medicinal products. Mainly, the extent depends on the herbal medicinal product’s history of previous human use and completed preclinical and clinical studies (if any), type (original/generic), intended administration route (traditional/new), and indications (established/new). Some of the approaches presented in the article are only partially included in the current EAEU regulatory documents.CONCLUSIONS. The discussed approaches can be considered in the development of the EAEU guidelines for preclinical and clinical studies of the safety and efficacy of herbal medicinal products. Such guidelines will contribute to providing the population with broad-spectrum herbal medicinal products that meet current safety and efficacy standards.

D. Ferranti, Guillermo E. Perry, F. Ferreira et al.

W. Bois

Clarisa Eugenia Pedrotti

La presencia de copistas musicales en instituciones religiosas puede documentarse desde tiempos medievales. El relevamiento de sus rasgos caligráficos particulares ha sido utilizado en función de datar las obras, indicar su procedencia y posibles vías de circulación. En este artículo propongo analizar la figura de los copistas de música de instituciones religiosas en Córdoba (Argentina), durante el siglo XIX, a la luz del concepto de “passeurs culturels”, postulado por Ares Queija y Gruzinski (1997), que posibilita dotar de espesor teórico al conocimiento de la labor de estos individuos. El análisis estará enfocado en el perfil social de los copistas y su intervención como “mediadores” en el complejo entramado que presentaron las prácticas culturales en su conjunto –y musicales en particular– en un contexto urbano, en las estrategias de participación y la visibilización que les otorgó el oficio de músicos-copistas.

Elena Hernández Sandoica

Máire Ní Leathlobhair, Angela R. Perri, Angela R. Perri et al.

Lineage losses for man's best friend Dogs have been present in North America for at least 9000 years. To better understand how present-day breeds and populations reflect their introduction to the New World, Ní Leathlobhair et al. sequenced the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of ancient dogs (see the Perspective by Goodman and Karlsson). The earliest New World dogs were not domesticated from North American wolves but likely originated from a Siberian ancestor. Furthermore, these lineages date back to a common ancestor that coincides with the first human migrations across Beringia. This lineage appears to have been mostly replaced by dogs introduced by Europeans, with the primary extant lineage remaining as a canine transmissible venereal tumor. Science, this issue p. 81; see also p. 27 Ancient North American dogs survive primarily as a canine transmissible venereal tumor. Dogs were present in the Americas before the arrival of European colonists, but the origin and fate of these precontact dogs are largely unknown. We sequenced 71 mitochondrial and 7 nuclear genomes from ancient North American and Siberian dogs from time frames spanning ~9000 years. Our analysis indicates that American dogs were not derived from North American wolves. Instead, American dogs form a monophyletic lineage that likely originated in Siberia and dispersed into the Americas alongside people. After the arrival of Europeans, native American dogs almost completely disappeared, leaving a minimal genetic legacy in modern dog populations. The closest detectable extant lineage to precontact American dogs is the canine transmissible venereal tumor, a contagious cancer clone derived from an individual dog that lived up to 8000 years ago.

Richard J. Salvucci, V. Bulmer-thomas

Diego Pulido Esteva

Reseña a: Evelyn Sanchez, El juez, el notario y el caudillo: análisis de un juicio verbal en Tlaxcala durante la Revolución

Domenico Branca, Boris Blanco-Gallegos

El propósito de este artículo es reflexionar sobre la autorrepresentación aymara en el contextoperuano. El tema de la lengua tiene una importancia fundamental en las reivindicaciones político-identitariasa nivel global, ya que representa una herramienta comunicativa que pertenece, primariamente, al campo de laintimidad personal y, al mismo tiempo, a la idea de formar parte a un conjunto más amplio. La antropologíahan indagado detenidamente el rol de la lengua en las construcciones étnicas y grupales, el papel de marcadorque cumple en la construcción de los confines entre el “nosotros” y los “otros”, así como la necesidad políticade estudiar los textos producidos por ləs propios actorəs sociales. En esta línea, este texto, resultado de unainvestigación etnográfica de larga duración en la región de Puno, analiza la autorrepresentación identaria y eluso de la lengua aymara en textos muy diversos, desde traducciones literarias hasta artículos científicos, conel objetivo principal de contribuir a la discusión sobre la autorrepresentación étnica.