Hasil untuk "History (General)"

B. Hajarizadeh, J. Grebely, G. Dore

Yanyan Zhu, Bhavik J. Pandya, Hyon K. Choi

F. Witte

Alfred D. Chandler

L. Judd, H. Akiskal, Pamela J. Schettler et al.

M. S. Rangel-Frausto, D. Pittet, M. Costigan et al.

J. Schumpeter

S. Felman, D. Laub

Thomas Bäck, U. Hammel, H. Schwefel

D. D. Klerk, D. Rixen, S. Voormeeren

C. Corneanu, Marc Oliu, J. Cohn et al.

Facial expressions are an important way through which humans interact socially. Building a system capable of automatically recognizing facial expressions from images and video has been an intense field of study in recent years. Interpreting such expressions remains challenging and much research is needed about the way they relate to human affect. This paper presents a general overview of automatic RGB, 3D, thermal and multimodal facial expression analysis. We define a new taxonomy for the field, encompassing all steps from face detection to facial expression recognition, and describe and classify the state of the art methods accordingly. We also present the important datasets and the bench-marking of most influential methods. We conclude with a general discussion about trends, important questions and future lines of research.

S. Jäkel, L. Dimou

Glial cells, consisting of microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte lineage cells as their major components, constitute a large fraction of the mammalian brain. Originally considered as purely non-functional glue for neurons, decades of research have highlighted the importance as well as further functions of glial cells. Although many aspects of these cells are well characterized nowadays, the functions of the different glial populations in the brain under both physiological and pathological conditions remain, at least to a certain extent, unresolved. To tackle these important questions, a broad range of depletion approaches have been developed in which microglia, astrocytes, or oligodendrocyte lineage cells (i.e., NG2-glia and oligodendrocytes) are specifically ablated from the adult brain network with a subsequent analysis of the consequences. As the different glial populations are very heterogeneous, it is imperative to specifically ablate single cell populations instead of inducing cell death in all glial cells in general. Thanks to modern genetic manipulation methods, the approaches can now directly be targeted to the cell type of interest making the ablation more specific compared to general cell ablation approaches that have been used earlier on. In this review, we will give a detailed summary on different glial ablation studies, focusing on the adult mouse central nervous system and the functional readouts. We will also provide an outlook on how these approaches could be further exploited in the future.

Nghia Nhu Nguyen, Bao The Nguyen, Huyen Thi Ngoc Le et al.

Background Liver fibrosis is a significant health burden in Vietnamese male adults, driven by high rates of hepatitis B and hepatitis C, excessive alcohol consumption, and genetic and environmental factors. Despite progress in diagnostic tools, there is a pressing need for cost-effective screening methods tailored to this high-risk group, particularly in resource-limited settings. Methods This study enrolled 952 Vietnamese male adults over 40 years old undergoing FibroScan, excluding those with conditions affecting test accuracy. Data on demographics, clinical history, and anthropometrics were collected, and fibrosis stages were classified using the METAVIR system. Model development combined Bayesian model averaging and forward stepwise methods, with predictive performance validated via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and area under the curve (AUC) estimation in the R environment. Results Among 952 male participants, the prevalence of liver fibrosis was 19.9%, with most cases classified as mild (F1). Multivariate analysis identified significant risk factors, including advanced age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.02–2.51]), alcohol abuse (OR = 4.44; 95% CI [2.65–7.42]), hepatitis B (OR = 6.76; 95% CI [3.14–14.54], hepatitis C (OR = 33.04; 95% CI [5.26–207.42]), family history of cirrhosis (OR = 16.14; 95% CI [3.28–79.55]), and hepatic steatosis (OR = 4.02; 95% CI [2.57–6.28]). The predictive model demonstrated good discriminative performance with an AUC of 0.769 (95% CI [0.734–0.800]) and showed satisfactory calibration through bootstrap resampling, indicating close agreement between predicted and observed risks. Conclusion The current prevalence of liver fibrosis among Vietnamese male adults was found to be 19.9%, and the developed risk prediction model effectively identifies high-risk individuals, enabling early diagnosis and targeted prevention, particularly in resource-limited settings. However, the lack of external validation and the sample restricted to Vietnamese male adults limit the generalizability of the model, which should be further evaluated in other populations.

Meryem Mojtahid, Magali Schweizer, Damien Le Moigne et al.

This paper presents the results of a dual approach for assessing fossil benthic foraminiferal communities using both traditional morphology‐based analyses and sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) metabarcoding. The main objectives are to test the feasibility of sedaDNA analyses to assess foraminiferal biodiversity in temperate shelf sediments (Le Croisic, France) off a major river system through time (Mid‐ to Late Holocene), and to point out the similarities and differences between classical and molecular methods. Our results show that, in contrast to the high foraminiferal diversity obtained from classic morphological analysis (over 140 taxa), the sedaDNA analysis yielded only 20 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which can be considered as equivalent to species. This strongly suggests a bad preservation of foraminiferal DNA downcore, likely due to the relatively ‘high’ temperature of the study site (14 °C) and/or to a methodological bias (e.g. insufficient amount of extracted sediment). In the total sedaDNA, more than 90% of the reads were assigned to monothalamids (organic‐shelled foraminifera). In contrast, only a small number of mineralized taxa, highly dominant when identified using the morphological approach, were detected. This could be due to the naturally higher abundance of monothalamids compared to hard‐shelled foraminifera. While this abundance is reflected in sedaDNA, it is not preserved in fossil morphological assemblages. In addition, the sedaDNA of monothalamids might be easier to extract and their barcode to amplify than hard‐shelled foraminifera. The discrepancies between the microfossil data and sedaDNA also include several species (e.g. Ammonia confertitesta (T6), Elphidium oceanense (S3), Nonionella sp. T4 and Nonionella sp. T6) that were rarely or not at all found in the fossil material which might be an indication of the presence of propagules, morphologically undetected in the >63 μm size fraction used. Finally, the presence of sequences of A. confertitesta and fossil specimens in the deep layers of the study cores suggests that this species, considered until now as recently invasive on the European coast, could have been present in the Atlantic coast several thousand years ago, much before any anthropogenic activity involving international shipping and commercial trades.

Yangyin Chen

This article reviews the resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) technology initialization back in the 1960s and its heavily focused research and development from the early 2000s. This review goes through various oxygen/oxygen vacancy and metal-ion-based ReRAM devices and their operation mechanisms. This review also benchmarks the performance of various oxygen/oxygen vacancy and metal-ion-based ReRAM devices with general trend drawn. Being a semiconductor memory and storage technology, the commercialization attempts for both stand-alone mass storage/storage-class memory and embedded nonvolatile memory are also reviewed. Looking toward the coming era, the potential of using ReRAM technology to improve machine learning efficiency is discussed.

Fatema S. Mohamed, Rim Hamdy, Essam M. Abd-Elkhader

Wentao HU, Hui LAO, Ao QIU et al.

In recent years, silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have emerged as preferred photoelectric conversion devices in positron emission tomography (PET) due to their outstanding performance. SiPMs possess single-photon resolution capability and time resolution below 100 ps, enabling precise photon arrival time measurements. These advances paved the way for emerging applications such as time-of-flight PET (TOF-PET), photon counting CT, and positron emission lifetime imaging, presenting new challenges to SiPM performance, the advancing of which to their physical limits has become a key focus area in next-generation SiPM research. In traditional SiPM architectures, signal processing and analog-to-digital conversion introduce noise and degrade time performance, thereby limiting the full SiPM potential. With the recent and rapid development of semiconductor manufacturing processes, SiPMs could be manufactured on standard CMOS process nodes, which marks a significant breakthrough in the SiPM field, allowing for the integration of digital logic within SiPM devices. This advancement opens the possibility of achieving more precise time, energy, and position information within a single SiPM, thereby providing potential possibilities to push SiPMs to their performance limits. In this study, we reviewed the development history, working principles, and performance parameters of SiPMs. We analyzed the limitations of traditional SiPMs, outlined key aspects of digital SiPM research, and introduced various current digital SiPM architectures. Finally, we summarized and anticipated key technologies in digital SiPMs.

Alexander L. Fradkov

: Machine learning belongs to the crossroad of cybernetics (control science) and computer science. It is attracting recently an overwhelming interest, both of professionals and of the general public. In the talk a brief overview of the historical development of the machine learning field with a focus on the development of mathematical apparatus in its first decades is provided. A number of little-known facts published in hard to reach sources are presented.

Jerrald Lau, Tian-Zhi Lim, Gretel Jianlin Wong et al.

Colorectal cancer screening saves lives and is cost-effective. It allows early detection of the pathology, and enables earlier medical intervention. Despite clinical practice guidelines promoting screening for average risk individuals, uptake remains suboptimal in many populations. Few studies have examined how sociobehavioural factors influence screening uptake in the context of behaviour change theories such as the health belief model. This systematic review therefore examines how the health belief model’s constructs are associated with colorectal cancer screening. Four databases were systematically searched from inception to September 2019. Quantitative observational studies that used the health belief model to examine colorectal screening history, intention or behaviour were included. A total of 30 studies met the criteria for review; all were of cross-sectional design. Perceived susceptibility, benefits and cues to action were directly associated with screening history or intention. Perceived barriers inversely associated with screening history or intention. The studies included also found other modifying factors including sociodemographic and cultural norms. Self-report of screening history, intention or behaviour, convenience sampling and lack of temporality among factors were common limitations across studies. The health belief model’s associations with colorectal cancer screening uptake was consistent with preventive health behaviours in general. Future studies should examine how theory-based behavioural interventions can be tailored to account for the influence of socioecological factors.

A. L. Aguilar-Shea, J. Díaz-de-Terán

Migraine continues second among the world's causes of disability. Diagnosis is based on the history and clinical examination and imaging is usually not necessary. Migraine can be subdivided depending on whether there is an aura or not and based on the frequency of the headaches. The number of headache days determines whether the patient has episodic migraine or chronic migraine. Treating migraines can be done to treatment the migraine itself and to prevent its appearance. In this review we approach the migraine from a practical point of view with updated information.