Hasil untuk "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation"

D. Arzyutov, I. Krupnik, Veronika Trotter

This special issue invites anthropologists, museum curators, scholars in Indigenous studies, Indigenous heritage specialists, and historians of knowledge to reimagine the global geography of Siberian museum collections. These collections have often been overshadowed by the perceived dominance of Russian museum holdings—particularly those housed in major institutions in Saint Petersburg, such as the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) and the Russian Ethnographic Museum. Drawing on extensive archival and field research, as well as theoretical perspectives from diverse intellectual traditions, the contributors critically re‐examine the vast ethnographic collections from Siberia held in museums across the West, primarily in Europe and North America. They argue that these collections have long remained disconnected from their source communities and, paradoxically, position Western museums as “provincial” and yet highly relevant to emerging processes of knowledge (co‐)production. By framing the case studies featured in this special issue within a broader theoretical context, the editors employ the concept of de‐centering to uncover a reimagined geography of museum collections—one that repositions local holdings, Western institutions, and major Russian repositories within a wider, globally integrated landscape of knowledge production.

M. Khimich, Leonid Y. Kovaliov, Yurii O. Kyseliov et al.

In this paper, we present a clustering of sacred objects of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast using mathematical-statistical methods for the purpose of sacred-geography zoning of the area. Great attention was paid to the methodology of cluster analysis and the employment of geoinformation systems (GIS) for modeling the foundational connections among the objects of sacred geography. We described the stages of clustering and provided a validation for them: collection and preparation of the data, selection of metrics of similarity, identification of optimal number of clusters, cluster analysis, evaluation of the results, and designation of sacred-geography districts. To perform the clustering, we employed the k-means method, which allows the designation of groups of objects in geospace that are compactly located. We developed a validation for choosing the metrics of similarity and criteria of evaluating the results of clustering (inertia of k-means and silhouette score). The utilized similarity metrics take into account geographic distances (Euclidean distance for geographic coordinates). The cluster analysis was conducted based on geographic coordinates of 69 natural-anthropogenic and 614 anthropogenic sacred objects. The analysis of the inertia graphs and silhouette confirmed that the optimal number of clusters is five. Based on the clustering, we carried out sacred-geography zoning of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, where each cluster corresponds to a certain district. Boundaries of the clusters correspond to designated districts. For each district, we determined a centroid (point that determines the mean position of objects on the plane defined by geographic coordinates). The established centroids are settlements such as the villages Bratkivtsi and Vyhivka of Ivano-Frankivsk District, the Verhnii Strutyn village of Kalush District, the Prokurava village of Kosiv District, and the Slobidka village of Kolomyia District. Within the oblast, five sacred-geography districts were designated: Opilskyi, Boikivsko-Hutsulskyi, Opilsko-Pokutskyi, Pokutskyi, and Hutsulsko-Pokutskyi. Such names of the sacred-geography districts are based on the cultural-historical, geographic, and ethnographic peculiarities of each territory. The results of the clustering are valuable for the development of tourist-recreation activity, preservation of historical-cultural heritage, and the development of communities based on the principals and objectives of sustainable development.

Yuguo Jiang, Ziyu Zhao, Xinjie Zhao

This paper employs the super-efficiency slack-based measure (SBM) model with undesirable outputs to measure the green development efficiency of the agricultural product circulation industry (APCI) across 26 provinces of China from 2013 to 2022, and applies the kernel density estimation method to reveal its spatio-temporal evolution characteristics. Furthermore, the Tobit model is utilized to analyze the factors influencing the green development efficiency of the APCI. The research reveals that: (1)The green development efficiency of China's APCI is at a medium level. In 2019, a significant spatial demarcation emerged in the green development efficiency of China's agricultural product circulation industry, with the efficiency highland shifting from North/Northeast China to Southern regions, thereby manifesting a new ''high-south, low-north'' efficiency configuration. (2) Interprovincial disparities initially narrowed and subsequently widened. Furthermore, the six major regions exhibited heterogeneous dynamic characteristics, while the green development efficiency of the APCI demonstrated spatial imbalance across provinces. (3) The openness to international market (OIM) exerts a statistically significant positive effect on the green development efficiency of the APCI. Conversely, industrial structure (IS) and agricultural pollution level (API) demonstrate inhibitory effects on APCI's green development efficiency. This study deepens the understanding of APCI's green development efficiency, constructs a systematic measurement framework, expands research perspectives, and provides tools for governments, industries, and enterprises to evaluate efficiency accurately.

Handrian Ginting Jonson, Afrida Afrida, Zulkifli Addina et al.

This study examines the 2024 flash flood in Pandai Sikek, West Sumatra, through the lens of disaster anthropology and social memory. Based on preliminary research and one week of ethnographic fieldwork, the research reveals that while extreme rainfall triggered the event, socio-ecological drivers such as post-COVID return migration, deforestation, and land-use change significantly amplified its impacts. The community’s vulnerability was heightened by the absence of social memory: no oral traditions, rituals, or institutional practices existed to anticipate or respond to such a disaster. The flood therefore collapsed long-standing narratives of safety associated with Mount Singgalang and forced the community to confront a new reality of risk. Findings show that the disaster produced both trauma and solidarity, as gotong royong, remittances from migrants, and local organizing supported immediate recovery. At the same time, new and contested memories of vulnerability began to emerge. Early mitigation efforts, including reforestation, canal reinforcement, and disaster awareness initiatives, indicate steps toward resilience, though challenges remain in institutionalizing these lessons. The study concludes that building resilience in Pandai Sikek requires not only ecological restoration but also the transformation of traumatic absence into enduring social memory.

Nitin Thombre, Pritesh Patil, Ankita Yadav et al.

Abstract The textile industry is one of the important and largest industry that consumes major chunk of the water in the world. This industry produces a large amount of wastewater during the processes such as sizing, de-sizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, and finishing. The used water produced after such processes affects the environment heavily due to its composition such as mineral salts and oils present in suspended state, metals and metal complexes, dyes, various chemicals, some readily-biodegradable products and some constituents that are hard to biodegrade. The treatment of such hazardous effluent to reuse the water in certain water demanding processes is essential. Considering the worldwide application of the textiles, the appropriate management of water resources in the sector includes the treatment of effluent by efficient technology and the reuse of the water. This article displays an overview of waste management during textile industrial processes. It aims at giving oversight on waste minimization and reuse along with wastewater treatment methods. It also involves the cross-utilization of effluent between processes for achieving water efficiency. This review covers advanced waterless textile dyeing processes, zero liquid discharge techniques, advanced oxidation processes, biological treatment methods, which can be a sustainable and greener approach to reducing the waste generation.

V. Koshaev, Liudmila I. Missonova

The article presents preliminary interdisciplinary criteria for understanding the subject field of art in the interaction between anthropology and art studies. It is important to highlight the methodological approach adopted in the comprehensive analysis of artistic content in relation to different geographical regions. It is crucial that scholars from diverse scientific disciplines engage in the theoretical comprehension of the Russian cultural field. The authors posit that the distinctive and particular content of the anthropology of art resides in the circumstances of culture, which may be understood in three dimensions: sacral/ethno-national-religious, socio-organisational, and nature-production. These dimensions may be conceived as parts of the “matrix of being,” which is essential for scientific comprehension of the object and subjects of the discussed scientific direction. There is currently no agreed scientific or practical substantiation for the anthropological nature of art in its ethnic understanding. The systematic classification of factors of production, social and religious modes of life within the cultural context of diverse peoples, in conjunction with historical periodization, enables the introduction of a typological dimension that is characteristic of ethnic art. Accordingly, the anthropological/ethnocultural aspect of art should be examined in the context of the causal relations between the material and spiritual purpose of the ‘thing’ (human-function-form). It is important to engage in interdisciplinary dialogue on this topic, but it is essential to reach a consensus on the categories of subject matter and the conditions for their formulation.

Dada Docot, Ksenia Golovina

This special issue explores topics dear to Japanese anthropologist Shinji Yamashita—the nation-state, migration, diversity, globalisation, and tourism—spanning varied cultural and geographic landscapes. In this introduction, we show how the contributions in this collection extend the inquiries through which the authors of the articles have been guided and mentored by Yamashita over the years. The articles in this collection draw on Yamashita’s work to also initiate a critical exploration of the anthropological field—the current state of anthropology in Japan, the project of public anthropology, the latest developments in anthropology of disaster, and anthropological methods that consider the increasingly transnational context of lives today. We aim to engage imaginatively with the issues raised by Yamashita’s extensive scholarship and to offer ways of building a more inclusive, diverse, and just society. We also emphasise the influence of mentors working outside the Euro-American sphere and pay tribute to the project of world anthropologies.

Jatin Dua

The ocean has a key, though often unremarked role, in shaping everyday life, from impacting weather patterns and food supplies to facilitating, and contesting, systems of capitalism, including contemporary logistics, empires, mobility, and migration. Beginning with early debates on maritime anthropology, this review traces the shift from maritime anthropology to an anthropology of and from the ocean. It notes the ways that the ocean appears and disappears as metaphor or material space of encounter and engagement within the past, present, and possible futures of anthropology. It shows how absence and presence as well as metaphor and materiality are the modes through which oceans are imagined and inhabited. While there is no distinct oceanic turn in anthropology in contrast with a number of other disciplines, the anthropology of and from the ocean holds the possibility to reenergize anthropology's interdisciplinary encounters, including with history and geography, as well as modes of engaging scale and specificity.

Katrina King, Helene S. Tråsavik, Siddharth Sareen

ABSTRACT A special connection between people and their environment is legally recognized in Norway as Allemannsretten, the right to enjoy a large part of Norwegian nature. Scholarship on leisure mobility, spatial planning, and transport geography recognizes the intrinsic value of this spatial connection. As people travel for outdoor recreation, equitable access to recreation is a goal for just transport systems and must be achieved as these systems are digitalized and electrified for low-carbon transitions. The aim of the article is to identify the impact of transportation accessibility on outdoor recreation habits in the Greater Stavanger Region, Norway’s third-largest metropolitan region. With car-centric development since the 1970s and ambitious automobility-reduction targets, transportation accessibility for outdoor recreation is a key indicator of challenges to overcome in mobility transitions, yet features marginally in public debate. In focusing on popular outdoor day trips and based on multisited interviews with both car owners and non-owners, the authors identify oversights in accessibility, spatializing the issue of local destinations in relation to urban transport transition. They conclude that policymakers must address specific gaps to make transport systems desirable and inclusive, and that a spatial lens can be used to problematize and advance just low-carbon transitions.

Patrik Aspers, Elias le Grand

ABSTRACT This article contributes to research on geographies of consumption and relationality in economic geography by analysing the interconnection of consumption and place in practice, based on ethnographic research. This text focuses on consumption defined broadly to include a choice of clothing and lifestyle among young people in a British town characterized as ‘chavs’. The research is grounded in ethnographic fieldwork, including photo-elicitation interviews, observations and participant observations. To analyse the ways in which consumption is related to place, this text integrates conceptual frames used in economic, cultural and social geography with perspectives developed in economic sociology and anthropology. The study takes a relational approach in both theory and fieldwork. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that place and style consumption are relationally constitutive through practices of association and dissociation. We thereby show that the meanings attached to a place may derive partly from acts of consumption by those living there, but also that the relationship of meaning construction goes from consumption to the constitution of place. Our analysis presents evidence that style and the value attributed to people’s practices are co-constituted by the inhabitants, as well by other, typically external actors, such as bloggers and the media.

Lorenzo Pedroni, Daniel Zocchi Doherty, Chiara Dall’Asta et al.

Mycotoxins are known environmental pollutants that may contaminate food and feed chains. Some mycotoxins are regulated in many countries to limit the trading of contaminated and harmful commodities. However, the so-called emerging mycotoxins are poorly understood and need to be investigated further. Fusaric acid is an emerging mycotoxin, noxious to plants and animals, but is known to be less toxic to plants when hydroxylated. The detoxification routes effective in animals have not been elucidated yet. In this context, this study integrated in silico and in vitro techniques to discover potential bioremediation routes to turn fusaric acid to its less toxic metabolites. The toxicodynamics of these forms in humans have also been addressed. An in silico screening process, followed by molecular docking and dynamics studies, identified CYP199A4 from the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris HaA2 as a potential fusaric acid biotransforming enzyme. Its activity was confirmed in vitro. However, the effect of hydroxylation seemed to have a limited impact on the modelled toxicodynamics against human targets. This study represents a starting point to develop a hybrid in silico/in vitro pipeline to find bioremediation agents for other food, feed and environmental contaminants.

Changui Lee, Seojeong Lee

The maritime sector is increasingly integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to enhance safety, environmental protection, and operational efficiency. With the introduction of the MASS Code by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which regulates Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), ensuring the safety of AI-integrated systems on these vessels has become critical. To achieve safe navigation, it is essential to identify potential risks during the system planning stage and design systems that can effectively address these risks. This paper proposes RA4MAIS (Risk Assessment for Maritime Artificial Intelligence Safety), a risk identification method specifically useful for developing AI-integrated maritime systems. RA4MAIS employs a systematic approach to uncover potential risks by considering internal system failures, human interactions, environmental conditions, AI-specific characteristics, and data quality issues. The method provides structured guidance to identify unknown risk situations and supports the development of safety requirements that guide system design and implementation. A case study on an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) with an AI-integrated collision avoidance function demonstrates the applicability of RA4MAIS, highlighting its effectiveness in identifying specific risks related to AI performance and reliability. The proposed method offers a foundational step towards enhancing the safety of software systems, contributing to the safe operation of autonomous ships.

Lesya Zastavetska, Yaroslav Maryniak, Nadia Stetsko

The article considers the importance of culinary geography in the training of specialists in the specialty 242 Tourism and recreation. Obtaining a higher education in the specified specialty in our country is directly relating ding to the activities of the departments that ensure the graduation of specialists - tourism experts for the needs of the country. The study of issues, problems and the nearest prospects of obtaining a professional higher education in tourism and recreation in Ukraine were intensifying by the authors' research due to the appearance of publications approximately since 2015. The analysis of curricula shows the introduction of culinary geography and the justification of the tourism education model at the departments of the Faculty of Geography of Ivan Franko Lviv National University, Yuri Fedkovich Chernivtsi National University, Volodymyr Hnatyuk Ternopil National Pedagogical University and other universities. As a resulting of the conducted research, new aspects of culinary geography were established. In recent years, interest in the "geography of nutrition" has grown rapidly. Reflecting the great popularity and public interest in all aspects of nutrition - from health issues, global hunger and malnutrition to climate change environmental destruction and animal welfare. The availability of a significant number of journal articles and books on various aspects of food geography creates prerequisites for teaching this subject in universities and colleges. The popularization of scientific research on the geography of food allows activating interest in the development and improvement of one's "geographic ideas" about food. Dishes and methods of their preparation are specific features of the national characteristics of each nation. Culinary geography is a systematic, multidisciplinary, integrated approach to the study of folk food as an important element of material culture. Folk food is an important element of material culture. Its composition and quality characteristics depend on many factors. These are primarily historical, socio-economic, cultural and household, geographical living conditions of the ethnic group, traditions, directions and degree of development of agriculture. Dishes and methods of their preparation are specific features of the national characteristics of each nation. A broad understanding of the study of everyday life, traditions of the material and spiritual culture of peoples, their origin (ethnogenesis) is engage ding in by a number of sciences that have their own unique research methods. In a narrow sense, culinary geography is a component of cultural geography. The geography of culture examines culture in geographic space, studies the spatial differentiation and diversity of its elements, their expression in the landscape and the connection with the geographic environment, as well as the reflection of geographic space in the culture itself. Thus, the arguments listed above for establishing the scientific direction of culinary geography allow us to outline its main definitions. First, we note that there is no single interpretation of the name of the scientific direction (academic discipline) of the problem of culinary geography. It is necessary to state that two main approaches have historically developed in the literature: 1) Food geography (quite a wide range of subjects); 2) Culinary tourism, culinary geography, nutrition in tourism, gastronomic tourism. Keywords: culinary geography, geography of food, culinary tourism, geography of tourist food.

Mehtap Özenen Kavlak, Taki Can Metin, Talha Aksoy et al.

This study examines the spatial relationship between tourism and recreation planning and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) while evaluating academic competence across different countries. Using a systematic literature review, original research papers published after 2010 with at least three citations were analyzed. The data were organized based on the countries of publication and authorship, creating a spatial database that enabled the analysis of the most cited publications on the tourism planning and GIS relationship. The data were then transferred into a GIS environment to produce maps to visualize the geographical distribution of GIS applications in tourism and recreation planning. The study's findings highlight that GIS is most effectively used as a strategic tool in tourism planning in certain countries, revealing a concentration of expertise in these regions. The results emphasize the significance of GIS technology in the field and offer strategic recommendations for its broader use. This research not only provides a valuable foundation for future studies on integrating GIS in tourism and recreation planning but also highlights its potential to enhance planning processes in the future.

Y. Berezin

Introduction. The cycle of publications on the historical and archaeological characteristics of osteological collections from the funds of the Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of Lomonosov Moscow State University continues in the article. The purpose of this work is to create an information base for paleoanthropologists studying collections from the burial grounds of the Chernyakhovskaya archaeological culture dated III – beginning. V centuries AD. Materials and methods. This section provides a general description of the collections from the burial grounds of the Chernyakhovskaya culture, stored in the museum's funds. The materials considered were unearthed during excavations by Soviet archaeologists of the 1950s-1960s (E.A. Simonovich, G.B. Fedorov) on the territory of modern Ukraine and Moldova. The work uses all available publications of the authors of the excavations, as well as subsequent summary and analytical studies. Results. The main part of the work presents information on the burial grounds of the Chernyakhovkaya culture of Zhuravka, Chernyakhov, Malaeshty. The geographical characteristics of the sites, the history of their research, and basic information about the archaeological context for the presented anthropological materials from these necropolises are given. The most common, standard features of the funeral rite are shown and burials with unusual features that fall out of the general framework are indicated. A number of burials have been identified, which are marked in the accounting materials as belonging to the Chernyakhovskaya culture, but, in fact, are not related to it. Conclusion. The analysis of information about the three burial grounds allows us to consider them, to some extent, reference, standard for the Chernyakhovskaya culture at the main stage of its existence. A large collection from Zhuravka –143 storage units, as well as fairly large ones, 21 storage units and 20 storage units, respectively, from the burial grounds of Chernyakhov and Malaeshty allows to apply a wide range of anthropological and molecular genetic techniques.

S. Hamdy, Amahl Bishara

The articles in this special issue are the outcome of the panel: “Papers in Honor of Faye Ginsburg: Visual and Media Anthropology in the Middle East,” which was held virtually for the American Anthropological Association Annual Meetings of November 2021. The reach of Ginsburg's work as well as her mentorship through the creation of NYU's Graduate Program in Culture & Media has shaped the ethnography of media and visual anthropology across a diversity of geographic regions. In this particular issue, we bring together scholars of SWANA (Southwest Asia and North Africa, a term that more broadly encompasses what is often referred to as the Middle East) whose projects are deeply influenced by Ginsburg's scholarship on shared anthropology, collaborative media practices and cultural activism. This introduction includes excerpts from a conversation with Ginsburg.

M. Barra

This article considers the cultivation of Black life in the face of environmental crisis in the sinking grounds of southeast Louisiana. In dialogue with scholarship in anthropology and geography on Black place‐making and memory, I examine how individual and collective memories of past ecological practices provide counternarratives of ecological demise for the present. Working with the concept of productive nostalgia, I situate my analysis of collective memory via Sylvia Wynter's and Katherine McKittrick's formulations of the plot as a countergeography of the plantation through which Black people cultivate ecologically based self‐reliance, care, and freedom. I use oral history and ethnography to demonstrate how the socioecological ethos of the plot travels across time through collective memory, interrupting present‐day ecological crisis narratives with visions of climate changed futures tied to ecological and racial justice.

P. Romaniv

The study of the tourism and recreation sphere in the context of the postulates of sustainable development is carried out by many researchers. In particular, geographical, economic, social, behavioral, legal and other aspects of sustainable tourism development are investigated. Our research mainly regulates the formation and organization of the active tourism product of the Western region of Ukraine and their compliance with the principles of sustainable development. The principles of organizing active tourism and recreation are also proposed. Separately, we emphasize recreational and tourist initiatives within nature protection territories, taking into account the natural and geographical environment: geological and geomorphological environment, climate, hydrological and forest-vegetation conditions. The process of active tourism management has a negative impact on the relief and vegetation of the territory (tourist digression). This is especially relevant now, when the Western region of Ukraine receives internally displaced persons as a result of the war with Russia, as well as due to uncontrolled tourist traffic and activities. Manifestations of tourist digression are observed on popular tourist routes within the borders of Chornohora, Gorgans, Svidivets, Beskids, Vododilno-Verkhovyna ridge, Chivchyns, Hryniavs. Therefore, the changes that tourism in western Ukraine underwent after the start of the full-scale war were outlined. The correspondence of active tourism products to the principles of sustainability of the development of the tourism and recreation sphere in general is suggested. Achieving the principles of sustainability must be ensured at various levels of the organization of the tourist process: administrative, economic, subject (tourist), local community level. At each of the levels of the organization of the principles of sustainability of the development of the tourism process, it is worth applying both direct (direct) and indirect (mediated) levers of influence. Direct levers provide for strict, scientifically based regulation of the number of tourists; restrictions (in some cases, closure) for visiting particularly valuable natural objects and territories; application of modern technological innovations that allow minimizing environmental pollution, etc. Non-compliance with established norms and rules involves the application of appropriate sanctions. Mediated methods are a more flexible way of influencing the behavior of tourists and are based on raising the level of their culture, environmental education, and fostering a tolerant attitude of the local population. Currently, methods of direct influence due to the growth of mass tourism in the Western region of Ukraine are key and require immediate implementation, especially at the local level. We believe that the concept of active tourism has the right to exist in the context of its understanding as overcoming space in an active way with or without the use of specialized vehicles, using mainly the physiological and psycho-emotional conditions of the body to achieve the goals (goals) of the trip: cognitive, scientific, educational , sports, nature conservation, etc. Tourism in the Western region of Ukraine (especially in its Carpathian part) has undergone changes since the start of a full-scale war on February 24, 2022, which is recorded by many organizations. All active tourism products developed and organized in the Western region of Ukraine must comply with the principles of sustainable development of the tourism sector in general. We believe that the goal of the principles will not be achieved only by declarative statements, which is characteristic of most regional development programs, but by coordinating the efforts of all stakeholders of the tourism process. Regional and local strategies and programs for the development of tourism, resorts, and recreation play an important role in forming the foundations of sustainable tourism development. Highlighting the international environment, we are talking about the experience of the countries of the world in ensuring the sustainability of the tourism process, participation in international and interregional programs, grants, etc. Among other stakeholders, the following are important: elements of the infrastructure that ensure the functioning of the destination, representatives of business, social sphere, marketing and advertising, legislation, executive power at various levels, the market of qualified specialists in the field of hospitality, tourism, and recreation. Key words: active tourism and recreation, sustainable development, Western region of Ukraine, tourism process.

Xinhui Zheng, Qiyan Tian, Qifeng Zhang

Recently, as humans have become increasingly interested in ocean resources, underwater vehicle-manipulator systems (UVMSs) have played an increasingly important role in ocean exploitation. To realize precise operation in underwater narrow spaces, the fly arm underwater vehicle manipulator system (FAUVMS) is proposed with manipulators as its core. However, this system suffers severe dynamic coupling effects due to the combination of small vehicle and big manipulators. To resolve this issue, we propose a robust adaptive controller that contains two parts. In the first part, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is designed to estimate the system states and predicts external disturbances to achieve adaptive control. In the second part, a chattering-free sliding mode control (SMC) is designed to converge the tracking errors to zero, thus guaranteeing the robustness of the controller. We constructed the simulation platform based on the geometric model of FAUVMS, and various simulations are carried out under different situations. Compared to the traditional methods, the proposed method has a faster convergent speed, a better robustness and adaptiveness to external disturbances, and the tracking errors of positions of the vehicle and each end-effector are much smaller.

G. V. Vykhovanets

In a coastal zone of a seas recreation resources are various. In general, they distinguished by 3 blocks, according to features of atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere as a parts of geographical sphere. At the same time, the exponents and qualities were separated, and the scales were elaborated for every of them. The resources estimations were made according to medicine-biological qualities of the coastal zone for next exponents: beach, cliff, submarine slope, water, sediment etc.