Hasil untuk "Ural-Altaic languages"

Eva Toulouze

Udmurts and Russians. Interethnic relations up to the Second World War This article reflects on the history of the Udmurts and their relations with Russians from the late Middle Ages to the mid-20th century: how contacts with Russians developed before the incorporation of the Kazan khanate into Muscovy and what it meant for the smaller peoples who became part of the emerging Russian Empire. Special attention is paid to the process of Evangelization and its consequences, including the migration of many villagers to regions less exposed to Russian interference. I trace how Russian eastward migration led to a problematic, although not yet conflictual coexistence. I focus especially on the Soviet period, which was marked by contradictions: an initial period, during which the interests of smaller communities were genuinely acknowledged by the central authorities, was followed by a later phase, during which attempts to promote indigenous culture were treated as expressions of dangerous nationalism and repressed. As a result, by the end of the first half of the 20th century, the Udmurt intelligentsia had been almost completely destroyed following a tragic, staged process during which most of its main representatives were arrested and accused of separatism and seeking to bring the Finno-Ugric regions of central Russia under Finnish protectorate. Moreover, the fear of defending one’s culture persisted for decades, paralyzing the principal potential forces in the region.

Vlad-Andrei Cursaru, Laura Duits, J. Milligan et al.

Context. Nowadays, 83% of software developers use Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate code. LLMs recently became essential to increase the productivity of software developers and decrease the time and cost of software development. Developers ranging from novices to experts use LLM tools not only to detect and patch bugs, but also to integrate generated code into their software. However, as of today there is no objective assessment of the energy efficiency of the source code generated by LLM tools. Released in August 2023, Code Llama is one of the most recent LLM tools. Goal. In this paper, we present an empirical study that assesses the energy efficiency of Code Llama with respect to human-written source code. Method. We design an experiment involving three human-written benchmarks implemented in C++, JavaScript, and Python. We ask Code Llama to generate the code of the benchmarks using different prompts and temperatures. Therefore, we execute both implementations and profile their energy efficiency. Results. Our study shows that the energy efficiency of code generated by Code Llama is heavily-dependent on the chosen programming language and the specific code problem at hand. Also, human implementations tend to be more energy efficient overall, with generated JavaScript code outperforming its human counterpart. Moreover, explicitly asking Code Llama to generate energy-efficient code results in an equal or worse energy efficiency, as well as using different temperatures seems not to affect the energy efficiency of generated code. Conclusions. According to our results, code generated using Code Llama does not guarantee energy efficiency, even when prompted to do so. Therefore, software developers should evaluate the energy efficiency of generated code before integrating it into the software system under development.

Elo-Hanna Seljamaa

"Why the child speaks, or how to talk about violence: The example of the Estonian infanticide ballad “Mareta’s Child”". The lyroepic runosong type “Mareta’s Child” tells the story of a secret sexual encounter between a young unmarried peasant woman and a man of higher social status. The encounter leads to pregnancy and might involve money and/or broken promises. Acting either on his advice or on her own initiative, the woman conceals her pregnancy and abandons the newborn child in the forest, where another woman from the same community finds it. Miraculously, the child starts to speak and reveals its parents. Drawing on the concept of positioning as developed by Rom Harré and Luk van Langenhove, the article explores how the newborn’s preternatural intervention questions and changes, even if temporarily, what can be said about whom, and who can say it. The child speaks so that the female protagonist and the community could address and contemplate breaches that are felt and witnessed but not discussed: powerful men taking sexual advantage of women of lower status, female sexuality and sexual agency, money, infanticide, delusions of social mobility, collective shame and (ir)responsibility. The multivalent poetic language of runosongs is crucial here, as it enables and even encourages multiple interpretations and positions simultaneously. The article also examines the use of direct speech as a marker of decisive moments and turns in the narrative. These formal features, along with the dramatic plot, suggest that “Mareta’s Child” is best approached as a ballad. Rich with characters, conflicts and perspectives, it problematizes the relationship between narrative and violence and highlights the difficulties of discussing acts and experiences of violence.

M. Taskaev

The paper dedicated to the memory of the Komi historian Lidiya Ivanovna Surina (1918-2015) analyzes her scientific activity, gives an assessment of her most famous works, among which, first of all, academic “Essays on the history of the Komi ASSR” in 2 volumes, published in the 1950s-early 1960s. It was a period when the Komi ASSR did not have its own specialists in the history of the region, so the Moscow colleagues from the Institute of History of Academy of Sciences of the USSR came to assist to the Komi historians. L.I. Surina, as the first Komi Candidate of Sciences (History), who defended her dissertation in 1953, was editor and co-author of these essays, which became a notable phenomenon in the Russian historiography. Later, she worked on other well-known publications of the Komi Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Soviet period. They are “The History of the Komi ASSR from ancient times to the present day”, “The History of Syktyvkar”, “The Road of Struggle and Victories: Chronicle of the Komi regional organization of the CPSU. 1917-1981” and others. Already being at the advanced age, she took part in the project of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Encyclopedia of the Komi Republic” and wrote a number of articles. Her scientific works were highly appreciated by colleagues and readers.

E. Berezovich, Elena E. Ivanova

The article analyzes the mountain mythonymy of the Urals. Mythonyms are names for supernatural anthropomorphic beings that guard treasures of the earth (minerals and metals) and aid (or interfere with) their discovery, extraction, and carving. This article concerns mythonyms motivated by the names of the peoples who, as legends say, were the most ancient population of the region and used to live in the mountains, pits, barrows, etc. The authors use the material from dialect dictionaries, folklore texts, travellers’ notes, etc.; in addition, part of the material was collected during the 2020–2023 expeditions. The research is based mostly on the data from the Western, Middle and Southern Urals. Special attention is paid to toponyms and appellative landscape terms. The authors analyze the motivations behind the mythonyms, as well as the cultural context connected with the names. The following mythonyms are studied: чудь (chiúd’), дивьи люди (dív’i liúdi), стары люди (stáry liúdi), суксуны (соксуны) (suksuný (soksuný)), шайтаны (shaitány), шуты (shutý). In some cases, «prototype» peoples or generalized groups of such peoples may be indicated for them (for чудь, most likely, extinct Finno-Ugric tribes); in other cases, the nominations (in the source language) reflect signs of “savagery”, primitiveness (дивьи люди), antecedence to current peoples (стары люди), typical actions (суксуны). Linguistic facts and the beliefs and folklore texts behind them form a fairly rigid system in which various kinds of interactions are observed: language attractions; the interaction of folklore motifs, of which the most common is locative — living in mountains, mounds, etc.; further, the motives of storing treasures, self-burial in dugouts.

Danielle Prentice, Banan W. Otaibi, C. Stetter et al.

Objective Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to worsening overall health outcomes and psychological diagnoses. Routine screening, particularly in patients with postpartum depression (PPD), would identify patients who could benefit from interventions to prevent the perpetuation of ACEs and establish a system of preventative care to mitigate the risks of adverse health outcomes associated with high ACE scores. The purpose of this study is to explore the link between ACEs and PPD to advocate for the use of the ACE questionnaire as a routine screening tool in all pregnant patients diagnosed with PPD. We hypothesize that a cohort of patients with PPD will be more likely to have high-risk ACE scores than the general female population. Study Design Our IRB approved, retrospective cohort study identified all patients diagnosed with PPD at an academic medical center between January 2015 and December 2019. The subjects were identified using retrospective chart review. Subjects were recruited via telephone and asked to complete an ACE questionnaire. Questionnaires were sent via RedCap. ACE scores were calculated, categorized as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more ACEs, and compared to the prevalence in the original Kaiser-CDC ACE study female cohort using a chi-square goodness-of-fit test. Results There were 132/251 surveys completed (53% response rate). In our PPD population, 19.3% had 0 ACEs, 17.0% had 1 ACE, 13.1% had 2 ACEs, 16.5% had 3 ACEs, and 34.1% had 4 or more ACEs. These percentages were significantly different from the Kaiser-CDC ACE Study percentages of 34.5, 24.5, 15.5, 10.3, and 15.2%, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion Our unique study showed that women with PPD are more likely to have high-risk ACE scores than the general female population. This finding has important implications in regards to counseling, intervening to prevent perpetual ACEs, and establishing important provider-patient relationships for life-long preventative care. Non-gendered language is used when possible throughout. However, the wording from studies cited in this paper was preserved.

F. Khisamitdinova, M. Valieva, G. Yagafarova et al.

Purpose. The article is devoted to the study of Bashkir toponyms formed on the basis of phytonyms. The main objective is to demonstrate phytotoponyms and determine the laws of their nomination.Results. The authors describe models for the formation of toponyms derived from plant names and conduct a comparative analysis of Bashkir phytotoponyms with onomastic materials of other Turkic languages. Of the 10,000 Bashkir geographical names recorded, phytonyms are found in about 4 % of toponyms. They contain 65 names of plants, including 16 names of trees, 16 names of shrubs and fruit trees, 8 names of aquatic plants, 13 names of edible wild herbs, 13 names of other plants used for domestic purposes in everyday life, agricultural crops, etc.Conclusion. The authors of the article emphasize that phytotoponyms ascertain, register the location, a certain position of the plant and belong to the secondary nomination, as well as the fact that many phytotoponyms carry socially significant cultural and historical information about the world, and in ancient times they would act as a natural landmark in space. Systematization of the collected material reveals the features of the vegetation cover and areal flora of Southern Urals and Trans-Urals.

EZGİ ARAL

In languages, long vowels are divided into primary long vowels and secondary/indirect long vowels. Primary long vowels are vowels that have been long since the earliest known examples of a language and have not been elongated due to any sound event. Secondary long vowels are; although they are not long in the first known examples of a language, they are generally not separative and occur as a result of consonant drops, syllable fusions, vowel mergers and similar phonetic event later on. In this study, the situation of secondary long vowels in some Turkish and foreign words containing primary long vowels was evaluated. In some Turkish words that have primary length in Turkey Turkish dialect, secondary length is also formed as a result of various phonetic events. This also applies to borrowed words. Secondary lengths, usually occur as a result of “ğ, k, l, r, v, y” consonants fallig/melting, syllable fusion and word fusions. Since the primary lengths in Turkey Turkish shortened to normal-term vowels, the lengths in such words are generally considered as secondary lengths.

S. Kaldybayeva

The loss of full political power of the Kazakh Khanate in the second half of the XIX century led to the implementation of measures of the policy of settlement of the Russian Kingdom in Kazakhstan. In the first towns that appeared in Kazakhstan as fortifications of the Tsarist government, the army of the Ural and Siberian Cossack Russians was stabilized. This Army served as a point of defense of the border region of the Empire, as well as the only support for establishing Russian influence in Central Asia and Siberia. Due to the aggravation of the agrarian problem in the inner regions of Russia, drought and famine increased the emphasis on the resettlement of peasants to the region. In order to identify «surplus» land on the territory of Kazakhstan, «Resettlement departments» and special statistical parties (departments) will be created, and a program of study of land use and economy of the nomadic population of «Asian Russia» will be developed. The study cards collected data such as the number, age and gender of the local population, and knowledge of the Russian language with a distinctive feature. As a result of the settlement policy, along with the settlement of Russian peasants on Kazakh lands, the construction of forest dachas and farms, etc., which were owned by the state treasury, was taken over. These measures led to the resettlement of Kazakhs to desert and semi-desert lands and damaged the traditional system of animal husbandry.

Chandrayee Basu, Rosni Vasu, Michihiro Yasunaga et al.

A. Aydogan, Min Kyung An, M. Betül Yılmaz

Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, the way of thinking of communities has become easily manipulated. Scientific results put forward during the Arab Spring period, which is one of the biggest examples, show that social media is easily used to guide people in different ways. This paper introduces our project, Rake, which has emerged as a method against the aforementioned manipulations. The Rake used Nat-ural Language Processing and Machine Learning algorithms, to generate its own dataset and it consist of three major procedures: Emotion, Reaction, and Word Mapping, Rake is a high performance application that can adapt to areas such as community analysis, business area analysis and advertising. As shown in the experiments, it has achieved a machine learning performance of 94%. In addition, the stages that convey how to adopt the Rake application in large-scale projects were included in the study.

L. I. Stepanova, D. Shchukina

The aim of the articleis to study peculiarities of nominations of minerals in Russian and in its regional version, in the socio-lexicon of the Ural mining workers. For this purpose, a methodological procedure was developed based on the methods of corpus linguistics and an exemplary analysis of the semantic field mineral (minerals) in Russian was performed. The theoretical and methodological procedure is based on the semantic field theory,theory of divergence andthelexical approachproposed by Kevechs. As the material of the study were used the tales (skazy) of Pavel Bazhov .The tales (narrations) of Bazhov are a bright representation of the Ural folklore, regional perception of natural objects, their metaphorical reinterpretation , enrichment of semantic fields associated with the occupation of the inhabitants of the region, with additional semantic meanings. The results of the study reflect the presence of significant differences in the semantic structure of lexemes-nominations of minerals in the Russian language and its regional variant.

Xiaoyu Guo, I-Hung Hsu, Wael AbdAlmageed et al.

ИЗ Истории, Родного Края

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The article presents a brief review of ethnological and ethno-linguistic research project «Traditional culture of Russians in areas of active interethnic contacts in the Urals and the Volga region» carried out by the sector of ethnological research of the Department of History, Archeology and Ethnography of PFRC UB RAS. It describes the results of the project obtained during the first 2 years and connected with the specific features of the language and traditional culture of Russians in different territories of the Ural and the Volga region, the particularities of the Old Believers’ customs of the region as well as the specificity of ethnic history, material and spiritual culture of various local groups of Russians in the Urals and the Volga region.

I. Sofronova

The paper considers reading for comprehension and developing reading culture, showing how reading habits are constantly changing with new technologies dominating our life. Learning English being the focus of attention, the author comments on the way reading contributes to language acquisition and language learning. А particular reference is given to types of reading, reading for comprehension being the essence of any. The author reviews reading strategies, stressing the necessity of introducing them to the students. The author analyses some of the language courses and gives examples of work on reading skills at the lessons of English using both the above courses and the ones developed by the teachers of the Ural State University of Economics.

Hannes Korjus

The Lutsis, a historically South Estonian-speaking language island community located near the town of Ludza in southeastern Latvia, have come increasingly into public awareness in Latvia over the last decade with the release of books on Lutsi history and language suitable for both professional and lay audiences as well as other new works relating to Lutsi folk culture. However, even before this recent burst of activity, the Lutsis have been mentioned in the Latvian and Estonian press and have also appeared in the field notes of researchers whose work was connected with the Lutsis. This article traces the descriptions of the Lutsis in a variety of sources from the first descriptions in the mid-19th century, through the interwar independence of Latvia, and as late as the 1970s when important expeditions by Latvian researchers documented the impressions of the last Lutsi speakers on the state of their language and culture. Kokkuvõte. Hannes Korjus: Sementovskijst 20. sajandisse. Märkmeid lutsidest Läti ajakirjanduses. Kunagine lõunaeestikeelne lutside kogukond elas Kagu-Lätis Ludza linna ümbruses. Lätis on nad saanud suurema avaliku tähelepanu osalisteks alles viimastel kümnenditel, kui on ilmunud raamatuid nende ajaloo ja keele kohta nii asjatundjatele kui ka laiemale huvirühmale ning on hakatud elavdama lutsi rahvakultuuri. Siiski ka enne seda viimast aktiivsuse tõusu on lutsidest kirjutatud Läti ja Eesti ajakirjanduses ja on ilmunud välitööde märkmeid lutsidega seotud uurimuste tegijatelt. Antud artikkel jälgib lutside kirjeldusi erinevates allikates alates varastest mainimistest 19. sajandi keskel, jätkates maailmasõdadevahelise perioodiga ning jõudes viimaks 1970. aastateni, kui Läti uurijad dokumenteerisid oma ekspeditsioonidel viimaste lutsi kõnelejate keelelist ja kultuurilist olukorda.

A. Evtyugina, A. Zhuminova, E. Grishina et al.

This study is devoted to the foreign language communicative competence development among non-linguistic universities under-graduate students. This research covered the issue of foreign language education based on the cognitive-conceptual model for teaching English to non-linguistic university students. As the main research method, pedagogical modelling was chosen. The experiment was conducted at Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University, Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, and Ural Institute of State Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia among 72 undergraduate students. The results of several curriculum-based tests showed that the percentage of correct determination of expressions with the context available increased from 54% to 93.2% in EG1, and from 41.9 to 85.5% in EG2. The overall students’ understanding of lexical units increased by 39.2% and 43.6%, respectively. The ratio of misunderstanding/understanding of speech utterances increased from 15/7 to 6/16, while the proportion of students who do not use/use various interpretation strategies changed from 8/14 to 3/19. The developed cognitive-conceptual methodology effectiveness for teaching foreign language communicative competence was proven. It can be applied to train students of various specialisations at different university degree levels.

A. Makarova, Yulia Popova

The paper studies collective nicknames of the residents of the Russian North (Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions) to describe a productive zoomorphic naming pattern. The research is based on findings of the Toponymic Expedition of the Ural Federal University which includes materials from field trips to the Russian North (1960–2019) as well as data published in dictionaries and monographs. The paper identifies lexical composition of the pattern, describes the geography of collective nicknames, and provides analysis of the material in terms of motivation, onomasiology, and language contacts. In some cases, collective nicknames are considered against the background of other types of nickname anthroponymy: family and individual nicknames. The analyzed body of nicknames includes both units formed from all-Russian vocabulary such as vorony, ershi, zaitsy, kuliki, etc., and less common names based on dialectal names of animals, birds, fish and insects (revyaki, svizi, sivkuny, pepyaki). The choice of animal species used in nicknames (in decreasing order: birds, fish, wild animals, pets, insects, amphibians) as well as substantial quantitative differences between Arkhangelsk and Vologda region (more than 200 units vs 88) are attributable to landscape features (forest and water) and occupations of the population (hunting, fishing). Characterological motivations, widely used in individual nickname anthroponymy, are relatively rare among zoomorphic collective nicknames. The prevalence of some thematic and motivational categories (especially “birds”) in the nicknames is probably due to the influence of substrate Finno-Ugric languages.

Pille Eslon, Annekatrin Kaivapalu

Ioana-Andreea Mureșan, Raluca Pop

Language has both a social and a cultural significance for a community of speakers. It inevitably undergoes constant changes in order to adapt to the requirements of a particular discursive practice (spoken or written communication, face-to-face or online communication, specialized language, etc.). In addition to this, language is externally influenced by the borrowing of loanwords. Focusing on anglicisms in Norwegian, this paper analyses the use of borrowings and of code-switching in the informal speech of teenagers as it is depicted in the Norwegian teen drama web series ‘Skam’. The gradual acknowledgment of English as an international language paved the way in Norway for the acceptance of this foreign language in various domains, especially in the academia, as a tool for increasing exposure and for internationalization practices. Due to the constant exposure to English both in the academic environment and in informal settings, younger generations in Norway tend to engage more often in language mixing and regard this international language as an essential part of their daily lives. The findings of this paper concluded that in addition to the use of anglicisms, two types of code-switching – inter-sentential and intra-sentential code-switching) – were identified in episodes 9 and 10, season 4, of ‘Skam’. In this line of thought, the use of anglicisms in ‘Skam’ and the code-switching performed are iconic for today’s teenagers, as it testifies for the dominance of the western culture in their daily lives, and explains, at least partly, the wide success of this drama series.