Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Edvaldo Bezerra da Silva, Jymmys Lopes dos Santos

A presença feminina no meio militar brasileiro remonta a séculos passados. Na Polícia Militar do Estado de Sergipe, essa presença teve início no final da década de 80. Diante da aceitação das mulheres no meio militar, tornou-se necessário compreender o comportamento delas durante os treinamentos de preparação para suas funções, a fim de combater as incidências de lesões musculoesqueléticas. Os objetivos do estudo são identificar as lesões mais comuns nas policiais militares femininas, bem como as disciplinas práticas onde essas lesões ocorreram com maior frequência. O estudo caracteriza-se como pesquisa descritiva, transversal e com abordagem quantitativa. Participaram do estudo um total de 72 indivíduos de um universo de 129 policiais militares femininas matriculadas em algum curso de formação no Centro de Ensino e Instrução da Polícia Militar do Estado de Sergipe entre os anos de 2020 e 2021. Para a categorização dos resultados, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva. O estudo contou com uma amostragem de 68 policiais militares femininas, apresentando idade média de 27,6 anos. Os resultados mostram que essas alunas possuíam uma frequência de treino semanal de pelo menos 3 vezes na semana (53%), sendo a musculação a atividade física mais praticada, com 57% da amostragem. Pelo menos 13% da amostragem relatou ter sofrido algum tipo de lesão antes de iniciar o curso de formação e, durante o curso, o número de lesões foi de 46%, com a idade média das lesionadas sendo de 29,03 anos. A Educação Física Militar registrou 48% das incidências de lesões, sendo também apontado o seguimento corporal mais afetado, os membros inferiores, com 77% dos relatos, e a tendinopatia como a lesão mais comum, com 32% dos casos. O tempo de recuperação das alunas policiais militares variou entre 1 e 8 dias, representando um total de 23%, sendo o procedimento de recuperação mais utilizado o medicamentoso, com 35% dos casos. O estudo revelou uma elevada incidência de lesões musculoesqueléticas nas policiais militares femininas. Portanto, é necessário realizar mais estudos na área policial militar brasileira, com foco nas policiais militares femininas.

Enric Benavent-Vallès

En las últimas décadas, el interés por la espiritualidad en el Trabajo Social ha aumentado, reconociéndose su importancia para el bienestar integral de individuos y comunidades. La espiritualidad abarca no solo aspectos religiosos, sino también dimensiones como el propósito, la conexión (con uno mismo, con los otros y con alguna realidad más amplia) y el bienestar emocional y psicológico. Esta diversidad conceptual crea ambigüedad y desafíos en la profesión, subrayando la necesidad de mayor claridad y consenso sobre su significado. Investigadores internacionales, tanto con una mirada teórica como práctica del Trabajo Social, reconocen la importancia de integrar esta dimensión en la práctica profesional y la formación de futuros trabajadores sociales. Este estudio realiza una revisión sistemática de 62 artículos recientes sobre espiritualidad y Trabajo Social, identificando dos enfoques principales: los que se acercan a la espiritualidad con una mirada cognitiva y los que lo hacen con una mirada basada en la experiencia, que en algunos casos es religiosa. También se observan posturas que consideran la religión y la espiritualidad casi sinónimas y otras que las ven como ámbitos distintos con elementos comunes. El artículo concluye proponiendo una definición de espiritualidad aplicable al Trabajo Social que incluye los principales matices encontrados.

Melissa Gampe, Samantha Jeffries, Zoe Rathus

In 2007, Evan Stark consolidated decades of feminist scholarship and advocacy on intimate partner violence (IPV) into a framework he coined “coercive control” (Stark 2007). Stark’s model was initially heteronormative. He later contended that heteropatriarchy may condition abuse in women’s intimate relationships with other women, but more research was needed to clearly understand how coercive control manifests beyond heterosexuality (Stark and Hester 2019). In this paper, we utilise the voices of 18 Australian same-gender attracted women who experienced IPV in intimate relationships with other women. The participants’ narratives, revealed through this qualitative method, provide insights into perpetrator tactics of coercive control in these relationships. Situating these stratagems within Stark’s framework, we gain a deeper understanding of this, often invisible, manifestation of coercive control. This study is essential and timely because, since Stark (2007) published his book, several countries have criminalised coercive control and some states in Australia have recently followed suit.

E. R. Rossinskaya

The article examines the system of private theory of forensic activity digitalization from the standpoint of forensic expertology. The subject, objects, tasks of the theory and its place in forensic expertology are described. The paper presents the theory of forensic activity digitalization that can be attributed to several private theories, the provisions of which equally apply both to the process of expert examination in general and to expert studies of individual types of examinations as well. Two sections in the theory system are designated: forensic examination of digital footprints and information and computer support for forensic activity. The first section includes and considers the following: the nature of digital footprints, their properties and features and the mechanism of formation; forms of presentation and classification of digital footprints and their carriers as objects of forensic examinations; general tasks of digital footprints expert examination. The second section pays attention to the technologies of algorithmizing and digitalization of methods and techniques of forensic examination. The prospects for the introduction of neural networks to forensic examination and the related relevant problems are considered. In addition, the author notes changes in the methodology and technologies for developing expert methods in connection with the introduction of artificial intelligence algorithms. This section outlines the areas of application of neural networks for solving forensic problems. The reasons for erroneous conclusions related to application of neural networks in forensic examinations are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the sources of model risk. To develop methods for solving typical expert problems based on neural networks it is proposed to create forensic datasets and repositories for consequent analysis and machine learning for various types of forensic examinations. The article also substantiates the need for new expert competencies: expert data analyst, expert data engineer and machine learning engineer.

Ronald Zurita-Castillo, Victor Yáñez Pereira, Juan Jiménez-Albornoz et al.

El artículo expone los principales resultados, hallazgos y conclusiones del estudio en torno al concepto de sistematización, reconociendo los debates que tensionan la valía y el reconocimiento de la sistematización como metodología útil en la generación de conocimientos en las ciencias humanas y sociales. Para el estudio del concepto se realizó un análisis bibliométrico a la literatura científica contenida en el catálogo principal de la base de datos Web of Science (WoS), por su alta calidad, alcance, reconocimiento y niveles de impacto a nivel mundial. Los datos fueron analizados con el software Rstudio, específicamente con el paquete Bibliometrix de R, que incluye la interfaz gráfica de Biblioshiny. El estudio analiza un total de 928 documentos, en donde es posible constatar el uso multifacético del concepto de sistematización. El estudio, por medio de un análisis a la estructura conceptual de los documentos examinados, identifica cinco clústeres temáticos en la literatura científica, en donde uno de ellos se ancla en la tradición latinoamericana de la sistematización, constatando de esta forma su presencia en la literatura científica de alta indexación e impacto, vinculándose con la disciplina del trabajo social y con el campo de la educación. La investigación permite adscribir a los argumentos que apuntan a reconocer la legitimidad y valía de la sistematización, como metodología de generación de conocimientos en las ciencias humanas y sociales, al tiempo que se reivindica y promueve su uso, enseñanza e incorporación en espacios de discusión científica y/o académica.

Juliana Krupp da Silva, Dani Rudnicki, Carmen Hein de Campos

Este artigo busca analisar e compreender as percepções de gênero das mulheres policiais militares do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e se a afirmação de igualdade profissional entre os sexos é consistente com o discurso igualitário da corporação; para tanto, será abordado o contexto histórico-social acerca das construções do gênero feminino e o seu espaço de atuação profissional no âmbito das instituições policiais militares. A pesquisa qualitativa, realizada em 2018, utilizou como técnica para a coleta de dados grupos focais compostos por mulheres policiais que ocupam o cargo de soldado na Polícia Militar do Rio Grande do Sul (Brigada Militar). Observou-se que as policiais entrevistadas sofrem situações de opressão e enfrentam dificuldades profissionais em razão do gênero, o que contraria o discurso da corporação.

Pip Hearty, Krysia Canvin, Sue Bellass et al.

Abstract Background People being held in prison are particularly vulnerable to Covid-19 infection, as places of detention are high-risk environments for spread of infection. Due to this risk, many prisons across the globe introduced measures to reduce the risk of Covid-19 transmission. The pandemic changed almost all aspects of prison life, including prison healthcare provision. We undertook a scoping review to understand what is known about the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the receipt and delivery of prison healthcare. This scoping review is part of a wider mixed-methods study focusing more specifically on the impact that Covid-19 had on prison healthcare delivery in England. Methods We conducted an international scoping review of peer-reviewed articles published between December 2019 and January 2022, across six electronic databases. We also conducted a hand search of key journals and the reference lists of included articles. Results Twelve articles met our inclusion criteria. The articles focused primarily on prisons in high-income countries and mostly explored the impact that the pandemic had on the provision of drug treatment services. Some aspects of drug treatment services were more impacted than others, with those delivered by external providers and preparations for release particularly hindered. Whilst prison mental health services were purportedly available, there were changes regarding how these were delivered, with group therapies suspended and most consultations taking place using telehealth. The articles reported both digital and non-digital adaptations or innovations to prison healthcare services to ensure continued delivery. Collaboration between different agencies, such as the prison itself, healthcare providers, and non-governmental organisations, was key to facilitating ongoing provision of healthcare to people in prison. Conclusions Covid-19 impacted on prison healthcare internationally, but different treatment services were affected in disparate ways, both within and between countries. The published literature concentrates on the impact on drug treatment services. Prison healthcare providers rapidly adapted their processes to attempt to maintain service provision.

​Pradeep P. N., ​Shajahan P. K.

Kerala has many social issues that have potential solutions through social enterprises, but the social enterprise activity in Kerala is very limited. Although social enterprises could play a major role in the social and economic development of Kerala, it needs a more conducive environment for such enterprises to thrive. The literature search failed to trace out any study related to social incubation in Kerala. This qualitative study conducted in the case study method attempted to understand why social incubators do not flourish in Kerala to overcome the failure in nurturing social enterprises by identifying the methodological challenges in the implementation of social incubators. The findings indicate that social incubation is yet non-digestive for the companies, people and the policymakers, and it leads to the conclusion that the social enterprise ecosystem in Kerala needs to grow and mature to accept social enterprises and social incubators which can steer social change and development.

Mehri Zadeh Hosseini, Zohreh Karimiankakolaki

Background: Leadership style is a specific behavioral pattern that is constantly manifested during organizational work and others recognize that person. This study investigated the relationship between leadership styles and positive organizational behavior and stress of COVID-19 in the staff of Shahrekord Health Centers in 2021. Methods: This research was an applied descriptive correlational study. The sample included 148 people from the staff of Shahrekord health centers in 2021. The participants were selected randomly. The tools used in this research were three questionnaires: Likert leadership style questionnaire, Lutans positive attitude organizational behavior questionnaire, and COVID-19 stress questionnaire. Data were analyzed with SPSS20 using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation test. Results: According to the results, the majority of participants were in the age range of 30 to 35 years, the mean score of leadership style was 86.75 that was high. The mean score of positive organizational behavior was 79.23 that was high, and the mean score of stress of COVID19 was 7.23 that was low. The mean score of leadership style in all cases was positively and significantly correlated with the score of positive organizational behavior (r=0.322, P<0.001) and inversely correlated with the score of stress of COVID-19 (r=-0.314, P<0.001).  Also, the mean score of positive organizational behavior was inversely correlated to the score of stress of COVID19 (r=-0.374, P<0.001). Conclusion: Positive organizational behavior was at a high level in the staff of Shahrekord health centers during the Corona pandemic.  The participatory leadership style was more considered, and had a negative relationship with the stress of Covid-19. Therefore, it seems that it will be possible to establish a correct management style and positive organizational behavior by reducing the stress of Covid-19.

Maria Lúcia da S. Barroco

Resumo: Este texto aborda os fundamentos do neoconservadorismo e as características do neofascismo para situar a presença dessas ideologias e modos de ser na sociedade brasileira, no governo Bolsonaro.

Daiva Vanagė, Rasa Pilkauskaitė Valickienė, Danielius Serapinas

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most severe forms of inherited muscular dystrophies, leading to limited upper limb use in its later stages. Due to medical and technological advances, patients with DMD are living longer and are reaching adolescence and adulthood. The benefits of bringing together qualitative views and studies in a systematic way include gaining a greater breadth of perspectives and a deeper understanding of health, psychological issues, and concerns from the point of view of patients, and helping the medical community and policymakers to create a better support system. This review aimed to describe the experiences of patients living with DMD in order to identify common themes across all relevant studies. The research question is: What is the lived-world experience of men with DMD? This review adopted a systematic search methodology in accordance with PRISMA guidance, and followed the SPIDER search strategy and the analytic procedure for thematic synthesis. In total, 11 studies were included in the review concerning 132 young people with DMD. In these studies, 5 main topics were identified: experiences of body powerlessness (progressive loss of body control, limited social freedom, lack of privacy); the search for identity (the meaning of becoming an adult man, feelings at the margins, maintaining normality, balancing dependence-independence); challenges in social relations (vulnerability to prejudice, risk of isolation, (in)dispensable parental support, emotional connectedness with carers, the support of others “in the same boat” with DMD); coping processes and resilience (underestimated strength, taking autonomy, toward acceptance, active self-management); and end-of-life experiences (living in the present, experiences of dying, (mis)communication with others about death and dying).

Leticia Rubio Lamia, Juan Suárez, Ignacio Santos et al.

Justificación: La autopsia es el procedimiento fundamental para determinar las causas de muerte, provee información crítica para ser correlacionada con la clínica, epidemiología y fisiopatolología de enfermedades con altas tasas de mortandad. Los hallazgos patológicos de las autopsias deben confirmar el diagnóstico clínico y determinar los efectos del tratamiento para fundamentar terapias eficaces. La infección por SARS-Cov-2 al tratarse de una enfermedad nueva con implicaciones sin precedentes para la humanidad, ha generado múltiples trabajos científicos para entenderla desde diferentes puntos de vista. Objetivos: Los propósitos de la revisión fueron: analizar la literatura disponible sobre autopsias de pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2, identificar los principales hallazgos patológicos reportados y determinar las condiciones técnicas en que se hicieron esos procedimientos. Metodología: Se utilizaron los buscadores bibliográficos (PubMed, Google Scholar, Dialnet, Scielo), usando las palabras Autopsia, Postmortem y COVID-19, para localizar la literatura sobre las autopsias de pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 16 artículos científicos que cumplieron los criterios de búsqueda, en siete se reportaron 83 autopsias de 54 varones y 16 mujeres, con edad promedio de 60,91 años. El análisis anatomopatológico se enfocó especialmente en los pulmones, que macroscópicamente estaban pesados por edema y congestión. Microscópicamente había daño alveolar difuso (membranas hialinas o de organización con angiogénesis y microtrombos) e infiltración linfocitaria intersticial. En 18 autopsias también analizaron otros órganos como corazón, hígado, riñón y bazo. Conclusión: A pesar del incremento de trabajos de investigación sobre la enfermedad, Covid-19 los estudios basados en autopsia son muy escasos y limitados. Un aumento en el número de autopsias realizadas a los fallecidos por COVID-19 proveería mayor conocimiento de las características de la enfermedad, la causa de la muerte, la extensión de la misma y efectos del tratamiento.

Evie Monnington-Taylor, Kate Bowers, Pippa Streeter Hurle et al.

Abstract The presence of civilian witnesses and victims in court is central to the effective operation of the criminal justice system. However, there is evidence of significant non-attendance which can result in ineffective and cracked trials. To address this, West Midlands Police Witness Care Unit and the Behavioural Insights Team designed an intervention using behavioural insight principles consisting of (1) a new conversation guide for Witness Care Officers (WCOs); (2) a redesigned ‘Warning Letter’ confirming details of the proceedings; and (3) a new reminder call and SMS. The impact of the new approach was evaluated through a randomised controlled trial in which 36 WCOs were randomly assigned to either “business as usual” (control) or treatment. The evaluation used an intention-to-treat design with implementation guided and encouraged at several points. Subgroup analysis was undertaken to explore whether differential effects were seen for domestic violence cases or between those that were victims and witnesses. Results indicated that the treatment approach was directionally positive in all cases, but that the increase in attendance was not statistically significant. This is in line with findings of other similar research in this area.

Joanna Morrison, Machhindra Basnet, Anju Bhatt et al.

Discriminatory practices related to menstruation affect the social, mental and physical wellbeing of girls in many low-and middle-income countries. We conducted mixed methods research in five districts of Nepal to explore how menstruation affected girls’ ability to fully participate in school and community life. We conducted 860 structured interviews, 26 group interviews and 10 focus group discussions with schoolgirls in rural areas,14 semi-structured interviews with girls’ mothers, and 10 interviews with health teachers. Girls in all districts experienced social, material and information barriers to confident menstrual management. Menstrual blood was believed to carry diseases, and girls’ movement was restricted to contain ritual pollution and protect them from illness, spirit possession, and sexual experiences. Taboos prevented girls from worshipping in temples or in their home, and some girls were not allowed to enter the kitchen, or sleep in their home while menstruating. Teachers and parents felt unprepared to answer questions about menstruation and focused on the maintenance of restrictions. Teachers and students were embarrassed discussing menstruation in school and classes were not question-driven or skills-based. Gender disaggregated teaching of menstruation and engagement of health facility staff may have positive effects. Community participatory approaches that engage girls, their families and the wider community are necessary to address harmful cultural practices. Cross-sectoral approaches to provide clean, private, safe spaces for girls and increased availability of preferred materials could enable confident menstrual management.

Janet Chan

Book review<br />

Victoria Hull

A good education forms a cornerstone in the foundation for a positive future. For all children and young people it offers the basis for a later career, a potential route out of disadvantage and an environment in which to learn the crucial social skills necessary for succeeding in adult life and forming positive, healthy relationships.

Khatchik DerGhougassian

El ensayo tiene dos propósitos: aplicar la teoría de la seguritización para estudiar la problemática de las armas livianas en la agenda internacional y, con base en los argumentos de esta aplicación, comparar las posturas de Estados Unidos con las de los demás países del continente, sobre todo los de América Latina. El ensayo no pretende abordar la comprobación empírica de los argumentos, sino más bien dar los primeros pasos en el estudio de la problemática de las armas livianas desde una nueva perspectiva teórica y determinar su utilidad para una eventual elaboración de un proyecto de investigación más completo y abarcador.

Thiago Gomes Nascimento, Cláudio V. Torres, Carlos Eduardo Pimentel

Numa sociedade repleta de crimes, é fundamental uma Polícia atuante, assim como pesquisas sobre as atitudes frentea esta instituição. No entanto, pouco se encontrou no contexto da psicologia nacional sobre a construção e validaçãode uma escala de atitudes diante da Polícia. Neste artigo se propõe tal medida para suprir esta lacuna. Os principaisresultados foram obtidos por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória, que corroborou a estrutura unifatorial da medida,que era prevista. O coeficiente de confiabilidade (alfa de Cronbach) demonstrou elevada precisão da medida. Não severificaram, ademais, efeitos do sexo nas atitudes em relação à Polícia, controlando-se a idade. As evidências favoráveisde validade e precisão desta medida são discutidas.

Ricardo Silvestre da Silva

O texto que segue trata sobre as transformações que vêm ocorrendo no ensino superior brasileiro a partir da última década, e como as mesmas vêm reorganizando-o em favor dos interesses do grande capital orientado pelos organismos internacionais, que inserem a educação definitivamente na lógica lucrativa do mercado. Este quadro mais geral traz grandes desafios para o conjunto das forças políticas progressistas preocupadas em garantir a estrutura universitária pautada no ensino, pesquisa e extensão de qualidade, incluído aí o Serviço Social e seu projeto ético-político.<br>The following text is about the transformation that has occurred in the Brazilian university education since the last decade, and the way this change has reorganized such education as to favour the interest of the large capital, which has been guided by international bodies that put education in the profit-oriented logic of the market. This general situation creates great challenges to the political progressive forces which are concerned in guaranteeing the structure of the university education that aims teaching, research and extension courses of good quality. Social Services and its ethical-political project are included in such guarantee of good quality.

Mike Weyers

Much has changed in the 10 years since the publication of the White Paper for Social Welfare in February 1997. The boundaries of knowledge and expertise on the delivery of developmental social work services have been expanded and the general field of social development has been subjected to intense analysis and continual reconceptualisation. Perhaps the time has come for the social work fraternity to start asking what has been learnt in the past decade. It is especially pertinent to know which factors determine success and failure in developmental social work in general and community work in particular and what makes some community social workers so effective while others fail. The latter half of this question prompted a research project in which Stephen R. Covey’s (1989) basic approach in determining “The 7 habits of highly effective people” was used to ascertain the equivalent habits of highly effective community social workers. The procedure that was followed and the results that were achieved will be covered in this article.