Josu Etxezarreta Martinez, Paul Schnabl, Javier Oliva del Moral
et al.
Tailoring quantum error correction codes (QECC) to biased noise has demonstrated significant benefits. However, most of the prior research on this topic has focused on code capacity noise models. Furthermore, a no-go theorem prevents the construction of CNOT gates for two-level qubits in a bias preserving manner which may, in principle, imply that noise bias cannot be leveraged in such systems. In this work, we show that a residual bias up to $η\sim$5 can be maintained in CNOT gates under certain conditions. Moreover, we employ controlled-phase (CZ) gates in syndrome extraction circuits and show how to natively implement these in a bias-preserving manner for a broad class of qubit platforms. This motivates the introduction of what we call a hybrid biased-depolarizing (HBD) circuit-level noise model which captures these features. We numerically study the performance of the XZZX surface code and observe that bias-preserving CZ gates are critical for leveraging biased noise. Accounting for the residual bias present in the CNOT gates, we observe an increase in the code threshold up to a $1.27\%$ physical error rate, representing a $90\%$ improvement. Additionally, we find that the required qubit footprint can be reduced by up to a $75\%$ at relevant physical error rates.
This article presents a critical appraisal of the indigenous leadership strategies employed by Archbishop Joseph Abiodun Adetiloye during his tenure as Primate of the Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) from 1988 to 1999. The study addresses the problem of post-colonial ecclesiastical dependency and structural inefficiencies that hindered indigenous expression and contextual relevance in Nigerian Christianity. It evaluates how Adetiloye’s leadership responded through diocesan expansion, theological contextualization, and cultural integration.
The aim is to explore his strategies in fostering church growth, national unity, spiritual renewal, and social engagement. Using a historical-descriptive qualitative methodology, the study draws on primary sources—sermons, synod records, and correspondences—supplemented by oral histories and secondary literature. The analysis is framed by contextual theology, African ecclesiology, and servant leadership theory.
Findings reveal that Adetiloye expanded the Church from 26 to 76 dioceses, established mission-specific directorates, promoted indigenous seminary education, and encouraged multilingual and multiethnic ministry. His prophetic stance during Nigeria’s military era positioned the Church as a moral force. His leadership fostered national unity and gave the Anglican Church a global voice rooted in African identity.
The study recommends adapting his directorate model to contemporary challenges such as digital evangelism and mental health. It calls for seminaries to deepen contextual theology and for leadership development programs to integrate his legacy.
In conclusion, Adetiloye’s leadership offers a replicable model for sustainable African ecclesial development marked by cultural authenticity, institutional innovation, and spiritual depth.
Allah’ın zâtını tecrübî yollardan tanımak imkân dahilinde olmadığı için O’nu isim ve sıfatları ve sıfatların tezahürleri üzerinden idrak ederiz. Allah’a isim ve sıfat izafe etmek, Kur’an ve sünnetin delâletiyle sabit olmuş, bu anlayış kelâm âlimleri nezdinde kabul görmüştür. Fakat zât-sıfat ilişkisi, kelâmcılar arasında tartışmaya sebebiyet veren bir konum işgal etmiştir. Bu noktada Muʿtezile sıfatlar, zâtın aynı, Ehl-i sünnet sıfatlar zâtın ne aynı ne de gayrı diye özetlenebilecek bir anlayış içinde olmuştur. Sıfatların zât ile ilişkisine dair diğer bir problem, kelâm kavramının muhtevası bağlamında gelişmiştir. Aslında Caʿd b. Dirhem (ö. 124/742 [?]) ve Cehm b. Safvân (ö. 128/745-46) gibi âlimler tarafından Kur’an’ın yaratılmışlığı bağlamında başlatılan tartışma, kelâm mezheplerinin ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte Allah’ın kelâm sıfatı iskâmetinde yürümüştür. Kelâm kavramı hem manaya hem de lafza delâlet eden iki içeriğe sahiptir. Kavramın farklı içerikleri, Allah kelâmına yönelik yaratılmış/yaratılmamış tartışmalarını beslemiştir. Bu minvalde İslam düşüncesinde kelâmı ses ve harflerden müteşekkil gören anlayış, Allah kelâmını beşer kelâmı gibi algılayıp kelâmullahı hâdis olarak nitelemiştir. Selef âlimleri ise kelâmda lafız-mana ayrışmasına girmeden ilâhî kelâmı, kadîm olarak kabul etmiştir. Ehl-i sünnet özelinde Gazzâlî’nin (ö. 478/1085) ilâhî kelâmda lafız-mana ayrımına giderek her iki düşünceyi uzlaştıran bir yol izlediği görülmektedir. Ona göre asıl kelâm nefsî kelâm olup ezelîdir. Lafzî kelâm ise hakikî kelâma delâlet etmesi açısından mecâzen kelâm kabul edilmiştir. Gazzâlî’nin, mezkûr düşünceye dair görüşünün şekillenmesinde kendinden önceki kelâmcıların ve özellikle de hocası Cüveynî’nin (ö. 478/1085) katkısı yadsınamaz. Bununla birlikte meselenin çözümlenmesinde önceki âlimlerde naklin ağırlığı hissedilirken Gazzâlî’de aklî istidlâl ve cedelin hâkim olduğu bir dil görülmektedir. Gazzâlî, bu minvaldeki düşüncesini muhataplarına karşı düzenlediği reddiyeler üzerinden şekillendirmiştir. Gazzâlî, ilâhî kelâmın anlaşılmasında orta bir yol sunmakla birlikte Muʿtezile ve İslam filozoflarını hasım olarak nitelemiş, selefî düşünceye karşı ise daha naif bir dil kullanmaktan geri durmamıştır. Yapılan bu çalışma, Gazzâlî’nin kelâm sıfatına dair görüşlerini, muhaliflerine karşı sunduğu reddiyelerini ve getirdiği çözüm önerilerini ortaya çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir. Onun çözüm önerisi, Allah kelâmında temel unsurun nefsî kelâm olduğu, lafzî kelâmın ise vahyin beşere intikalinde aracı bir fonksiyon icra ettiğine yönelik tezdir. Bu çalışmada klasik kelâm eserleri ve bu alanda yazılmış güncel akademik çalışmalar üzerinde literatür taraması ve tasvîrî araştırmadan sonra elde edilen verilerin içerik analizi yapılmıştır.
It may be argued that religion, in its most elemental form, comprises two dimensions: (1) a worldview or weltanschauung, that is to say, a conception about the nature and structure of reality (i.e. ‘what exists?’), and (2) a conception about the nature of the good, that is to say, a code of ethics that reflects beliefs about human meaning, purpose, and teleology (i.e. ‘what ought to be?’). In Islam, the second of these was addressed, in overlapping ways and to differing degrees, by the exponents of dialectical theology (kalām), philosophy (falsafa), Sufism (taṣawwuf), and law (fiqh).
Given the breadth, scope, and internal diversity of the intellectual tradition of the faith, summarizing the essential features of an ‘Islamic ethics’ is a daunting task. The principal building blocks behind the various historical formulations of such an ethics, however, may be retraced to the Qur’an, specifically to the metaethical template of Divine Names it offers as a blueprint or guide to the qualities that must be internalized in the soul as part of the ‘good life’, mediated through the example of the Prophet Muḥammad, and to certain moral sensibilities which it summons the believer to cultivate, centred around such virtues as compassion, justice, God-consciousness, and gratitude. Through their rich, complex, and sometimes contrasting interpretations of the fundamental ethical message of the Qur’an and hadiths, generations of Muslim thinkers committed to competing theological schools (some of which were heavily indebted to the Greek legacy but all of which were united by their assent to the principle of tawḥīd) sought to respond to the fundamental question, ‘what ought to be’, and beyond that, ‘why must it be’? In the process of formulating their answers, they factored in, to various degrees, the historical conditions in which the Qur’an was revealed, its revaluation of pre-Islamic values, the relation of human to divine ethics, the precise role of the Prophet and his sunnah in the ethical transformation of the self, intentionality and the interior dimensions of human behaviour, the extent to which we are truly free and therefore morally culpable, the ontological foundations of the good, and perhaps most importantly, the epistemological question of how, as human beings, we can distinguish right from wrong, virtue from vice. All these themes shall be examined below in our attempt to outline the contours of the nature and character of ethics in Islam.
Josu Etxezarreta Martinez, Olatz Sanz Larrarte, Javier Oliva del Moral
et al.
Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) stands as the most widespread quantum error mitigation technique in order to aim the recovery of noise-free expectation values of observables of interest by means of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) machines. Recently, Otten and Gray proposed a multidimensional generalization of polynomial ZNE for systems where there is not a tunable global noise source [Phys. Rev. A \textbf{99,} 012338 (2019)]. Specifically, the authors refer to multiqubit systems where each of the qubits experiences several noise processes with different rates, i.e. a non-identically distributed noise model. The authors proposed a hypersurface method for mitigating such noise, which is technically correct. While effective, the proposed method presents an unbearable experiment repetition overhead, making it impractical, at least from the perspective of quantum computing. In this comment, we show that the traditional extrapolation techniques can be applied for such non-identically distributed noise setting consisted of many different noise sources, implying that the measurement overhead is reduced considerably. For doing so, we clarify what it is meant by a tunable global noise source in the context of ZNE, concept that we consider important to be clarified for a correct understanding about how and why these methods work.
With the rise of individual and collaborative networks of autonomous agents, AI is deployed in more key reasoning and decision-making roles. For this reason, ethics-based audits play a pivotal role in the rapidly growing fields of AI safety and regulation. This paper undertakes an ethics-based audit to probe the 8 leading commercial and open-source Large Language Models including GPT-4. We assess explicability and trustworthiness by a) establishing how well different models engage in moral reasoning and b) comparing normative values underlying models as ethical frameworks. We employ an experimental, evidence-based approach that challenges the models with ethical dilemmas in order to probe human-AI alignment. The ethical scenarios are designed to require a decision in which the particulars of the situation may or may not necessitate deviating from normative ethical principles. A sophisticated ethical framework was consistently elicited in one model, GPT-4. Nonetheless, troubling findings include underlying normative frameworks with clear bias towards particular cultural norms. Many models also exhibit disturbing authoritarian tendencies. Code is available at https://github.com/jonchun/llm-sota-chatbots-ethics-based-audit.
Oscar Araque, Luca Barbaglia, Francesco Berlingieri
et al.
After decades of improvements in the employment conditions of females in Spain, this process came to a sudden stop with the Great Spanish Recession of 2008. In this contribution, we analyse a large longitudinal corpus of national and regional news outlets employing advanced Natural Language Processing techniques to capture the valence of mentions of gender inequality expressed in the Spanish press. The automatic analysis of the news articles does indeed capture the known hardships faced by females in the Spanish labour market. Our approach can be straightforwardly generalised to other topics of interest. Assessing the sentiment and moral values expressed in the articles, we notice that females are, in the majority of cases, concerned more than males when there is a deterioration in the overall labour market conditions, based on newspaper articles. This behaviour has been present in the entire period of study (2000--2022) and looked particularly pronounced during the economic crisis of 2008 and the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the time, this phenomenon looks to be more pronounced at the regional level, perhaps caused by a significant focus on local labour markets rather than on aggregate statistics or because, in local contexts, females might suffer more from an isolation or discrimination condition. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the gender inequalities in Spain using alternative data, informing policymakers and stakeholders.
Dünya Osmanlı Devleti’nin makarr-ı saltanatı olan Dersaâdet’e, Memlûkler zamanında birçok Mushaf-ı Şerîf’in geldiği; XIX. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren muhafaza edilmek üzere vakfedildikleri camilerden, türbelerden, müze ve kütüphâne koleksiyonlarına toplanan eserlerden anlaşılmaktadır. İslâm yazı sanatı, başlangıcında imlâ gelişimine odaklanmış, bu meyanda ilk asır sonrası yazı estetiği üzerine çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Abbâsîler döneminde görülen bu gayretler neticesi yazının kurallara bağlandığı ve çeşitlendiği görülmüştür. Bunlardan Memlûk döneminde, Mushaf yazımında kullanılan Muhakkak ve Reyhâni yazı çeşidi Osmanlı’da Hattat Şeyh Hamdullah’a (1429- 1520) kadar Mushaf yazısı olarak kullanılmıştır. Tarihî seyri içerisinde Memlûkler döneminde Muhakkak yazının gelişimini ve ulaştığı seviyeyi bu Mushaf’ta görmek mümkündür. Makalenin amacı gerek yazı sanatı gerekse süsleme sanatı açısından günümüz sanatkârlarına bir örnek sunmaktır. Mushaf’ta Zer mürekkeple yazılan harflerin etrafı siyah mürekkeple tahrirlenmiş, harekeler ise siyah mürekkeple yazılmıştır. Satırlarda harfler kürsüsünde olup, hat olarak da döneminin özelliklerini aksettirmektedir. Sûre başı yazıları ise Sülüs hat iledir. Görülmektedir ki Mushaf, günümüz yazı sanatında çokça kullanılan Muhakkak yazıya dâir özgün örnekleri ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırmadaki bir diğer gaye de Mushaf’ın hattatı ile ilgili tashihte bulunmaktır. Mushaf’ın, tefsir kısmının ferağ kaydında, “Muhammed b. Su‘ûd eş-Şâfiî” ismi geçmektedir. Bu Mushaf’ın hattatı olmayıp tefsirin müellifidir. Dolayısıyla Mushaf’ın hattatı belli değildir. Mushaf’ın tezhipleri ve cilt kapakları ile “İslâm Kitap Sanatı”nın göz alıcı örnekleri olan bu eser belli bir dönemin üslûbunu ve tekniğini yansıtması bakımından önemlidir. XV. yüzyıldan İstanbul Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi (TİEM)’nde bulunan bu Mushaf, Memlûk dönemi kitap sanatının ulaştığı mükemmelliği günümüze ulaştıran önemli eserlerdendir. Kitap sanatının hâmisi, Memlûk Sultanı Kayıtbay’ın (1468-1496) hazinesi için yazılan Mushaf, 9 satırlı ve 463 yapraktan müteşekkildir. Salbekli ve oval şemseli, miklepli vişne rengi deri cildi döneminden kalmadır. Bu Mushaf’ın önemli bir özelliği de 439b- 462b’ye kadar yine sûre başlığı altında, âyetlerin kelime anlamlarının Arapça olarak izah edilmesidir. Mushaf’ta Sultan II. Bâyezid’in vakıf mührünün bulunması, Mushaf’ın Sultan II. Bâyezid döneminde Saray’a girdiğini göstermektedir. Eser, 1480- 1490 yılları arasına tarihlenebilir. Sultan III. Ahmed’in annesinin Üsküdar’da yaptırmış olduğu Gülnûş Emetullah Vâlide Sultan Camii’ne konulmak üzere vakfettiği h. 1132/1719 tarihli Arapça yazılmış olan kayıttan anlaşılmaktadır.
Ewerton R. Vieira, Aravind Sivaramakrishnan, Sumanth Tangirala
et al.
Estimating the region of attraction (${\tt RoA}$) for a robot controller is essential for safe application and controller composition. Many existing methods require a closed-form expression that limit applicability to data-driven controllers. Methods that operate only over trajectory rollouts tend to be data-hungry. In prior work, we have demonstrated that topological tools based on ${\it Morse Graphs}$ (directed acyclic graphs that combinatorially represent the underlying nonlinear dynamics) offer data-efficient ${\tt RoA}$ estimation without needing an analytical model. They struggle, however, with high-dimensional systems as they operate over a state-space discretization. This paper presents ${\it Mo}$rse Graph-aided discovery of ${\it R}$egions of ${\it A}$ttraction in a learned ${\it L}$atent ${\it S}$pace (${\tt MORALS}$). The approach combines auto-encoding neural networks with Morse Graphs. ${\tt MORALS}$ shows promising predictive capabilities in estimating attractors and their ${\tt RoA}$s for data-driven controllers operating over high-dimensional systems, including a 67-dim humanoid robot and a 96-dim 3-fingered manipulator. It first projects the dynamics of the controlled system into a learned latent space. Then, it constructs a reduced form of Morse Graphs representing the bistability of the underlying dynamics, i.e., detecting when the controller results in a desired versus an undesired behavior. The evaluation on high-dimensional robotic datasets indicates data efficiency in ${\tt RoA}$ estimation.
There are two bijections from unit interval orders on $n$ elements to Dyck paths from $(0,0)$ to $(n,n)$. One is to consider the pairs of incomparable elements, which form the set of boxes between some Dyck path and the diagonal. Another is to find a particular part listing (in the sense of Guay-Paquet) which yields an isomorphic poset, and to interpret the part listing as the area sequence of a Dyck path. Matherne, Morales, and Selover conjectured that, for any unit interval order, these two Dyck paths are related by Haglund's well-known zeta bijection. In this paper we prove their conjecture.
The article focuses on the philosophical aspects of John Paul II’s teachings during his pilgrimages to Poland. The pope, as an academic and philosopher, often discussed, in his teaching, topics that had also previously been part of his scholarly philosophical studies. Therefore, the philosophical legacy of Karol Wojtyła serves a significant context that enriches the papal teachings. This way, a complementing light is shed on his teachings, the terms he was using gain a deeper meaning and one can observe a deeper sense in his message. Under the influence of the statements of John Paul II during his pilgrimages to Poland, an unmistakable impression arises that they form a logical and comprehensive moral teaching firmly rooted in his pre-pontifical theological and philosophical thought, developing ideas (especially in the theological dimension) and giving them practical expression. The philosophical work of Karol Wojtyła is an important pillar and source of inspiration for the theology of John Paul II, especially in his teaching about the human person, laying the foundations for Christian anthropology. At the end of the paper, a specific aspect of the papal teaching in the Polish context is stressed.
Pedro D. Alvarez, Maria Pilar Garcia del Moral, Joselen M. Peña
et al.
In this work we obtain dynamical solutions of the bosonic sector of the supermembrane theory with central charges formulated on $M_9\times T^2$, denoted by MIM2. The theory with this condition corresponds to a supermembrane with a $C_-$ flux. This sector of the M2-brane is very interesting since classically is stable as it does not contain string-like spikes with zero energy and at quantum level has a purely discrete supersymmetric spectrum. We find rotating solutions of the MIM2 equations of motion fulfilling all of the constraints. By showing that the MIM2 mass operator, contains the mass operator discussed in [Brugues, Rojo, Russo, Nucl. Phys. B 710, 2005], then we show that the rotating solutions previously found in the aforementioned work that also satisfy the topological central charge condition, are solutions of the MIM2. Finally, we find new distinctive rotating membrane solutions that include the presence of a new non-vanishing dynamical scalar field defined on its worldvolume.
Michael Diskin, Alexey Bukhtiyarov, Max Ryabinin
et al.
Modern deep learning applications require increasingly more compute to train state-of-the-art models. To address this demand, large corporations and institutions use dedicated High-Performance Computing clusters, whose construction and maintenance are both environmentally costly and well beyond the budget of most organizations. As a result, some research directions become the exclusive domain of a few large industrial and even fewer academic actors. To alleviate this disparity, smaller groups may pool their computational resources and run collaborative experiments that benefit all participants. This paradigm, known as grid- or volunteer computing, has seen successful applications in numerous scientific areas. However, using this approach for machine learning is difficult due to high latency, asymmetric bandwidth, and several challenges unique to volunteer computing. In this work, we carefully analyze these constraints and propose a novel algorithmic framework designed specifically for collaborative training. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for SwAV and ALBERT pretraining in realistic conditions and achieve performance comparable to traditional setups at a fraction of the cost. Finally, we provide a detailed report of successful collaborative language model pretraining with 40 participants.
The paper presents the results of research devoted to the concept of freedom of contract in the writings of an early modern Italian Jesuit, Paolo Comitoli. He claimed that freedom of contract was one of the attributes of contract and it was essential for the consent of parties entering into a contract. He distinguished between three types of this freedom. Freedom of will was a prerequisite in case of any and all human actions including contracts. Voluntariness was a requirement for the parties’ wills creating consent to be the result of
a voluntary decision, not disturbed by any vices. Freedom of ownership enabled the parties to conduct a transfer of the object of contract in its broadly understood sense. Comitoli’s concept of contractual freedom was an expression of his belief that voluntary consent of the wills of the parties as the foundation of contractual consent was the basis and the main cause of a contract.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law
The text reminds us of the infl uential concept of the so-called autonomous morality in the context of Christian faith, which has not been suffi ciently refl ected in Czech catholic theology so far. Alfons Auer (1915–2005), a German moral theologian, is considered to be the author of the concept, which he further elaborated in reaction to the publication of Paul VI’s encyclical Humanae vitae (1968). Auer approaches the questions about the specifi cally theological aspect of Christian morality from the standpoint of philosophical realism; moral theology is predominantly meant in its normative dimension, traditionally based on the theoretical-instructional model of revelation. The fundamental statement of the concept of autonomous morality in the Christian context is that practical reason suffi ces to correctly deduce moral requirements from the order of reality. An authority which would impose moral requirements from the outside and also control them must respect this, even if it were a church authority. Its primary fi eld of interest is the specifi cally Christian conduct, which Auer calls the ethos of salvation (Heilsethos) and which can be roughly defi ned by the commandments of the fi rst table of the Decalogue. The moral requirement which results from the understanding of the sphere of “profane” reality (Weltethos) can be correctly recognized in the light of the communicated reason of every person. On the tradition of biblical texts as well as on the history of Christian theology, Auer demonstrates that God’s people have always been open towards the outside world, whose intellectual and ethical concepts they have critically embraced. A specifi cally Christian approach to the recognized requirements of the secular ethos consists in subjecting them to criticism, integrating all that is acceptable and stimulation in the overall horizon of faith. The concept of autonomous morality has been the topic of a fi ery debate since the 1970s.
M. P. Garcia del Moral, C. Las Heras, P. Leon
et al.
We describe a compactified Supermembrane, or M2-brane, with 2-form fluxes generated by constant three-forms that are turned on a 2-torus of the target space $M_9\times T^2$. We compare this theory with the one describing a $11D$ M2-brane formulated on $M_9\times T^2$ target space subject to an irreducible wrapping condition. We show that the flux generated by the bosonic 3-form under consideration is in a one to one correspondence to the irreducible wrapping condition. After a canonical transformation both Hamiltonians are exactly the same up to a constant shift in one particular case. Consequently both of them, share the same spectral properties. We conclude that the Hamiltonian of the M2-brane with 2-form target space fluxes on a torus has a purely discrete spectrum with eigenvalues of finite multiplicity and it can be considered to describe a new sector of the microscopic degrees of freedom of M-theory. We also show that the total membrane momentum in the direction associated to the flux condition acquires a quantized contribution in correspondence to the flux units that have been turned on.
This article is an attempt at checking the hypothesis about the Spanish infl uence in religious literature of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealt of the 17th century. The examples dealt with are the Uniate instruction on the administration of the church sacraments (Russ. Наука о седми тайнах церковных) published in Vilnius in 1617/18 as part of Trebnik, and the fi rst printed Orthodox manual on moral theology Мир с Богом человеку (Kiev 1669). One of the sources for the fi rst text was the treatise Summa de Instructione Sacerdotum (also known as Summa casuum conscientiae) by the Spanish Jesuit Francisco de Toledo (1534–1596); its basis was a course in moral theology at Collegium Romanum in Rome. The compilers of the Vilnius text made both literal translations of the Spanish text and paraphrases of separate fragments close to the Latin original. The also complemented the fragments taken from de Toledo with speculations on church rituals, quotations from patristic texts, statutes of ecumenical and local councils as well as from civil legal sources. Despite the fact that the Vilnius treatise emerged from Uniate circles, it came to be widely spread among the Orthodox, and it was by means of this text that certain fragments of de Toledo’s treatise found their way into Мир с Богом человеку. Taking this into account, it is clear that in the interpretation of the seven deadly sins and in the dissertation about alms the compilers made direct use of de Toledo’s treatise. Later, both texts came to be sources for the hand-written compilation on the sacraments by the Muscovite bookman Evfi my Chudovsky (Евфимий Чудовский), who thus contributed to the dissemination of de Toledo’s treatise in the Muscovite tradition as well.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, History and principles of religions
School leaders in all settings require suitable integration of leadership knowledge and skills to respond effectively to the many challenges that beset them in their daily work. However, it is argued that the rural context creates additional and distinctive challenges for school leaders, as rural schools have unique challenges and traits that differentiate them markedly from those in urban areas. To help understand how rural leaders in rural schools deal with the challenges and complexity in their work five schools were selected for the study. A qualitative research paradigm was selected. The selection process involved a purposive sample. Three of the five principals on whom the case studies were based were in their first year and the other two, were in their third and fourth year as a permanent teaching principal, respectively. Principals were interviewed using semi-structured, in-depth interviews.
It was found that the desirability of principals acquiring a rural lens as a strategy for enhancing leadership has important implications for their initial preparation and also for their ongoing professional training.
https://doi.org/10.19108/KOERS.82.3.2337