This paper investigates the forms and functions of imperative constructions and other non-imperative command strategies in the western variety of Oromo. It describes the morphological realizations of the second person and third person imperative main and dependent verbs, both in affirmative and negative paradigms. It also examines the structure of other non-imperative constructions used for directive speech acts, based on data collected from a web text corpus, native speakers and secondary sources. The analysis shows that the second person imperative is the simplest of all verb forms in Western Oromo. Unlike the third person imperative and other verb forms, it does not occur with any of the aspect markers. The anterior converb marker, third person direct and indirect object markers, and the first person pronominal subject clitic are grammatical morphemes that are compatible with both second person and third person imperative constructions. Imperative constructions are mainly used for commands and warnings, but can also be used for other speech acts, such as blessings, curses, farewells, and suggestions. Commands and warnings can alternatively be expressed through negative interrogatives and insubordinate clauses. Animal-directed commands are expressed by interjections.
The term sacred grove‘ is used to denote an area of vegetation that is afforded special protection on religious grounds. In India, where sacred groves are known by a wide repertoire of local names, such places may be found right from the Himalayas up to the far South. Sacred groves host veneration of natural phenomena or elements of landscape, but also ancestral, local, folk or tribal gods and Sanskritised deities; the use of their resources is strictly regulated. Research studies on sacred groves in India often consider them to be a legacy of archaic economic forms, possibly harking back to the stage of hunters-gatherers, and an expression of a religiosity dating back to a remote, non-Aryan, pre-Vedic antiquity. However, main sources for our knowledge of Indian antiquity, namely the literary sources, provide no direct record of voices of such archaic societies. Nonetheless, the same sources allow us to highlight some important aspects of the sacredness anciently ascribed to vegetation, forest, and specific places therein. The present paper proposes to focus on the Brahmanical hermit‘s distinct relationship with the forest and examine some aspects related to food.
Indo-Iranian languages and literature, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
Singaporean female employers subject their Filipina domestic workers to strict rules governing their dress and behaviour, in the name of de-sexualising them and maintaining their status as invisible servants at the employers’ beck and call. This paper suggests that the fashionable attire that Filipina domestic workers don for their day off is also a symbol of rebellion and a rejection of their employers’ desires to render them plain and unattractive. In this sense, fashion is more than just a coping strategy: it is a way of expressing a sexual self, a beautiful and feminine self that is not allowed to be exhibited during workdays. Although these fashion makeovers only last less than 24 hours, in their leisure time Filipina domestic workers transgress the weekday restrictions of their employers while marking their own personal self-transformation as ultra-modern, independent women with consumer power and cosmopolitan tastes.
History of Asia, Unlocalized maps (Asian studies only)
This research aimed to find the pattern of three parameters of the post method in Alqurán. This study adopted qualitative research with a literature review model. The object of this research was a pattern obtained from three post method parameters with al-kalimah al-miftahiyyah in Alqurán. The data collection rested upon Qur’anic verses and their interpretations To conduct data analysis, the researchers used content analysis by Klaus Krippendorff. This study revealed the patterns of three parameters of postmethod pedagogy in the Qur’an, such as; particularity from the word “hikmah” wisdom which is with the mind and has an understanding as deep research; the parameter of practicality from the words ulul albab as the symbol of deep thinking, ulul abhsar as the symbol of deep feeling, and ulin nuha as the symbol of deep character; and parameter possibility from the word as-shabr as a power in the deep application.
Language and Literature, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (1) bentuk
kosakata bahasa prokem di media sosial Facebook pages dan (2)
makna kosakata bahasa prokem di media sosial Facebook pages.
Rancangan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan
deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini berupa kosakata bahasa
prokem, data tersebut terdapat pada fitur Facebook pages.
Sumber data berasal dari media sosial Facebook pages. Ada 5
akun remaja yang diteliti dalam media sosial Facebook pages
antara lain, akun Dagelan, akun Meme Comic Indonesia, akun
Lambe Turah, akun News Lambe, dan akun Meme Comic Lovers.
Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode simak. Hasil
penelitian menunjukan bahwa bahasa prokem di media sosial
Facebook pages masih banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat
tertentu khususnya remaja.
Kata Kunci: Kosakata, Bahasa Prokem, Facebook Pages
This research aims to describe form of (1) prokem language and
(2) meaning of prokem language on Facebook pages. This research
used qualitative method. Research data are prokem language
vocabulary in the form of picture inscription and caption that
uploaded by five accounts, those are Dagelan, Meme Comic
Indonesia, Lambe Turah, News Lambe, and Meme Comic Lovers.
Data aggregation used simak method. This research showed that
there are a lots of people who used prokem language on Facbook
pages, especially teenager.
Keywords: Vocabulary, Prokem Language, Facebook Pages
Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
The history of the earliest transmission of Indian Buddhism to Tibet in the 7th– 8thcenturies is in essence the story of the transmission of its scriptures. Tibetan translations of Sanskrit texts from the early imperial period, along with manuscripts translated from the 11thcentury onwards, contributed to the formation of Buddhist scriptural collections. Today different versions of the Tibetan Kangyur survive in the interior and at the margins of the Tibetan cultural world. This Perspectives piece serves as a modest introduction to the illustrated Prajñāpāramitā manuscripts and handwritten Buddhist canons preserved in the Indian north-western Himalayas. Their further study will undoubtedly advance our knowledge of Ladakh’s cultural and religious heritage and offer critical insights in the formation of Tibetan canonical literature. The purpose of this overview is to highlight the results of initial findings, explain how they relate to existing knowledge, and raise important themes for additional enquiries.
This article traces a genealogy of mental health governance in Nepal as it was constituted in and through an assemblage of historical events, local politics, personal relationships and trends in the field of global health development. The relation between health development and local politics in Nepal is explored across four periods in the history of global health: 1) the early health development programs of disease eradication after the end of the Rana oligarchy (1951-1970); 2) the turn to primary health care during the Panchayat (1970-1990); 3) the rise of NGOs and the People’s War (1990-2010); and 4) the return to health systems development in the post-conflict/post-earthquake period (2010-present). By drawing on a combination of archival research and a cross-disciplinary review of the literature on global mental health, this article tracks the changing projects of mental health development programs in Nepal over the past century. In doing so, it becomes possible to observe the shifting trends in the problematization of mental health and the management of psychic life in Nepal from 1950 to the emergence of global mental health.
Hedges is a restriction used by a person for protecting themselves or an effort of a face saving act. The hedges sign in Japanese has a uniqueness due to have a different pattern of sentences that differs from other language, that make us interested in examining the hedges sign in Japanese as a pragmatic study. The author collect the data using “simak-catat” method, then it was analyzed using descriptive method. The result is presented using informal method. The result is the hedges sign in Japanese is divided into four maxims. The hedges sign that meets the maxim of quantity is soukai, iyo iyo “eventually”, while the maxim of quality are tabun “perhaps", kamoshirenai “perhaps”, sou “seems”, dekirudarou “perhaps can”, the maxim of manner is ~tara ~omotteimasu “I suppose…if…”, and the last maxim is maxim of relenvance ~kedo “but, however…”.
This article reviews five recent (2008–2009) Afrikaans poetry collections by Antjie Krog, Johann de Lange, Joan Hambidge, Danie Marais and Loftus Marais respectively. Through an integrative discussion the reviewer establishes a number of key tendencies such as these poets’ ongoing concern with the nature of poetry or the act of writing, their exploration of intertextual meaning, their parodying or debunking of poetic conventions or their poetical appropriation of the ordinary.
Afrikaansmetodiek deur ’n nuwe bril is ’n praktiese en bruikbare boek wat in 2014 verskyn het vir Afrikaanstaalonderwysers en -studente.
Alhoewel die boek gemik is op onderwysstudente, is dit ewe bruikbaar vir onderwysers wat Afrikaans onderrig. Afrikaanstaalonderwysers is dankbaar vir enige boek wat op die mark verskyn wat kan help met die onderrig van Afrikaans—beide as Huistaal en as Eerste Addisionele Taal. Daar is veral ’n leemte wat ’n goeie omvattende gids of bruikbare materiaal betref wat nie net op universiteitsvlak deur Afrikaansonderwysstudente gebruik kan word nie, maar ook deur Afrikaanstaalonderwysers wat tans in die klaskamers staan.
<p align="center"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></span></p><p lang="en-US" align="center"> </p><p align="justify"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US"><em>There are several ways to appreciate literature, especially poetry genre besides activities to understand the fundamental and elements contained in the literature. One of them is paraphrasing the song lyrics. Paraphrases activities were taught in schools ranging from Elementary, Junior High, Senior High and Universities. The results of this study can be used as the concrete illustration or creative and innovative literature learning alternative ways in literature appreciating activity. Paraphrase activity of poetry genre can be done through bound paraphrasing and free paraphrasing. This study uses qualitative descriptive method by analyzing the data and presenting it straightly. The result shows that the song lyric of “sakitnya tuh di sini” contains of disappointment because of infidelity lover or disappointed of betrayed love.</em></span></span></p><p lang="en-US" align="justify"> </p><p align="justify"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US"><em><strong>Key Words: </strong></em></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US"><em>Literature, Paraphrase, Song Lyric.</em></span></span></p><p align="justify"> </p>
Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
Living in an image-rich world, as we currently do, does not mean that individuals naturally possess visual literacy skills. This article explores the concept of ‘visual literacy’, and the skills needed to develop visual literacy and visual intelligence. Developing visual literacy in educational environments is important because it can contribute to individual empowerment, and it is therefore necessary to take pedagogical advantage of visual literacy’s place across the disciplines. Doing this means tapping into experiences, expertise and interest in visual communication and building a new paradigm that takes visual education seriously.
Language and Literature, African languages and literature
This paper explores three interrelated issues; the origins and development of a Hausa-Caliphate imaginary in the intertwinements of caliphate and British discourses and its subtle entry into official British colonial policy in northern Nigeria; how the search for administrative coherence prompted British colonialists to craft an administrative policy envisioned to normalize and spread this Hausa-Caliphate socio-cultural and political model to the Middle Belt; and the on-ground unfolding and implementation of this policy in the non-Hausa speaking part of the Middle Belt.
History of Africa, African languages and literature
Distance and identification: Perspectives on the changing connotations of boer and Boer in Afrikaans poetry
A comparison of various lemmas on boer/Boer in a number of dictionaries, as well as research on the application of these terms in a variety of poetic (and other) texts written during the 19th and 20th century, reveals interesting similarities and dissimilarities regarding both the definition and the utilization of the terms in Afrikaans and Dutch texts. In Afrikaans and in Afrikaans poetry, where Boer (and sometimes boer, under influence of the values attributed to Boer) is often used as an ethnonym, different meanings of the term correspond with the historical, sociological and ideological context. Alternatively, both terms are employed negatively, suggesting a perspective of distance, and positively, implying proximity and identification. The option selected depends on the specific intent and the context, but the terms are often used ambiguously, reflecting a multiplicity of meaning(s).