Johnathan Daniel Maxey, Neil D. Hartstein, Dane Dickinson
et al.
Abstract Aquaculture’s contribution to global N2O emissions is poorly constrained and often reliant on supply chain/industrial emissions/life-cycle analyses which generalise system responses to farm-derived inputs and contain few examples of direct measurements made in situ. Among the studies that do report aquaculture associated N2O emissions the focus has been on pond culture and wetlands systems rather than open marine systems. Our study examined the effects of open system aquaculture culture on water column N2O cycling in two hydrodynamically contrasting southern hemisphere systems: the heavily stratified Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania, Australia and the semi-enclosed but well-mixed Big Glory Bay, New Zealand. Significant, but localised, N2O undersaturation was observed under the active salmon farm in the heavily stratified Macquarie Harbour during the peak feeding season, but not under fallowed salmon farms or the non-farmed areas. This was observed in a low-oxygen but not anoxic water column. Water column N2O was either in equilibrium with the atmosphere or supersaturated in all other instances. In Big Glory Bay N2O undersaturation was observed during winter and spring sampling surveys that generally persisted across the bay and resulted in removal of atmospheric N2O. The specific mechanisms of N2O loss are still uncertain but is likely driven by a combination of particle associated denitrification activity in farm waste plumes, denitrification/DNRA in sediments and on the detritus covered mussel shells and lines. Overall, this study demonstrates that industry impacts to N2O cycling can include loss dynamics which have previously been unreported. Therefore, global estimates of N2O emissions from aquaculture may be significantly overestimated.
Abstract Background Bolete cultivation is economically and ecologically valuable. Ectomycorrhizae are advantageous for plant development and productivity. This study investigated how boletes affect the formation of Pinus thunbergii and Quercus acutissima ectomycorrhizae using greenhouse-based mycorrhizal experiments, inoculating P. thunbergii and Q. acutissima with four species of boletes (Suillus bovinus, Suillus luteus, Suillus grevillei, and Retiboletus sinensis). Results Three months after inoculation, morphological and molecular analyses identified S. bovinus, S. luteus, S. grevillei and R. sinensis ectomycorrhizae formation on the roots of both tree species. The mycorrhizal infection rate ranged from 40 to 55%. The host plant species determined the mycorrhiza morphology, which was independent of the bolete species. Differences in plant growth, photosynthesis, and endogenous hormone secretion primarily correlated with the host plant species. Infection with all four bolete species significantly promoted the host plants’ growth and photosynthesis rates; indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin, and gibberellic acid secretion increased, and the abscisic acid level significantly decreased. Indole-3-acetic acid was also detected in the fermentation broths of all bolete species. Conclusions Inoculation with bolete and subsequent mycorrhizae formation significantly altered the morphology and hormone content in the host seedlings, indicating growth promotion. These findings have practical implications for culturing pine and oak tree species.
Based on the vertical connection between upstream and downstream industries, a unique theoretical model is constructed to analyse the impact mechanism of the opening of producer services on downstream manufacturing wage growth. The empirical tests are carried out using the data of China's manufacturing listed companies from 1999 to 2020. Our findings indicate that the opening of producer services has an inverted-U-shaped impact on downstream manufacturing wage growth, and the average level of the opening of producer services in the sample period is lower than the corresponding threshold. Overall, it is in the stage of promoting the wage growth of the downstream manufacturing industry. The opening of producer services mainly affects the wage growth of the downstream manufacturing industry through two channels: labour productivity and labour income share. The results of heterogeneity analysis show that the wages of capital and technology-intensive and low-competitive manufacturing industries are relatively strongly promoted by the opening of producer services. Therefore, promoting the orderly opening of producer services and strengthening the technological links between industries will help promote the wage growth of downstream manufacturing industries.
Although previous research has identified that consumers are willing to pay for traceability, it remains unknown which types of traceability information might have the highest value, and whether consumers have an intrinsic value for blockchain technology above and beyond the instrumental value of providing traceability. A choice experiment was conducted with over 1500 consumers in Hong Kong, South Korea, and the U.S. In all three countries, consumers were willing to pay premiums for beef with traceability related to all parts of the supply chain, country of origin, and temperature history; however, the preference ordering of beef from different countries varied across Hong Kong, South Korea, and the U.S. The intrinsic value of using blockchain to deliver traceability information differed by country and by attribute, and consumers in the U.S. were most sensitive to the information describing blockchain technology. Even when traceability conveys negative information, such as temperature rising above safe levels for a short period, we find that consumers prefer knowing to not knowing, suggesting uncertainty and ambiguity aversion.
Wajid Umar, János Balogh, Muhammad Khalid Hameed
et al.
Overuse of chemical fertilizers in agroecosystems leads to the increased economic burden, low crop production in terms of input and environmental pollution. Due to its improved nutrient management and degrading properties, synthetic slow release fertilizers have become a significant advancement in the fertilizer sector. In this study we evaluated the effect of slow release urea on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, crop growth and crop nutrient contents. Measurements were carried out in two different texture soils (sandy loam and silty clay) under two different conditions (bare soil and planted). The N2O emission was measured for 15 days from bare soils and 48 days from planted soil. Plant fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll contents, N and Zn were measured in the end of the experiment. The results showed that N2O emission was reduced 33–39 % from coated urea as compared to conventional urea in bare soil. In planted soil, the coated urea reduced the N2O emission 29–33 %. The deep placement of urea in silty clay soil reduced the N2O emission up to 22.8 % as compared to surface placement. Plant fresh matter, dry matter, N and Zn contents were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher with coated urea as compared to conventional urea. It is concluded that the coating of urea with hydrophobic materials like stearic acid, along with Zn sources i.e. Zn fortified nano-bentonite or the ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) presents opportunities to overcome the environmental pollution and increasing the crop production and quality.
Abstract Exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Weissella cibaria has been devoted to the study of food industry. However, the anticancer activity of W. cibaria derived EPS has not yet been investigated. In this study, we obtained the EPS from W. cibaria D-2 isolated from the feces of healthy infants and found that D-2-EPS, a homopolysaccharide with porous web like structure, could effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion and induce cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. In HT-29 tumor xenografts, D-2-EPS significantly retarded tumor growth without obvious cytotoxicity to normal organs. Furthermore, we revealed that D-2-EPS promoted the apoptosis of CRC cells by increasing the levels of Fas, FasL and activating Caspase-8/Caspase-3, indicating that D-2-EPS might induce apoptosis through the extrinsic Fas/FasL pathway. Taken together, the D-2-EPS has the potential to be developed as a nutraceutical or drug to prevent and treat colorectal cancer.
This review looks at the factors that may influence practice in the future. Transformation could occur at 3 levels. Firstly, the traditional profession of the pharmacist as a dispenser of medicines is expanding. Secondly, the pharmacist’s activities are progressing into new healthcare fields. Thirdly, other changes are stimulated by global developments. This review may be helpful for pharmacy and healthcare leaders looking at the future configuration and aims of their pharmacy services.
In recent years, the combination of recreational fishery and marine ranching has been gradually developed as an emerging fishery industry model. Meanwhile, as an important carrier for the integrated development of three industries, the development of recreational fishery based on the construction of marine ranching is also an important direction of fishery development. Under the background of ecological environment degradation and the continuous decline of offshore fishery resources, the fishery development model based on marine ranching construction and driven by recreational fishery and tourism has been developing continuously. China has a large number of offshore islands, which have the natural advantage of building island-type marine ranching around island. Therefore, it can be predicted that building a development model of marine ranching centered on islands and based on island ecological development will be one of the important directions for the construction and development of offshore marine ranching. Based on the analysis of the current situation of island tourism development and the existing development model of marine ranching, this paper proposed the concept and development model framework of island marine ranching. At the same time, based on the field investigation of Mopanshan marine ranching and the analysis of relevant design cases, this paper summarized, analyzed and innovated the construction and development mode of island marine ranching more appropriate to local characteristics. Combined with the construction status and planning scheme, the landscape reconstruction scheme of Mopanshan marine ranching was proposed, which could be used as an example for the integration of multi-industry development of marine ranching in the future, especially the coordinated construction of land and sea, and the development chain of the tertiary industry.
Lorenzo Patera, Andrea Garbugli, Armir Bujari
et al.
We are still in the midst of Industry 4.0 (I4.0), with more manufacturing lines being labeled as smart thanks to the integration of advanced ICT in Cyber–Physical Systems (CPS). While I4.0 aims to provision cognitive CPS systems, the nascent Industry 5.0 (I5.0) era goes a step beyond, aiming to build cross-border, sustainable, and circular value chains benefiting society as a whole. An enabler of this vision is the integration of data and AI in the industrial decision-making process, which does not exhibit yet a coordination between the Operation and Information Technology domains (OT/IT). This work proposes an architectural approach and an accompanying software prototype addressing the OT/IT convergence problem. The approach is based on a two-layered middleware solution, where each layer aims to better serve the specific differentiated requirements of the OT and IT layers. The proposal is validated in a real testbed, employing actual machine data, showing the capacity of the components to gracefully scale and serve increasing data volumes.
In the post-pandemic era. tourism industry in Hubei Province has entered a critical period of transformation in the face of post-pandemic development. Based on the matrix model of SWOT-PEST analysis method, in this paper, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of tourism development in Hubei Province were analyzed, and reference basis and feasible suggestions were provided for the development of tourism industry in Hubei Province in the post-paiidemic era from the political, economic, social and technical aspects.
Sharaf Alhomdy, Fursan Thabit, Fua'ad Hasan Abdulrazzak
et al.
The contagion of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) led to a global lockdown that put governments in emergency mode. With the total number of positive cases worldwide exceeding the 97.46 million mark, social distancing appears to be the only effective strategy to contain the virus at the moment. As a result, companies face obstacles and find it difficult to respond to this current challenge of remote working. The impact of the novel COVID-19 has created many new challenges, and many of us have had to adopt new ways of working. With the need for accessing to critical applications and the scalability of the infrastructure, cloud computing is emerging as an underlying technology. The cloud technology had a major role in fighting the epidemic; it becomes a salvation for governments and organizations in numerous fields of life, education, health, industry, communication, remote surveillance, and more information. Therefore, this study presents the benefits, characteristics and applications of cloud computing and explains how the cloud contributes to improving life in all regions of the world during COVID-19. It shows that the cloud computing helps countries in combating COVID 19, in education and health sectors, also in the economic and commercial aspects. It investigates the current state by distributing an online questionnaire to various people of academic and non-academic backgrounds in different places over the world in the ICT and education sectors. The results showed that there is an effective role for cloud computing during the epidemic.
In the construction industry, non–destructive testing (NDT) methods are often used in the field to inspect the compressive strength of concrete. NDT methods do not cause damage to the existing structure and are relatively economical. Two popular NDT methods are the rebound hammer (RH) test and the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test. One major drawback of the RH test and UPV test is that the concrete compressive strength estimations are not very accurate when comparing them to the results obtained from the destructive tests. To improve concrete strength estimation, the researchers applied artificial intelligence prediction models to explore the relationships between the input values (results from the two NDT tests) and the output values (concrete strength). In-situ NDT data from a total of 98 samples were collected in collaboration with a material testing laboratory and the Professional Civil Engineer Association. In-situ NDT data were used to develop and validate the prediction models (both traditional statistical models and AI models). The analysis results showed that AI prediction models provide more accurate estimations when compared to statistical regression models. The research results show significant improvement when AI techniques (ANNs, SVM and ANFIS) are applied to estimate concrete compressive strength in RH and UPV tests.
Antibiotics, as veterinary drugs, have made extremely important contributions to disease prevention and treatment in the animal breeding industry. However, the accumulation of antibiotics in animal food due to their overuse during animal feeding is a frequent occurrence, which in turn would cause serious harm to public health when they are consumed by humans. Antibiotic residues in food have become one of the central issues in global food safety. As a safety measure, rapid and effective analytical approaches for detecting these residues must be implemented to prevent contaminated products from reaching the consumers. Traditional analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis, involve time-consuming sample preparation and complicated operation and require expensive instrumentation. By comparison, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has excellent sensitivity and remarkably enhanced target recognition. Thus, SERS has become a promising alternative analytical method for detecting antibiotic residues, as it can provide an ultrasensitive fingerprint spectrum for the rapid and noninvasive detection of trace analytes. In this study, we comprehensively review the recent progress and advances that have been achieved in the use of SERS in antibiotic residue detection. We introduce and discuss the basic principles of SERS. We then present the prospects and challenges in the use of SERS in the detection of antibiotics in food. Finally, we summarize and discuss the current problems and future trends in the detection of antibiotics in food.
ROGER R. CIPRIANO, BEATRIZ H.L.N.S. MAIA, CÍCERO DESCHAMPS
Abstract Eugenia uniflora, known as the “Brazilian cherry”, is an economically important neotropical Myrtaceae in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries due the production of essential oils with antioxidant activity. On account of its significant genetic variability, genotype evaluations are needed in order to identify genetic features related to the essential oil production that meet the industry requirements. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the yield, composition, and antioxidant activity of essential oils isolated from the leaves of 36 genotypes of E. uniflora. Essential oil samples were obtained by hydrodistillation, and their composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A variation of 0.22% to 1.68% in the essential oil yield was observed, in which 78 compounds, namely oxygenated sesquiterpenes, were identified. According to the cluster analysis of the major compounds, six groups were revealed. The observed diversity demonstrates the genetic variability of the species. Also, the antioxidant activity was affected by the composition of the essential oils, ranging from 176.66 to 867.57 µM TEAC.
There are at least two factors that trigger problems in the Qur`an learning in the industrial era 4.0: the rejection of changes that occur in educators and acceptance of changes, but the available technological infrastructure cannot support learning of the Qur`an into the realm of education in the era industry 4.0. This resulted in failure in learning the Qur`an. The manifestations of this failure are in the form of unsuccessful character building for students to have Qur`anic characters, fading love of students for the Qur`an, loss of students' polite behavior, and limited material received only limited to cognitive knowledge without performance abilities. By using the descriptive-explorative method, this paper produces findings that the problems of learning the Qur`an in the industrial era, namely: the use of the Qur`an learning method which is monotonous, the learning strategy of the Qur`an is not yet right, the lack of facilities. infrastructure that supports learning Qur`an, there has not been any transformation and innovation of the Qur`an learning that takes advantage of technological sophistication, the lack of professional educators, and lack of support from the environment for the realization of a triple education center.
The transformation of managerial decision-making processes in the digital economy, the modification of the boundaries of the personal space of an employee and manager (manager) when making collegial decisions through social networks and other modern communication tools have been investigated. The problems of assessing the quality of such decisions, the ways and tools of their elimination have been considered. The information base of the article were Russian and foreign researches in the field of management theory and practice, personal observations of the authors, as well as the results of the experiment, conducted by the authors. Such methods of scientific research as analysis, synthesis, generalization, experiment have been used.
The purpose and scope of this paper is to describe the complexity of the new generation marine propulsion technologies implemented in the shipping industry to promote green ships concept and change the view of sea transportation to a more ecological and environment-friendly. Harnessing wind, waves and solar power in shipping industry can help the ship's owners reduce the operational costs. Reducing fuel consumption results in producing less emissions and provides a clean source of renewable energy. Green shipping technologies can also effectively increase the operating range of vessels and help drive sea transportation towards a greener future and contribute to the global reduction of harmful gas emissions from the world's shipping fleets.
Introduction. As one of mesophilic, easily cultivated species of pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella enterica transformed into viable but nonculturable (VNC) state in response to environmental stresses, including action of biocides. The cells in this state, preserve the integrity of membranes and metabolism of some, but not detected by conventional methods of cultivation. Some researchers suggest that the evolutionary significance of this phenomenon is part of an adaptive response aimed at long-term survival of bacteria in adverse conditions; others argue that it is the result of stochastic cellular damage, in which nonculturable cells are in a state of gradual death. In any case, the phenomenon of existence VNC pathogens if they retain the ability to restore its growth in vivo is a significant problem in medicine, pharmaceutical, veterinary, food industry. VNC subpopulation of S. enterica was obtained under action of ethanol. In this paper was investigated in vivo resuscitation VNC S. enterica using intraperitoneal injection of mice. Materials and methods. Obtaining of stressful S. enterica populations. Bacteria were grown to exponential phase in broth Luria–Bertani (LB). To 1.0 ml sample suspension diluted to 1.5 × 106 cells/ml was added 1.0 ml of ethanol at a concentration of 40 % (v/v). After exposure of 10 to 600 minutes in the suspension were added 8.0 ml of phosphate buffered saline (FBS), washed by centrifugation (4500 g for 5 minutes) and serially diluted at a ratio of 1:10 (v/v) samples were stained with LIVE/DEAD BacLight (produced by "Invitrogen", USA), filtrated on membrane filters for fluorescence microscopy and parallel plated on LB agar cup to determine colony-forming units (CFU) per ml. In vivo resuscitation VNC S. enterica was made following way. Three groups of animals were inoculated by intraperitoneal injection: 1) 103 culturable cells (0.1 ml suspension containing 104 CFU / ml); 2) 103 VNC cells (0.1 ml suspension containing 104 cells / ml of nonculturable population); 3) 103 inactivated cells (pasteurization at 60 °C in 70 % ethanol, 30 min). Mice were observed daily for 14 days to register the death and extraction of internal organs. Liver and spleen of dead mice were removed and homogenized in 1.0 ml of FBS to detect restored Salmonella cells by seeding on selective medium bismuth sulfite agar (BSA). Results and discussion. In this study S. enterica cells in the exponential growth phase, exposed to ethanol (final concentration 20 %) lost culturability within 60 minutes. After 50 minutes of exposure with ethanol culturability of bacterial suspensions was outside evaluation cup method. At the same time, the integrity of cell membranes was determined at 4 log10 cells/ml. Bacteria that become VNC state can restore culturability. Thus, the state is reversible. Importantly, the resuscitation of VNC in vitro, which is achieved by simply eliminating or VNC induction factor (increasing the growth temperature, availability of nutrients) or more complex conditions such as a combination of environmental and chemical stimuli, does not reveal the full pathogenic potential of resuscitated bacteria. Therefore, the process of Salmonella resuscitation in vivo, we studied on infection model in mice. In experiments in vivo S. enterica resuscitation death of test animals was observed in 13.3% (p < 0.05) during the observation period, with 100% mortality in the group of animals infected with a suspension of living culturable cells Salmonella and 100% survival of the animals in the control group (who received injections of inactivated bacteria). From the dead mice from homogenates of internal organs plated recovered salmonella, which was confirmed by their growth on BSA. Conclusions. Under conditions in vivo recovery process VNC S. enterica cells can occur, but with low intensity in healthy mice (at 13.3%, p <0.05). However, these cells retain pathogenic potential and can represent a danger if their underestimation. We can assume that the bacteria lose their virulence in part, but manifest it in individuals with a weak immune response.
The purpose of this research is to compare and analyze the advanced speed of ships with different rudder controller in wavy condition by using a simulation. The commercial simulation tool named AQWA is used to develop the simulation of ship which has 3 degree of freedom. The nonlinear hydrodynamic force acting on hull, the propeller thrust and the rudder force are calculated by the additional subroutine which interlock with the commercial simulation tool, and the regular wave is used as the source of the external force for the simulation. Rudder rotational velocity and autopilot coefficients vary to make the different rudder controller. An advanced speed of ships depending on the rudder controller is analyzed after the autopilot simulations.