Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Corentin Barloy, Michaël Cadilhac, Kyle Ockerlund

In single-core processors, when multiple processes execute concurrently, they are, in practice, intertwined by a scheduler as a single thread of execution. The language-theoretic operation that corresponds to this is the shuffle of two languages: in general, this is defined as the set of words obtained by interleaving words from the first and second language in an arbitrary fashion. It is well known that regular languages are closed under shuffles, while context-free languages (CFL) are not. Following an established line of research, this paper considers shufflings according to regular "trajectories", that is, subject to scheduling constraints expressed by an automaton. Unsurprisingly, some trajectories, such as "a word from the first language first, then a word from the second", allow for CFLs to be shuffled into CFLs, while some other trajectories do not. This paper provides a robust toolset to show that a given trajectory would always shuffle two nonregular CFLs into a nonCFL. In the case of deterministic CFLs (DCFLs), a salient trichotomy of trajectories depending on how they shuffle DCFLs is provided. These results are based on intricate expressiveness lemmas for CFLs and DCFLs of independent interest, the latter lemma relying on a recent result of Jančar and Šíma (MFCS'2021).

Karwan Salih

کوردناسێن ڕۆژئاڤایى ژ ئەوان یێن بەڕێتانى ڕۆڵەکێ گرنگ ددیارکرنا مێژووییا کوردان و ڕەوشا ئەوان یا سیاسى، ئابوورى و کۆمەڵایەتى و زمانى گێرایە، چونکى ئەو هاتینە دناڤ کورداندا و ڕەوشا ئەوان ب چاڤێن خۆ دیتییە، دیسان ئەوان هەوڵدایە خۆ فێرى زمانێ کوردان بکەن، داکۆ پتر شارەزایێ کاودانێن کوردان بن و ب هویرى ل سەر هەمى لایەنێن گرێدایى ب رەوشا کوردان نڤێسە هزروبیرێن خۆ نڤێساینە، ئێک ژ ئەوان کوردناسێن بەرێتانى یێن گەلەک لسەر کوردان و زمانێ کوردى نڤێسایى مێجەر سۆنە، پێگەهێ ئەوى دناڤ کوردناسان دا زۆر بەرچاڤە، ژبەر هندێ ب فەر هاتیە زانین ڤەکۆلینەکا دیرۆکى لسەر هەوڵێن ئەوى ل دۆر کوردان بهێتە نڤێسین. ئارمانجا سەرەکى یا ڤەکۆلینێ دیارکرنا هزروبیرێن مێجەر سۆنى ل دۆر بارودۆخێن کوردان و زمانێ کوردینە، ژبەرکۆ ئەوى ب شێوەیەکێ بەرفرەھ لسەر ئەڤان بیاڤان کارکرییە. دگەل نڤێسینا خۆ ئەڤ ڤەکۆلینە هەوڵددەت بەرسڤا چەندین مژارێن ب بابەتى ڤەگرێدایى بدەت مینا بۆچوونێن مێجەر سۆنى لسەر ڕەوشا کوردان چاوانن؟ ب چ شێواز ئەوى بەرێخۆدایە کوردان و ڕەوشا ئەوان یا ئابوورى و سیاسى؟ ئارمانجا مێجەر سۆنى ژ بەڵاڤکرنا ڕۆژنامەیا پێشکەڤتن چ بوو؟ بۆچ مێجەر سۆنى خۆ فێرى زمانێ کوردى کرییە؟ چاوا مێجەر سۆنى باسێ ژنێن کورد مینا عادیلە خانم کرییە؟

مهرنوش فخارزاده, سپیده منوچهری

در دو دهۀ گذشته، حوزه مطالعات‌ ترجمه به‌طرز روزافزونی از مطالعه مترجم به مخاطب ترجمه تغییرموضع‌داده‌است. پیشرفت‌های فناوری و ظهور نسل جدید وب، تولید محتوای کاربرساخته و محتوای ترجمه‌شده توسط کاربرها و مترجمان غیرحرفه‌ای را امکان‌پذیرساخته‌است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی ویژگی‌های جمعیت‌شناختی و ترجیحات خوانندگان ترجمۀ داستان‌های هوادارساخته به زبان فارسی است که در شبکه‌های اجتماعی منتشرمی‌شوند. با روش پیمایش کمّی و کیفی برخط ، پرسشنامه‌ای با 16 گویه تنظیم و به صورت گوگل‌فرم به 150 نفر از خوانندگان ارسال‌‌شد. تحلیل اطلاعات با روش تحلیل مضامین استنتاجی انجام‌شد. نتایج نشان‌دادند که خوانندگان داستان‌های هوادارساختۀ ترجمه‌شده در ایران غالبا دختران جوان و نوجوان دبیرستانی هستند که این داستان‌ها را در کانال‌های تلگرامی و واتپد می‌خوانند. خوانندگان با این داستان‌ها آشنایی چند ساله دارند و این آشنایی بیشتر بواسطه دوستان یا به‌دنبال مطالعه مطالب دیگر در پلتفرم‌های رسانه‌های اجتماعی بدست‌آمده است. غالبا خوانندگان این دسته از داستان‌ها با توجه به عناوین ترجمه‌شده و عناوین اصلی، جلد و بیش از همه با توجه به ژانر، داستان‌ها را انتخاب‌ می‌کنند و محدودیت سنی داستان‌ها را نادیده‌می‌گیرند. همچنین خوانندگان به این امر که داستان ترجمه است یا تالیف توجه چندانی ندارند اما اکثر آنها می‌توانند چند نویسنده یا مترجم داستان‌های هوادارساخته را نام ببرند چراکه تقریبا نیمی از آنها باتوجه به نام نویسنده و مترجم داستان‌ها را می‌خوانند. شناخت ویژگی‌ها و ترجیحات خوانندگان نه تنها به ارتقای کیفیت ترجمه این دسته از داستان‌ها کمک می‌کند بلکه نقش بسزایی در تربیت مترجم و گسترش حوزه پژوهش در مطالعات ترجمه بویژه در عصر دیجیتال خواهد‌داشت.

Sajedeh Nikkhah, Seyed Hasan Tabatabaei

Death is a mystery that mankind has confronted since the dawn of life, and the exploration of this phenomenon has yet to yield definitive answers. Different groups within society hold varying attitudes towards death shaped by their beliefs, thoughts, environments, and lifestyles. Consequently, their approaches to facing death differ significantly. In this article, we aim to analyze the collection of sayings and experiences of Sufis during the final moments of their lives, as presented in the books of Tazkīrat al-Awlīyā by Attar and Nafaḥāt ul-Uns by Jami. In this research, we focus solely on natural death, because mystics believe in voluntary death in addition to natural death, and they believe that such death is possible only by overcoming carnal emotions. Based on this belief, they claim to experience voluntary death prior to physical death, reaching a state of voluntary departure before the natural death that occurs to all human beings. In this study, conducted using a descriptive and analytical method, we collected the last sayings of mystics, which include prayers, expressions of forgiveness, bequests to those around them, and reflections on their feelings and states. Our findings indicate that, in many cases, Sufis, while facing death and experiencing the process of natural dying, expressed similar sentiments and encountered comparable situations. Despite these similarities, noticeable differences can also be observed in their words and experiences during these critical moments. These variations primarily stem from the distinct Sufi philosophies, practices, and psychological factors that influence their perspectives on death.

ندا سنبلی, عباس قدیمی قیداری

پدیده‌ای که امروزه «کودک همسری» نامیده شده و از مسائل و آسیب‌های مهم اجتماعی و فرهنگی مربوط به زنان به شمار می‌رود، مسئله و موضوعی تاریخی است که در عصر قاجار در کشاکش سنت و تجدد، به تدریج به مسئله و موضوع مهمی دست کم در میان اقشاری از جامعه ایران تبدیل شد. کودک همسری یا ازدواج دختران در سنین پایین با اینکه پدیده‌ای مرسوم در ایران پیشامدرن بوده اما به این معنی نیست که این پدیده به عنوان آسیب اجتماعی و پدیده‌ای انتقادی به حساب نیاید. در سکوت منابع تاریخ‌نگارانه، رسمی و حتی سیاسی در مواجهه با این مسئله، متون ادبی که از منابع و سرچشمه‌های اصلی تاریخ اجتماعی ایران به شمار می‌روند این مسئلۀ مهم را دستمایۀ نقد اجتماعی قرار داده و به شکل قابل تأمل و توجهی آن را در اشعار و نوشته‌های خود بازتاب دادند. این مقاله با اتکا به متون و منابع ادبی عصر قاجار و مشروطه و تحقیقات جدید رویکرد متون به مسئله کودک همسری را به روش توصیفی-تبیینی به تحلیل و بررسی گذاشته است.

Alireza Zahedi Moghadam

The Yārsān (Yāresān or Yāristān) or Ahl-i Haqq (Believers of the Truth) are a religious minority whose traditions and beliefs have received some attention from academics over the last century.Geranpayeh writes: "The religion of the Yārsān is an Iranian religion that has its own peculiarities in its sacred poems and speeches, songs and rituals in the Middle East. The oral literature of the Yārıstān, which also includes the description of their rituals, is in Gūrānī, in Handed down in Persian and in Loric as well as in a Turkish dialect."

ابوالحسن فیاض انوش

کتاب انسان ‌خداگونه؛ تاریخ مختصر آینده، اثر یووال نوح ‌هراری، را می‌توان محصول نهایی پروژة این نویسنده دانست. هراری در این کتاب درپی پاسخ‌دادن به این پرسش است که: «آینده برای انسان چه در بر دارد؟». باتوجه‌به نظریة تاریخ‌نگارانه‌ای که در کتاب قبلی خود (انسان‌ خردمند؛ تاریخ مختصر بشر) اتخاذ کرده بود، هراری در این کتاب نیز مباحث را براساس نظریة تکامل‌گرایی پیش می‌برد، با این تفاوت که امکان‌ها و فرصت‌هایی که تکامل مصنوعی یا دخالت انسان در روند تکامل خود پدید آورده است بیش‌ترین سهم را در شکل‌دهی به ایده‌های آینده‌نگرانة او به‌خود اختصاص می‌دهد. این مقاله درپی آن است که با رویکردی انتقادی و با تمرکز بر دو مفهوم جبرگرایی و تمامیت‌خواهی نسبت میان آینده‌ای را که هراری با ضرورت‌هایی ترسیم می‌کند که نظام سرمایه‌داری برای ادامۀ حیات خود با آن مواجه است تبیین کند. ایدة اصلی مقاله آن است که نظریۀ هراری نوعی اتوپیای تمامیت‌خواهانة سرمایه‌داری را زمینه‌سازی می‌کند.

Léo Poirier, Wolfgang Steiner

A set of words, also called a language, is letter-balanced if the number of occurrences of each letter only depends on the length of the word, up to a constant. Similarly, a language is factor-balanced if the difference of the number of occurrences of any given factor in words of the same length is bounded. The most prominent example of a letter-balanced but not factor-balanced language is given by the Thue-Morse sequence. We establish connections between the two notions, in particular for languages given by substitutions and, more generally, by sequences of substitutions. We show that the two notions essentially coincide when the sequence of substitutions is proper. For the example of Thue-Morse-Sturmian languages, we give a full characterisation of factor-balancedness.

Arturo Carpi, Flavio D'Alessandro, Oscar H. Ibarra et al.

It is shown that for every language family that is a trio containing only semilinear languages, all bounded languages in it can be accepted by one-way deterministic reversal-bounded multicounter machines (DCM). This implies that for every semilinear trio (where these properties are effective), it is possible to decide containment, equivalence, and disjointness concerning its bounded languages. A condition is also provided for when the bounded languages in a semilinear trio coincide exactly with those accepted by DCM machines, and it is used to show that many grammar systems of finite index -- such as finite-index matrix grammars and finite-index ETOL -- have identical bounded languages as DCM. Then connections between ambiguity, counting regularity, and commutative regularity are made, as many machines and grammars that are unambiguous can only generate/accept counting regular or commutatively regular languages. Thus, such a system that can generate/accept a non-counting regular or non-commutatively regular language implies the existence of inherently ambiguous languages over that system. In addition, it is shown that every language generated by an unambiguous finite-index matrix grammar has a rational characteristic series in commutative variables, and is counting regular. This result plus the connections are used to demonstrate that finite-index matrix grammars and finite-index ETOL can generate inherently ambiguous languages (over their grammars), as do several machine models. It is also shown that all bounded languages generated by these two grammar systems (those in any semilinear trio) can be generated unambiguously within the systems. Finally, conditions on languages generated by finite-index matrix grammars and finite-index ETOL implying commutative regularity are obtained. In particular, it is shown that every finite-index EDOL language is commutatively regular.

Andrea Colledan, Ugo Dal Lago

In the realm of quantum computing, circuit description languages represent a valid alternative to traditional QRAM-style languages. They indeed allow for finer control over the output circuit, without sacrificing flexibility nor modularity. We introduce a generalization of the paradigmatic lambda-calculus Proto-Quipper-M, itself modeling the core features of the quantum circuit description language Quipper. The extension, called Proto-Quipper-K, is meant to capture a very general form of dynamic lifting. This is made possible by the introduction of a rich type and effect system in which not only computations, but also the very types are effectful. The main results we give for the introduced language are the classic type soundness results, namely subject reduction and progress.

Reza Taherkhani, Fateme Mottaghi

Globalization has led to changes in the conceptual meaning of culture, one of which is the perception of people towards language in EFL contexts. Critical evaluation of teaching materials is a vital step in improving the status of the books, especially for the future. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the English book entitled «Prospect 2» in terms of its cultural aspects. This newly-published book is used to teach English for 8th graders in Iran. In this study, experienced English teachers in Hamedan were interviewed, using Kilickaya's (2004) questions. The results were qualitatively analyzed using Dörnyei's (2007) model. The results revealed that this book is localized to a considerable degree, and the cultural aspects of the book are about the local culture of Iran. Consequently, considering the interrelationship between language and culture, totally omitting the cultural features of the language would lead to incomplete knowledge of the language students are learning.

یلدا هومن, رضا رضوانی, شهرام افراز

تردیدی نیست زبان انگلیسی به‌عنوان زبان واسطه نقش مهمی را در محاورات و تعاملات دنیای امروزی ایفا می‌کند. شیوه پسامتد به مدرس اجازه می‌دهد دانش خود را با دیگران به اشتراک گذارد و خلاقیت را هدف خود قرار دهد. این تحقیق با هدف تعیین اولویت عوامل موثر شیوه آموزشی پسامتد در بین مدرسان مدارس دولتی استان سیستان و بلوچستان در ایران انجام شدکه شامل 60 نفر مرد وزن دارای مدرک تحصیلی کارشناسی، ارشد و بالاتر و دارای سابقه بیش از 5 سال می‌باشد.چارچوب پژوهش توصیفی-پیمایشی و با استفاده از پرسشنامه و داده‌های آماری بوده است. با استفاده از ده اصل شیوه آموزشی پسامتد به‌عنوان شیوه تدریس و اولویت‌بندی این عوامل از طریق ارائه پرسشنامه مقایسات زوجی محقق ساخته بین مدرسان به‌عنوان کارشناسان خبره انجام و به‌کمک روش AHP (فرآیند تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی) و نرم‌افزار Expert choice نتایج نهایی استخراج گردید. روایی ابزار به‌وسیله متخصصان و پایایی آن با محاسبه نرخ ناسازگاری تایید شد. تحقیق حاضر منحصربه‌فرد بوده است. نتایج حاصله نشان داد مولفه حداقل سوءبرداشت ذهنی و عامل حداکثر موقعیت یادگیری نگاه‌ها را به خود جلب نموده است. عناصر متنی‌کردن داده‌های زبان‌شناسی و فعال کردن استعداد زبانی از اهمیت بسیار ناچیزی در نزد معلمان برخوردار بودند. امید است مطالعه حاضر راهگشایی برای کارشناسان آموزشی در مجموعه‌های مختلف تعلیم و تربیت باشد.

Sayyed Hashem Shahir, Reza Chehreghani

The literary return movement, which began in response to the decline of the Indian style in Isfahan and spread throughout Iran, did not affect Afghan literature, and Afghan poets continued to compose poems in the Indian and Bidel Dehlavi’s style. At the time of the Indian style domination of Afghan poetry, Vasel Kaboli (1244-1309 AH) was one of the few poets who also paid attention to the poetry of poets before the Indian style. Also, composing poems, he was influenced by Khorasani, Azerbaijani, Iraqi and other previous poets in both form and content. The influence has been more noticeable in the form, especially in terms of meter, rhyme, and radif. The present research is an intertextual analysis of statistical data by the use of descriptive-analytical methods to examine the influence of Vasel Kaboli by the poets before him; a literary tradition that is called “esteqbal”.The findings of this study show that Vasel Kaboli, occasionally has been influenced by a wide range of poets before him. He has systematically imitated Hafez. About 50% of Kaboli’s poems, in the available version of his Divan, have been composed in esteqbal of Hafez Shirazi. There are a total of 62 lyric poems, 33 elegies, 3 odes, 2 Masnavis, and 5 fragments in his Divan. Among those poems, 32 ghazals (of which the subject of 5 pieces is elegy) and one ode are written in esteqbal of Hafez. After Hafez, Vasel Kaboli has paid the most attention to Rumi's ghazals and  made the esteqbal of 6 ghazala of Divan Shams Tabrizi. After Molavi’s poetry, Biddle Dehlavi's poems have been considered by Vasel Kaboli. A statistical look at the esteqbal in the Vasel’s Divan shows that 42% of the rhyming words in the sonnets are exactly of Hafez and about 58% of the rhyming words in the poems in question belong to Kaboli. Considering the role of rhyme in thematic composition, this indicates the greater variety of themes in the poem submitted by Kaboli. Another noteworthy point is that Vasel has sometimes written two poems in response to a poem, examples of which can be seen in esteqbal of Rumi, Hafez, and Qodsi Mashhadi. More interestingly, he has sometimes made an esteqbal of a poet through another poet; like the examples seen about the poems of Rumi and Amir Khosrow Dehlavi. In conclusion, the influence of Hafez and other mentioned poets on Kaboli is not limited to the weight and rhyme but as discussed in the analysis of the esteqbal of Hafez's first sonnet, it includes different formal (including music, language, imaginary, …), and semantic areas.

Ghazale Taheri Attar, MohammadAli HasaniNik

The science of law is bound to examine the state of affairs of each country and to design the relations of government agencies with one another and with the people, in order to achieve the best conditions for the prosperity and improvement of any civilization. The Book of Administrative Law is the work of Bijan Abbasi, one of the last authors in this field that tries to explain the basics of administrative law knowledge to researchers and practitioners in the six chapters. In this article, through a fair study, review and critique of this work, we sought to identify its strengths and weaknesses and to help improve the state of administrative law knowledge and consequently improve the administrative structure of the country. This book seems to have been written for the general public, as it has not been deeply embedded in any of the dimensions, theoretical foundations, administrative structures of the Islamic Republic, and the administrative structures of the Islamic Republic in comparison with other leading countries in administrative law, and especially for law students. It is not useful and can only be a gateway to knowledge of administrative law.

Mohammad Eshaghi, Maryam Ahmadiy

John Rawls, as one of the twentieth-century theorists in his theory of justice, explains the two principles of freedom and the principle of difference, and ultimately proposes the principle of equal opportunity for all the people of the community. In the present study, using library resources and applying a descriptive-analytical method and comparing them in the framework of gender justice, the principles of justice of John Rawls were criticized and analyzed on the basis of Islamic studies. Sometimes, it is believed that in the context of women’s affairs, it can be argued that in describing the principle of difference, a new definition of gender justice in the Western world can be presented; however, the method of accepting the principle of the Rawls’ difference and the priority that prevails over the principles of justice itself was discussed. It makes no difference between gender equality and gender equity. Accordingly, while analyzing this attitude, the quality of gender justice is aligned with Rawls’ dualistic approach. The results of this research show that, based on the Islamic worldview, one can more clearly respond to the concerns of justice in general and gender justice in a specific way while ensuring respect for justice, the particular situation and the special needs of social groups Like women.

Wahhab Qelich

The unpleasant effects of the Corona illness outbreak on world economies forced some economists to survey and analyze the effects of Corona illness on the economy. The book “Corona Economy: Resistance Economy in Corona Virus Age” is the first significant book in this subject with the purpose of salvation roads recognition for the Iranian economy with resistance economy review. Among the two criticism axes of structure and content, the paper concludes this book as the aggregation of some viewpoints of economic experts, despite many advantages such as innovative and fluent text, it has some defects. The important defects are disconnection in present flow, snap in publishing before determining the Corona effects dimensions, incorrect format, insufficient usage from global studies, and finally lack of comprehensiveness in analysis and solutions. Therefore, it seems the book cannot reach its goals. The paper suggests correction notes to improve and complete its structure and content.

David Pierdominici Leão

Singing a(n) (a)laukika body: A Note on the Theorization of utprekṣā and Its Application in the Pāṇḍyakulodayamahākāvya Utprekṣā or ‘ascription’ is one of the foremost devices in classical Sanskrit literature, with importance secondary only to upamā and rūpaka. In contrast to other figures extensively analysed by the theoretical treatises over centuries, it was characterised by a surprising uniformity in regard to its definition as offered by the ālaṃkārikas. The paper provides a brief overview of this device and its practical application in a 16th century mahākāvya, the Pāṇḍyakulodaya.

Mikołaj Bojańczyk, Edon Kelmendi, Rafał Stefański et al.

We consider extensions of monadic second order logic over $ω$-words, which are obtained by adding one language that is not $ω$-regular. We show that if the added language $L$ has a neutral letter, then the resulting logic is necessarily undecidable. A corollary is that the $ω$-regular languages are the only decidable Boolean-closed full trio over $ω$-words.

Richard Lin, Björn Hartmann

Board-level hardware description languages (HDLs) are one approach to increasing automation and raising the level of abstraction for designing electronics. These systems borrow programming languages concepts like generators and type systems, but also must be designed with human factors in mind to serve existing hardware engineers. In this work, we look at one recent prototype system, and discuss open questions spanning from fundamental models through usable interfaces.

Alimohammad Moazzeni, Zohair Tayyeb

<strong>Abstract</strong> <br />“Al-Idah Fih šarh Talxîs al-Miftâh” is one of the most authoritative educational and analytical books on rhetoric in which Jalal al-Din Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Qazvini, the renowned Muslim scientist and scholar of poetics of the 7th and 8th centuries A.H., examines various principles of semantics and provides informative reviews on the perspectives of pioneer scholars of rhetoric “as an exposé to Talxîṣ al-Miftâh”. <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>Statement and Scope of the Problem</strong> <br />The study addresses the level of disagreement between al-Qazvini and the preceding scholars, and the scope is the first quarter of Al-Idah. The research questions are as follows: <br />1- What are the difference of opinions between al-Qazvini and his predecessors? <br />2- To what extent does al-Qazvini disagree with his predecessors? <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>Data Analysis</strong> <br />Al-Qazvini critiques the preceding perspectives in 22 instances in Al-Idah, where he challenges and reviews the viewpoints of as-Sakkaki and al-Jurjani when deemed unjustified. The following arguments are made in the first quarter of Al-Idah, covering the chapter on “Semantics” until the beginning of “Conjunction and Disjunction”: <br />1- Objection to al-Jurjani over two of his books: He has overindulged in synonymous expressions to the point that such a level of verbosity has disrupted his main goal, i.e. expression of oratory rules and skills and instance provision from prose and poetry. <br />2<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over his definition of “semantics”: The words “scholarism” and “research” are not used in a scientific sense in his definition. <br />3<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over his definition of “rational truth”: al-Sakkaki’s definition does not exclude the exclusions, as it holds true for copular sentences whose predicates are not verbs or linked to verbs, such as in the sentence “humans are animals”, which neither can be regarded as truth, nor as an instance of literary trope. <br />4<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over his definition of “rational trope”: he has raised two logical objections to this definition. <br />5<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over his views on the logic behind his definition of “subject”: There is no distinction between “reference to the source of statement” and “reference to the realization of statement”; therefore, the former cannot be deemed as a means of achieving the latter. <br />6<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over his viewpoint on the similarity of “veneration” with “duplication”, and “devaluation” with “reduction”: He provides two in-depth reviews on this principle. <br />7<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over his view on the reasons for subject preposition: According to al-Sakkaki, declarative sentences are merely formed for the sake of “declaration”. However, this is an inaccurate assumption, since a declaration is merely a “formal recognition’ rather than an “internalization”, whereas the latter is what is solely expected from a declaration. <br />8<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki and al-Jurjani over placing pronouns following negatory particles: The placement of pronouns after negatory particles , which is what they have proposed in the specified example, is not justified. <br />9<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over the implication of preposition over specification: al-Sakkaki apparently argues that definite subjects are suitable for specification, with either visible pronouns or nouns, if they are not placed after negatory particles with a positive or negative declaration. In practice, however, he only gives examples containing pronouns. <br />10<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over the felicity of declaration specification in a [Quranic] verse. <br />11<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Zamakhshari over the implication of post-negation pronoun over the subject in the same verse. <br />12<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over the implication of subject preposition over generalization. <br />13<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki and his preceding scholars over the application of “negation generalization” in a poem. <br />14<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Zamakhshari over his retrospection on two poems. <br />15<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over specifying the predicate as an expression of surprise: Expressions of surprise can be stated without specifying the predicate when there is a linguistic context in the sentence. <br />16<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over expressing predicates in singular form: First, al-Sakkaki puts causal predicate instances in contrast to those of verb predicate, even though they have a common semantic foundation. Second, the predicate is a sentence in and of itself, leading to two attributions in the predicate that strengthen declaration based on the definition provided above. <br />17<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over the inclusiveness of the word “kol” [total]. <br />18<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over definite forms due to fame. <br />19<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Zamakhshari over using coordination in a conditional clause in a Quranic expression. <br />20<strong>-</strong> Objection to preceding scholars over expressing the predicate as a sentence. <br />21<strong>-</strong> Objection to al-Sakkaki over his viewpoint on verb complements. <br /><strong> </strong> <br /><strong>Conclusion</strong> <br />In the first quarter of Al-Idah, al-Qazvini expresses his disagreement with al-Sakkaki on 14 occasions, whereas he only raises objection to three viewpoints of al-Zamakhshari and al-Jurjani, each, and two viewpoints of the preceding scholars in total. This demonstrates al-Qazvini’s concurrence with al-Zamakhshari and al-Jurjani and his disagreement with al-Sakkaki.