Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

Daniel Sutton

The origin of the name ‘Old Oligarch’ for the author of the Constitution of the Athenians has long been uncertain. This article argues that Gilbert Murray did, in fact, coin the name in A History of Ancient Greek Literature, paraphrasing an earlier remark in German by Adolf Kirchhoff, and that the name was supposed to be humorous.

Patrycja Matusiak

Henrique de Pina Almeida Prado

Temos por objetivo, neste artigo, tratar das concepções acerca da alma que Platão apresenta em seus diálogos. Ao fazer analogias entre a alma e a polis, Platão introduz um método de estudo antropológico e político que visa responder a perguntas como: (1) a alma é mortal ou imortal?; (2) una ou múltipla?; (3) sua felicidade consiste em quê? Visto que a alma tem, ao menos no Livro 4 da Respublica, uma estrutura vinculada à estrutura da polis, é relevante para nosso estudo investigar as relações que existem entre a virtude na alma e a virtude na polis. Além de diálogos que trazem uma predominância de indícios que corroboram a hipótese da divisão da alma, como é o caso de Respublica, Phaedrus e Timaeus, abordaremos outros diálogos que tendem, predominantemente, à opinião contrária, isto é, aquela segundo a qual a alma seria una, tal como ocorre nos diálogos Meno, Protagoras e Phaedo.

E. Deniz Oğuz Kırca, Tolga Özhan, Volkan Demirciler

This article introduces a new fragmentary inscription discovered on the hillside during the archaeological survey at Kaletepe, situated northeast of Bozburun, in 2022. The inscription, which dates to the Hellenistic period, lists eight non-natives of Tymnos along with their hometowns and monetary contributions for the augmentation (epauxesis) of an unidentified purpose. Parallel examples suggest that they may have been affiliated with a cult or a professional association.

Favi, Federico

This article aims to put forward a new reconstruction of the plot of Menander’s Sikyonioi. Contrary to current opinion, Stratophanes and his helpers devise a plan whereby Philoumena and Dromon make a fake escape to seek refuge at Demeter’s sanctuary. This new reconstruction accounts more satisfactorily for several details of the plot, for which unconvincing explanations have been advanced so far, and is also more consistent with some distinctive features of Stratophanes’ character vis‑à‑vis other comic soldiers.

Carlos Ascenso André, Zhang Yunfeng

É, no mínimo, altamente improvável que à China imperial do séc. VIII tenham chegado ecos, ainda que difusos, da literatura latina de oito século antes. Eventuais semelhanças entre autores das duas literaturas deverão, portanto, ser tidas na conta de coincidências. Ainda que de coincidências se trate, no entanto, o facto não deixa de ser interessante. É o que sucede com algumas semelhanças entre temas da obra de Du Fu, poeta chinês do séc. VIII, e Horácio, poeta latino do séc. I a.C.: a celebração das estações do ano, em especial o outono e a primavera, o elogio da moderação, bem ao jeito da aurea mediocritas, os quadros de natureza, o desprendimento de bens materiais, tudo isso aproxima dois poetas de tão diferentes culturas e de tempos históricos tão diversos. O presente artigo pretende refletir sobre esta proximidade temática, com recurso a passos dos dois poetas, ainda que, repita-se, se trate de coincidências, numa abordagem que não é usual no estudo de ambas as literaturas. Nesta primeira parte será abordada a semelhança no tratamento da aurea mediocritas, da moderação, do desprendimento de bens materiais.

Tong Zhang, Yong Liu, Boyang Li et al.

With the evolution of pre-trained language models, current open-domain dialogue systems have achieved great progress in conducting one-session conversations. In contrast, Multi-Session Conversation (MSC), which consists of multiple sessions over a long term with the same user, is under-investigated. In this paper, we propose History-Aware Hierarchical Transformer (HAHT) for multi-session open-domain dialogue. HAHT maintains a long-term memory of history conversations and utilizes history information to understand current conversation context and generate well-informed and context-relevant responses. Specifically, HAHT first encodes history conversation sessions hierarchically into a history memory. Then, HAHT leverages historical information to facilitate the understanding of the current conversation context by encoding the history memory together with the current context with attention-based mechanisms. Finally, to explicitly utilize historical information, HAHT uses a history-aware response generator that switches between a generic vocabulary and a history-aware vocabulary. Experimental results on a large-scale MSC dataset suggest that the proposed HAHT model consistently outperforms baseline models. Human evaluation results support that HAHT generates more human-like, context-relevant and history-relevant responses than baseline models.

Danielle de Brito Silva, Paula Jofré, Patricia B. Tissera et al.

Phylogenetic methods have long been used in biology, and more recently have been extended to other fields - for example, linguistics and technology - to study evolutionary histories. Galaxies also have an evolutionary history, and fall within this broad phylogenetic framework. Under the hypothesis that chemical abundances can be used as a proxy for interstellar medium's DNA, phylogenetic methods allow us to reconstruct hierarchical similarities and differences among stars - essentially a tree of evolutionary relationships and thus history. In this work, we apply phylogenetic methods to a simulated disc galaxy obtained with a chemo-dynamical code to test the approach. We found that at least 100 stellar particles are required to reliably portray the evolutionary history of a selected stellar population in this simulation, and that the overall evolutionary history is reliably preserved when the typical uncertainties in the chemical abundances are smaller than 0.08 dex. The results show that the shape of the trees are strongly affected by the age-metallicity relation, as well as the star formation history of the galaxy. We found that regions with low star formation rates produce shorter trees than regions with high star formation rates. Our analysis demonstrates that phylogenetic methods can shed light on the process of galaxy evolution.

Manfred Lesgourgues

The transgression consisting in using violence to force the Pythia of Delphi to give an oracle is attested around three distinct historical figures from the Classical and Hellenistic periods: Philomelos the Phocidian, Alexander the Great and Appius Claudius Pulcher. By contextualizing their respective actions and showing that these are indeed three distinct events and not the revival by ancient historians of the same motive, the present article analyses the strategies of instrumentalization of violence that each of them uses to assert their power.

Nicky Garland

Experiential, or sensory, studies of the past are often viewed in opposition to the ‘scientific’ nature of experimental archaeology, despite obvious overlaps between these two fields. However, recent research has argued for more humanistic experimental archaeology to better engage our present to the past. This study focuses on how we can, both theoretically and methodologically, utilise contemporary research into the experimental archaeology of Iron Age and Roman Britain to gain insights into the sensory experiences of past people. Focusing on the Empire's northern most frontier, this paper will explore how experiential approaches can be utilised within an open-air museum to provide a more agency driven and experience-based understanding of past archaeological sites across both time and space. This paper concludes by considering the methodological directions in which a broader experimental/experiential holistic approach could take in the future, incorporating digital technologies and differing viewpoints, both academics and non-academics alike.

Emily G. Simmonds, K. P. Adjei, Christoffer Wold Andersen et al.

: How do we know how much we know? Quantifying uncertainty associated with our modelling work is the only way we can answer how much we know about any phenomenon. With quantitative science now highly influential in the public sphere and the results from models translating into action, we must support our conclusions with sufficient rigour to produce useful, reproducible results. Incomplete consideration of model-based uncertainties can lead to false conclusions with real world impacts. Despite these potentially damaging consequences, uncertainty consideration is incomplete both within and across scientific fields. We take a unique interdisciplinary approach and conduct a systematic audit of model-related uncertainty quantification from seven scientific fields, spanning the biological, physical, and social sciences. Our results show no single field is achieving complete consideration of model uncertainties, but together we can fill the gaps. We propose opportunities to improve the quantification of uncertainty through use of a source framework for uncertainty consideration, model type specific guidelines, improved presentation, and shared best practice. We also identify shared outstanding challenges (uncertainty in input data, balancing trade-offs, error propagation, and defining how much uncertainty is required). Finally, we make nine concrete recommendations for current practice (following good practice guidelines and an uncertainty checklist, presenting uncertainty numerically, and propagating model-related uncertainty into conclusions), future research priorities (uncertainty in input data, quantifying uncertainty in complex models, and the importance of missing uncertainty in different contexts), and general research standards across the sciences (transparency about study limitations and dedicated uncertainty sections of manuscripts).

Vishal Sunder, Samuel Thomas, Hong-Kwang J. Kuo et al.

Dialog history plays an important role in spoken language understanding (SLU) performance in a dialog system. For end-to-end (E2E) SLU, previous work has used dialog history in text form, which makes the model dependent on a cascaded automatic speech recognizer (ASR). This rescinds the benefits of an E2E system which is intended to be compact and robust to ASR errors. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical conversation model that is capable of directly using dialog history in speech form, making it fully E2E. We also distill semantic knowledge from the available gold conversation transcripts by jointly training a similar text-based conversation model with an explicit tying of acoustic and semantic embeddings. We also propose a novel technique that we call DropFrame to deal with the long training time incurred by adding dialog history in an E2E manner. On the HarperValleyBank dialog dataset, our E2E history integration outperforms a history independent baseline by 7.7% absolute F1 score on the task of dialog action recognition. Our model performs competitively with the state-of-the-art history based cascaded baseline, but uses 48% fewer parameters. In the absence of gold transcripts to fine-tune an ASR model, our model outperforms this baseline by a significant margin of 10% absolute F1 score.

Luiz Carlos André Mangia Silva

Cenas de reconhecimento estão presentes na épica, no drama (tragédia e comédia) e, como não podia deixar de ser, no romance antigo, que “devorou” o recurso e fez largo uso dele: temos cenas de reconhecimento nos cinco romances idealizados que nos chegaram (os chamados Big Five). Neste artigo, analisamos as duas cenas de reconhecimento em Dáfnis e Cloé, tomando por base os apontamentos da Poética de Aristóteles e demonstrando como os reconhecimentos se articulam a diferentes elementos narrativos. Por isso, focalizamos também os usos da peripécia, do páthos e da hamartía, que na obra trabalham em relação aos reconhecimentos e conferem complexidade à questão das identidades dos protagonistas dentro desta narrativa.

Radin Dardashti

No-go theorems have played an important role in the development and assessment of scientific theories. They have stopped whole research programs and have given rise to strong ontological commitments. Given the importance they obviously have had in physics and philosophy of physics and the huge amount of literature on the consequences of specific no-go theorems, there has been relatively little attention to the more abstract assessment of no-go theorems as a tool in theory development. We will here provide this abstract assessment of no-go theorems and conclude that the methodological implications one may draw from no-go theorems are in disagreement with the implications that have often been drawn from them in the history of science.

João Manuel Nunes Torrão

María José Brañes

Derek Ruths, Caitrin Armstrong

The use of online user traces for studies of human mobility has received significant attention in recent years. This growing body of work, and the more general importance of human migration patterns to government and industry, motivates the need for a formalized approach to the computational modeling of human mobility - in particular how and when individuals change their place of residence - from online traces. Prior work on this topic has skirted the underlying computational modeling of residence inference, focusing on migration patterns themselves. As a result, to our knowledge, all prior work has employed heuristics to compute something like residence histories. Here, we formalize the residence assignment problem, which seeks, under constraints associated with the minimum length-of-stay at a residence, the most parsimonious sequence of residence periods and places that explains the movement history of an individual. Here we provide an exact solution for this problem and establish its algorithmic complexity. Because the calculation of optimal residence histories (under the assumptions of the model) is tractable, we believe that this method will be a valuable tool for future work on this topic.

E. Karaarslan, E. Konacaklı

We have entered an era where the importance of decentralized solutions has become more obvious. Blockchain technology and its derivatives are distributed ledger technologies that keep the registry of data between peers of a network. This ledger is secured within a successive over looping cryptographic chain. The accomplishment of the Bitcoin cryptocurrency proved that blockchain technology and its derivatives could be used to eliminate intermediaries and provide security for cyberspace. However, there are some challenges in the implementation of blockchain technology. This chapter first explains the concept of blockchain technology and the data that we can store therein. The main advantage of blockchain is the security services that it provides. This section continues by describing these services.. The challenges of blockchain; blockchain anomalies, energy consumption, speed, scalability, interoperability, privacy and cryptology in the age of quantum computing are described. Selected solutions for these challenges are given. Remarkable derivatives of blockchain, which use different solutions (directed acyclic graph, distributed hash table, gossip consensus protocol) to solve some of these challenges are described. Then the data storage in blockchain and evolving data solutions are explained. The comparison of decentralized solutions with the lcentralized database systems is given. A multi-platform interoperable scalable architecture (MPISA) is proposed. In the conclusion we include the evolution assumptions of data storage in a decentralized world.

Bernardo Brandão, Pedro Ipiranga Júnior, Renata Senna Garraffoni

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Radcliffe G. Edmonds

What did magic mean to the people of ancient Greece and Rome? How did Greeks and Romans not only imagine what magic could do, but also use it to try to influence the world around them? This book provides the most comprehensive account of the varieties of phenomena labeled as magic in classical antiquity. Exploring why certain practices, images, and ideas were labeled as “magic” and set apart from “normal” kinds of practices, the book gives insight into the shifting ideas of religion and the divine in the ancient past and in the later Western tradition. Using fresh approaches to the history of religions and the social contexts in which magic was exercised, the book delves into the archaeological record and classical literary traditions to examine images of witches, ghosts, and demons as well as the fantastic powers of metamorphosis, erotic attraction, and reversals of nature, such as the famous trick of drawing down the moon. From prayer and divination to astrology and alchemy, the book journeys through all manner of ancient magical rituals and paraphernalia. It considers the ways in which the Greco-Roman discourse of magic was formed amid the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, including Egypt and the Near East.