Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Wei-Tian Li, Po-Wen Yang

For a graph on $m$ edges, a bijective function between the edge set of the graph and $\{1,2,\ldots,m\}$ is an antimagic labeling provided that when adding the labels of the edges incident to the same vertex, the sums are pairwise distinct. Hartsfield and Ringel conjectured that every connected graph has antimagic labeling. On the other hand, it is known that for any graph $G$, the disjoint union of $G$ and many $P_3$, a path on 3 vertices, is not antimagic. In this paper, we determined the exact number of $P_3$'s such that the disjoint union of a double star with the number of $P_3$'s is antimagic. In addition, we provide some examples of $(1,1)$-antimagic labelings. That is, the antimagic labelings have vertex sums 1 through the number of vertices of the graphs.

Steve Hanneke, Amin Karbasi, Anay Mehrotra et al.

We investigate language generation in the limit - a model by Kleinberg and Mullainathan [NeurIPS 2024] and extended by Li, Raman, and Tewari [COLT 2025]. While Kleinberg and Mullainathan proved generation is possible for all countable collections, Li et al. defined a hierarchy of generation notions (uniform, non-uniform, and generatable) and explored their feasibility for uncountable collections. Our first set of results resolve two open questions of Li et al. by proving finite unions of generatable or non-uniformly generatable classes need not be generatable. These follow from a stronger result: there is a non-uniformly generatable class and a uniformly generatable class whose union is non-generatable. This adds to the aspects along which language generation in the limit is different from traditional tasks in statistical learning theory like classification, which are closed under finite unions. In particular, it implies that given two generators for different collections, one cannot combine them to obtain a single "more powerful" generator, prohibiting this notion of boosting. Our construction also addresses a third open question of Li et al. on whether there are uncountable classes that are non-uniformly generatable and do not satisfy the eventually unbounded closure (EUC) condition introduced by Li, Raman, and Tewari. Our approach utilizes carefully constructed classes along with a novel diagonalization argument that could be of independent interest in the growing area of language generation.

Tatyana Shevchenko

The publication presents letters from Paris of the period 1930-1939 by two emigrant priests - Archpriest Simeon (Solodovnikov) and then hegumen Stefan (Svetozarov). Both pastors have subordinated to Metropolitan Eulogius (Georgievsky), but after his transition to the Constantinople Patriarch subordination, they departed from him. Archpriest Simeon was subordinated to the Synod of Russian Bishops Abroad, and Hegumen Stefan remained loyal to the Moscow Patriarchate. Both wrote to the Valaam Monastery, which remained on the territory of independent Finland after the revolution and, together with the Finnish Orthodox Church, had been subordinated to the Patriarch of Constantinople since 1923. The monastery never broke the connection with the motherland, prayed for the suffering Russian Church, the Abbot corresponded with Metropolitan Sergiy (Stragorodsky) while there was an opportunity. But the monastery also tried to maintain relations with compatriots in exile. The letters confirm this. The authors shared their thoughts on the positions taken by representatives of different jurisdictions into which the Russian Orthodox community abroad split, explained their choice of jurisdiction, and talked about the difficulties of emigrant life. The letters are published for the first time and help to recreate the images of our compatriots who lost their homeland after the revolution, and to trace their further fate. In addition, the publication recreates the atmosphere of jurisdictional disputes in the Russian abroad and clarifies the motives of their participants.

Pedro Martínez Lillo, Javier Arcos

Introduction. The article presents the contemporary problems facing governance in Latin America. The paper demonstrates that the fissures that weaken institutional and democratic stability in the region respond to a set of aspects subordinate to the crisis of expectations regarding the permanent promise of economic development. Methods and materials. The research problem was based on Leonardo Morlino’s theory of democratic unanchoring. We indicate that the objective of the work is to show five explanatory variables of the erosion of democracy, based on the historian’s classic documentary methodology. Analysis. Fundamentally, it shows 1) the high level of disaffection and discomfort with the political classes; 2) the risk of a new wave of populism and authoritarianism; 3) the implications of poor economic performance post-pandemic; 4) the repercussions of high rates of insecurity, violence, and organized crime; and 5) the problems in achieving regional integration and relevant global participation. Results. The picture of the Latin American situation raises critical knots in its democratic governance, which deserve to be reviewed in depth in order to recognize relevant lines of action for researchers, decision-makers, and public policy managers. The answer to the problems of democratic governance in Latin America can be found in the thesis of political, economic, and social delegitimization in the processes of lack of efficiency in the administration of the democratic regime in the last fifty years, beyond the factors of historical inheritance or global conjuncture. Authors’ contributions. Pedro Martínez Lillo determined the basic concept of the article as well as formulated and analyzed the main results of the study; Javier Castro Arcos prepared the structural composition of the study and analyzed the methodological foundations of the study.

Anton Matsson, Lena Stempfle, Yaochen Rao et al.

Modeling policies for sequential clinical decision-making based on observational data is useful for describing treatment practices, standardizing frequent patterns in treatment, and evaluating alternative policies. For each task, it is essential that the policy model is interpretable. Learning accurate models requires effectively capturing the state of a patient, either through sequence representation learning or carefully crafted summaries of their medical history. While recent work has favored the former, it remains a question as to how histories should best be represented for interpretable policy modeling. Focused on model fit, we systematically compare diverse approaches to summarizing patient history for interpretable modeling of clinical policies across four sequential decision-making tasks. We illustrate differences in the policies learned using various representations by breaking down evaluations by patient subgroups, critical states, and stages of treatment, highlighting challenges specific to common use cases. We find that interpretable sequence models using learned representations perform on par with black-box models across all tasks. Interpretable models using hand-crafted representations perform substantially worse when ignoring history entirely, but are made competitive by incorporating only a few aggregated and recent elements of patient history. The added benefits of using a richer representation are pronounced for subgroups and in specific use cases. This underscores the importance of evaluating policy models in the context of their intended use.

Sergey V. Vinogradov, Yulia G. Eshchenko

The authors examine the history of the establishment of the system of sanitary inspection and medical care for workers of the Caspian-Volga fisheries. There is considered the fishing legislation of the XIX - early XX century. It is stated that, despite the approved rules, fishery workers actually had no qualified medical care, the provision of which was entrusted to the owners of the fishing business. The authors come to the conclusion that the supervision of the sanitary condition of the fisheries was not effective due to a number of reasons: unresolved personnel problems, the large territorial expanses of sanitary areas with a lack of vehicles for sanitary doctors, the difficulties of bureaucratic interaction between the Department of Fisheries and Seal Fisheries, regional authorities and owners of the fishing business, etc. The shortcomings of the sanitary and medical services for fisheries, as well as the specific geographical location and natural and climatic conditions of the Astrakhan province contributed to the wide spread of various epidemic diseases. Due to the lack of the public free healthcare system and qualified medical personnel, there emerged infectious diseases, which led to high mortality among fishery workers.

Zaven V. Akopyan

In the history of national-state construction in the 1920s and 1930s, almost all autonomies and other large territorial units already had cities with the status of administrative centers and capitals. All of them existed long before the establishment of Soviet power, and they were dominated by a population that did not belong to the titular nation of the corresponding autonomous republic or region. The only exception was the Karachay Autonomous region, formed in 1926, on the territory of which there was not a single settlement suitable for an administrative center. The author of the article gives a set of reasons that became the basis for the decision to build a new city with the name Mikoyan-Shahar (present-day Karachayevsk). At the present stage, the same situation has developed with the Ingush Republic. Thanks to the support of the federal center, the construction of a new capital, the city of Magas, has begun for this republic.

Kamilla T. Yusupova

The article is devoted to the topical issue of perception and compatibility of paronymic pairs among Greek students. In Greece, there are three departments of Slavic studies: the Department of Russian Language and Literature and Slavic Studies at the National and Kapodistrian University of the Athens, the Department of Languages, Literature and Culture of the Black Sea Countries of the Demokritus University of Thrace in Komotini and at the Department of Balkan Studies, Slavic and Oriental Studies of the University of Macedonia in Thessaloniki. Students study Russian, Bulgarian and other Slavic languages as foreign languages at these universities. Among the incoming students there are: Greeks (who do not know any Slavic language), who speak one of the Slavic languages (graduated from schools or other educational institutions in their countries) and bilinguals (who arrived or were born in Greece). The purpose of the study programs at these faculties is not only to teach students Russian as a foreign language, but also to give them a complete philological education. Despite the fact that there are quite a few dictionaries of paronyms, there is a lack of educational dictionaries, manuals and electronic resources in the Bulgarian and Russian languages for a foreign audience. Students have difficulties due to misunderstanding, the use of paronyms both in oral and written speech of the Russian and Bulgarian languages at advanced levels. Examples of paronyms with close-sounding semantic correspondences and differences in Russian, Bulgarian and Greek are given. When teaching a foreign language, one should take into account the linguistic and cultural characteristics of not only the native language of students, but also their knowledge of other languages in order to avoid interference. At the end of the article, methodological recommendations are given in the teaching of paronyms.

Ekaterina Zapevalova

The article considers women's charitable activities in the Nizhny Novgorod region in the 1870-1890s. In the XIX century women were especially social active in the field of charity. The involvement of women in the social life of the province affected mainly upper and wealthy groups of the urban population (in the peasant group the features of traditional society were preserved for a long time). The article presents new facts (found both in archival and published sources) about the philanthropy of Nizhny Novgorod merchantry and nobility. The facts demonstrate that charitable initiatives of charity activists manifested themselves mainly in their social and cultural projects. In article all donations of women are systematized by type of assistance (assistance to the poor and the church, maintenance of almshouses, donations for the construction of hospitals and maternity hospitals, charity in the field of education, donations to orphanages, registration of wills for the needs of philanthropy). It is concluded that the largest amount of donations in monetary terms in the last third of the XIX century was ordered for the construction of new hospitals. For the first time, the article presents a detailed history of the hospital institution, created with a large donation from the merchant G.N. Ryabinina for a building of surgical department of the Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Zemstvo Hospital in 1899.

Naqueeb Ahmad Warsi, Ayanava Dasgupta

In information theory, we often use intersection and union of the typical sets to analyze various communication problems. However, in the quantum setting it is not very clear how to construct a measurement which behaves analogously to intersection and union of the typical sets. In this work, we construct a projection operator which behaves very similarly to intersection and union of the typical sets. Our construction relies on the Jordan's lemma. Using this construction we study the problem of communication over authenticated classical-quantum channels and derive its capacity. As another application of our construction, we also study the problem of quantum asymmetric composite hypothesis testing.

Chen Ju, Haicheng Wang, Jinxiang Liu et al.

Temporal sentence grounding aims to detect the event timestamps described by the natural language query from given untrimmed videos. The existing fully-supervised setting achieves great performance but requires expensive annotation costs; while the weakly-supervised setting adopts cheap labels but performs poorly. To pursue high performance with less annotation cost, this paper introduces an intermediate partially-supervised setting, i.e., only short-clip or even single-frame labels are available during training. To take full advantage of partial labels, we propose a novel quadruple constraint pipeline to comprehensively shape event-query aligned representations, covering intra- and inter-samples, uni- and multi-modalities. The former raises intra-cluster compactness and inter-cluster separability; while the latter enables event-background separation and event-query gather. To achieve more powerful performance with explicit grounding optimization, we further introduce a partial-full union framework, i.e., bridging with an additional fully-supervised branch, to enjoy its impressive grounding bonus, and be robust to partial annotations. Extensive experiments and ablations on Charades-STA and ActivityNet Captions demonstrate the significance of partial supervision and our superior performance.

Giacomo Elefante, Alvise Sommariva, Marco Vianello

We discuss an algorithm for Tchakaloff-like compression of Quasi-MonteCarlo (QMC) volume/surface integration on union of balls (multibubbles). The key tools are Davis-Wilhelmsen theorem on the so-called Tchakaloff sets for positive linear functionals on polynomial spaces, and Lawson-Hanson algorithm for NNLS. We provide the corresponding Matlab package together with several examples.

I. Muzyka

State sovereignty of the USSR was controversial in its content. De jure – in accordance with international treaties, the constitution of 1919 and the Union Workers’and Peasants’ Treaty between the RSFSR and the USSR of December 28, 1920 – the inviolability of the sovereignty of the Ukrainian SSR, which was recognized as a subject of international law based on the implementation of Ukrainian law, was proclaimed and established people [the proletariat and the poorer peasantry] for self-determination. De facto – the sovereignty of the USSR in the political and legal concepts of the RCP(b) and the CP(b)U was interpreted mainly as the formal independence of the subject of the federation for a transitional period before the establishment of a single proletarian state on the territory of the former Russian Empire. The recognition of the inviolability of state sovereignty and the legitimization of the international legal personality of the USSR were determined by the desire of the Communist Party leadership to use the independence of the USSR in its foreign policy interests. The real ability to exercise supreme power, i.e., the scope of sovereign rights, in the USSR in 1919–1920 was actually determined by the governing subject in the hierarchical structure of power. Such a governing entity was the party leadership – the Central Committee of the RCP(b) and the Central Committee of the CP(b)U. The highest bodies of state power and the Council of Workers’, Peasants’ and Red Army Deputies could not independently realize the sovereign rights of the state. They had no real power influence, resources (and often political will) and authority to make powerful decisions in the foreign and domestic political spheres, since all vital issues were decided by the party leadership – the Central Committee of the RCP(b) and the Central Committee of the CP(b)U. Sovereignty of the Ukrainian SSR in 1919–1920 implemented accordingly to the will of that political and legal concept of the core bodies of the ruling communist party and had declarative character. Key words: Ukraine, history of law, sovereignty, sovereign rights of the state, legal construction of sovereignty, Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic, legitimacy of sovereignty of the USSR.

Manfred Schruba

Исследуется иконографический и культурно-исторический контекст русской народной картинки «О хамелеоне звере» первой половины XVIII в., в которой воспроизводится иллюстрация из ныне утерянного сборника басен петровского времени «Зрелище жития человеческого» (1712). Мотив экзотического животного, не встречающегося в России, очевидным образом заимствован из иностранного источника, оформление же является вымыслом русского художника. Хамелеон изображен неким монстром, грузно ступающим по земле среди постапокалиптического ландшафта. Многочисленные возможные прообразы лубочного хамелеона, рассмотренные в статье, восходят к изображению хамелеона в «Истории животных» («Historia animalium») Конрада Геснера (впервые – в «Icones animalium» 1553 г.). Иллюстрации в книгах Геснера вплоть до конца XVII в. оказали большое влияние на иконографию хамелеона и других животных в трех различных визуальных контекстах: в эмблематике («Правдивые басни о животных» Маркуса Герардса 1567 г., «Эмблемата» Андреа Альчато 1591 г.), в иллюстрированных книгах по естествознанию (Пьер Белон, Эдвард Топсель, Улиссе Альдрованди, Базилиус Беслер и др.), в разнотипной печатной графике – от высокохудожественных эстампов профессионального академического искусства (Маркус Герардс, Адриен Коллерт) до лубочных изделий. В генетической связи русского лубочного хамелеона с иллюстрациями Геснера можно убедиться, сопоставляя его с изображениями хамелеона в более поздней традиции, начиная со второй половины XVII в. (Клод Перро, Антонио Темпеста, Корнелис де Брюйн, Антонио Валлиснери, Альбертус Себа). В русской народной гравюре к труду Конрада Геснера восходят, наряду с картинкой «О хамелеоне звере», знаменитый «Кот казанский», а также серия изображений домашних птиц (лубок «Калкун»).

S. B. F. Dorch, J. O. Petersen

About fifty years after the work that astronomer Tycho Brahe carried out while living on the island of Hven had made him world famous, King Christian IV of Denmark built the Trinity Buildings in Copenhagen. The Tower observatory was opened in 1642, and it housed the astronomers from the University of Copenhagen until 1861 when a new, modern observatory was built at Østervold in the eastern part of the city. In 1996, all the University astronomers from the observatories at Østervold and the small town of Brorfelde were relocated to the Rockefeller Buildings at Østerbro, and the two observatories were closed. In this paper we focus on the library at the observatory in Østervold, and its subsequent fate following the close-down of that observatory.

Sergey Sidorov

The article presents information about the V International scientific conference “Military history of Russia: problems, search, solutions” held in Volgograd on September 11–12, 2020, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The conference was held at Volgograd State University. The conference was informative and representative in its composition: more than 220 representatives of scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, civil and military universities and centers, archives, museums and libraries in 48 cities of Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, USA, Turkmenistan and Ukraine. Among the participants of the conference there was a corresponding member of RAE, 39 doctors and 82 candidates of sciences. Along with professors and associate professors, the conference was attended by young scientists: assistant lecturers, postgraduate students, master students, students and schoolchildren. The article analyzes the work of the plenary session, sections, round tables and the discussion platform. The mainstream sections were the following: “Patriotic War: history and modernity”, “National economy of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War”, “Social history of the Great Patriotic War”, “Lower Volga and the Don during the Great Patriotic War”, “Source base for the study of the Great Patriotic War”, “Problems of historiography of the Great Patriotic War”. The permanent sections presented reports on military history in ancient times, the middle ages, modern and contemporary times, social protection of the population in wartime, and international aspects of the Battle of Stalingrad. The round tables discussed issues of military and political security of society and the state, problems of military memorial tourism in the Russian Federation, and international aspects of military conflicts. The discussion platform was dedicated to patriotic education of children and youth.

M. Suchkov

The article addresses the problems of inclusive education development through the prism of ethnocultural factors. A small comparative analysis of inclusive education development is given: legislative and law basis, cultural traditions in Russia and Kyrgyzstan, language and customs. The ethnocultural factor of inclusive education development is expressed through the language of “study” at schools and professional educational organizations. The author emphasizes the signs of our time – language assimilation in the countries of the former Soviet Union. It is shown that many parents in the north of Kyrgyzstan send their children, including children with disabilities, to study at Russian schools, and it causes additional barriers in learning, along with the barriers caused by physical and intellectual disabilities.

Darya B. Pushkina

Introduction. Over the last 30 years, the educational model based on liberal arts and sciences has spread beyond its traditional United States to other parts of the world. However, recently, many liberal arts and science universities face a challenge: due to the pressures of the fast developing world, young people prefer more STEMs (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) oriented universities. The paper addresses the following question: How have private liberal arts universities adjusted to the global challenges of the 21st century? Methods and Materials. This paper conducts a case study of one of American leading private small universities – Reed College (Portland, Oregon, USA) by using reports on and studies of liberal arts universities and its graduates; interviews with students, faculty and administration of Reed College as well as academic writings on the subject. Paper examines the Reed College curriculum, faculty and student body, examines evidence from the current Reed faculty, student body and alumni, as well as the information about jobs that Reed alums land. Analysis. In the process of analysis, the paper discusses as to whether this adaptation has led to giving up on some of Reed College traditional principles. The role of international partnerships / programs in this process is analyzed. Results. The paper demonstrates that Reed College has been adapting to the global challenges of the 21st century by keeping its main focus on individual learning, research collaboration between faculty and students as well as expanding its majors to reflect the demands of the time, staying financially sound by incorporating alumni donations, and engaging internationally.

N. P. Sidorova, Сидорова Надежда Павловна

This article is devoted to the description and analysis of the Russian foreign policy as it has evolved from a more pro-Western line after 1991-1992 to a more balanced and nationalistic version by the mid-1990s. In addition, as a part of this article certain projections are made for the future of Russian relations with the West. The author argues that in many ways the foreign policy of the new Russia during the early 1990s was continuation of the Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking.’ Gorbachev had hoped to put the Soviet Union on the path of partnership with the Western alliance through clearing away the military and political baggage of Stalinism-Brezhnevism. This strategy enjoyed full support of the pro-western democratic movement headed by Yeltsin. The Russian democrats saw Western nations as their chief ideological and political allies, and a possible source of economic aid and a model for Russia’s economic development. However, over time, a number of internal and external factors started to influence the original Yeltsin’s strategy. Internally, the failure of ‘shock therapy’ led to the weakening of democrats and strengthening of the communists and nationalists. Furthermore, Yeltsin’s foreign policy became the target of intense criticism. Moreover, as a result of the internal and external influences and specifically the national debates, Russia’s foreign policy was gradually modified. Russia again puts an emphasis on security, and on the strength of its armed forces, and forging strategic partnerships in various parts of the world. In addition, nationalism would be expressed through the protection of the Russian diaspora, the glorification of Russia’s imperial past, and the scaling down the policy of repentance for the misdeeds of the Communist regime. Russia’s great power ambitions could be observed through Russia’s attempt to play pivotal role throughout the former Soviet Union, and a desire to show the Russian flag across the world. Moreover, ideology does not influence Kremlin’s relations with other states anymore, instead economic interests encourage Moscow to restore cooperation with many Third World nations. It can be expected that Russia will continue to compete for predominance with the West in the post-soviet republics and in the field of security and at the same time Russia will promote its partnership with China and other non-Western actors. However, despite these shifts, a multidirectional strategy will likely be preserved.

Olga Filippenko

В статье ставится вопрос о том, было ли среднее специальное и высшее образование в конце 1940-х – начале 1950-х гг. эффективным инструментом социальной интеграции в судьбе спецпереселенцев. Понятие «доступность» рассматривается через анализ как формальных барьеров, созданных режимом на законодательном уровне, так и неформальных, сформированных представителями местных властей и администрацией образовательных учреждений, которые усложняли реализацию спецпереселенцами права на образование. Исследуются основные характеристики ссыльных, которые все же смогли преодолеть эти трудности и поступили в средние специальные или высшие учебные заведения: учитываются национальность, принадлежность к тому или иному спецконтингенту, возраст, пол, происхождение их родителей, обобщаются основные этапы их биографии до поступления. В рамках понятия «эффективность» дается оценка степени успешности интеграционного процесса спецпереселенцев внутри учебных заведений. В качестве ключевого критерия используется анализ четырех параметров, которые отражают разные стороны активности спецпереселенцев: академическая успеваемость, дисциплина, активность в общественно-политической жизни, членство в комсомоле или партии. Особое внимание уделяется сходствам и различиям моделей поведения у представителей различных спецконтингентов (немцев, калмыков, членов ОУН и т. д.). Ставится проблема возможного влияния на процесс социальной интеграции спецпереселенцев дискриминации внутри учебного учреждения. Статья базируется на документальных источниках, впервые вводимых в научный оборот: это пофамильные списки студентов из числа спецпереселенцев, их персональные характеристики, приказы учебного заведения по личному составу студентов, личные дела спецпереселенцев, составляемые при поступлении их в учебные заведения, и т. п. Частично привлекаются нарративные источники.