This study focuses on the construction and development of language labora-to-ries. By optimizing and expanding their utilization, it aims to enhance lan-guage teaching quality and provide students with a superior, efficient learning envi-ronment. Through optimizing equipment configuration and integrating teaching resources, combined with personalized teaching methods, the study addresses diverse student learning needs, stimulates interest and motivation, and ulti-mately improves students' comprehensive language application abili-ties. Rea-sonable optimization and expansion can increase laboratory utiliza-tion rates, prevent resource idleness and waste, and yield more effective returns on educa-tional investments. This contributes to advancing educational in-formatization and promoting educational equity. The widespread application of language la-boratories enables more students to benefit from advanced educa-tional tech-nologies, narrowing educational disparities between different re-gions and schools.
En los fragmentos del diálogo Eudemo aparece el hápax "privación indefinida" (stéresis aóristos). El significado de esta extraña construcción ha sido muy discutido por la crítica contemporánea. Dependiendo de su interpretación cada crítico ha ofrecido una teoría diferente sobre la evolución del pensamiento del Estagirita y la datación de sus obras. En este artículo presentamos el estado actual de la cuestión y proponemos una interpretación integradora de las propuestas anteriores, pero prescindiendo de aquellos elementos sobrevenidos o incluso insostenibles según la crítica actual.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Neste artigo, discutimos como se articulam a exposição de conteúdos técnicos vinculados à vulcanologia, na obra romana chamada Aetna, e alguns recursos poéticos de que seu autor anônimo se serve com maestria. Dessa maneira, a elaboração cuidada do proêmio seduz e facilita a “entrada” do público no texto, enquanto a antropomorfização da Natureza, as comparações e a evocação sonora do monte Etna no poema são recursos que facilitam o entendimento das teorias “científicas” expostas ou aproximam o inusitado conteúdo do público.
History of the Greco-Roman World, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Beer was a staple of ancient diets, extending from the ancient Near East to Egypt and from the Greek Aegean to Rome. The brewing process developed in Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Israel, while industrialized production of beer continued in Egypt. However, in Greek and Roman culture, discussions and acceptance of beer are not as prevalent in the composed texts of the elite populace. These authors avoid or degrade the topic. Though no one word for beer universally translates in ancient Greek and Latin languages, further examination has demonstrated that beer was a nutritional necessity and was produced in Greek and Roman history; yet, the resilience of beer is largely attributed to peoples living on or beyond the boundaries of Greek and Roman dominion. Their direct contact with Rome’s legions compelled beer’s development even without a full embrasure from aristocratic elites. Combining art, architecture, archaeology, and literature, a comprehensive story for the existence and permanence of beer is told from 9500 bce to 500 ce.
— The present proposal is an account of the lives of two men who were scholars and thinkers at the same time. I do not think that a man is entitled to such titles only on the strength of his position and fame in his own age, unless in addition he played so important and significant a role in history that he remains an element to be reckoned with in understanding the continuing evolution of a particular people or humanity in general. Max Mueller ’ s position was very impressive in its geographical range, extending from the United States to Japan. When he died, a message came from an Indian Social reformer, Malabari, “ All India mourns with you ” and that embodied the feelings of all educated Indians. Similarly, Sri Aurobindo was not just a poet or a singer of songs, he was as well a dramatist, a critic and a thinker of great distinction. He is remembered in modern times, more as a great philosopher than as an artist. Sri Aurobindo was a highly educated person, he was a great scholar of such classical languages as Latin and Greek. It is in respect of his scholarship and poetic craftsmanship that he is often compared with John Milton. In the present paper, I plan to explore the mystery and suggestive quality of both these writers which stand for the betterment of human race. And I also propose the techniques by which they have opened the gate of spirituality for everyone. I really appreciate their scholarships that would be exemplary for the contemporary world and for the coming generation.
In terms of sheer quantity, there is still an enormous disproportion between translations from Chinese antiquity into European languages on the one hand and Chinese renderings of European classical antiquity on the other. With dozens of eminent Western specialists in Egyptology, Assyriology, and European classics, the Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations at Changchun University, established in 1984, has made great efforts to remedy this situation; and Liu Xiaofeng 劉小楓 (born 1956) constantly encourages the teaching of Greek and Latin at the People’s University in Peking, where the indefatigable Leopold Leeb is basing his teaching of these languages on his own textbooks that are saturated with Christian literature. However, despite these and other meritorious efforts, this discipline is still rather marginal in China, and the readership is rather small in number. After 1949, the Catholic Fu-jen University moved to Taiwan, and the European classical languages were buried for almost forty years in the mainland. However, there is a revitalized interest in European antiquity. One of the most prominent scholars for Latin in China is Li Yongyi 李永毅 (born 1975), professor of English (!) at Chongqing University: Chinese owes him the first translation of Catullus’ Carmina as well as many other renderings of Latin poetry into Chinese. In an account of his scholarly itinerary, Li also reveals the underlying motivation of his studies:
ABSTRACT Marsilio Ficino’s Latin translation of the Greek Corpus Hermeticum was carried out in 1463 at Cosimo de’ Medici’s request and first printed in Treviso in 1471 without Ficino’s consent. This translation, together with Ficino’s preface running through Trismegistus’s life and writings, was the starting point of modern Hermetism. The striking success of the Pimander – by far the most widespread of Ficino's works – is demonstrated by more than 40 extant manuscripts, 24 printed editions up to the end of the sixteenth century, and renaissance translations in many vernacular languages. In the preface to the Pimander Ficino aimed to outline a new portrait of Hermes Trismegistus, which replaced the medieval ones. Before Ficino, a profile of Hermes Trismegistus could be found only in Arabic Hermetic literature translated into Latin during the late Middle Ages. But in Ficino’s new profile of Hermes still lurks a fundamental aspect of medieval – i.e. Arabic – Hermes. Studying this aspect of Ficino’s profile of Hermes means reconstructing an important chapter in the history of Hermetism in the early modern age.
The paper questions the assumption that the woman referred to as regina in Cicero’s letters to Atticus of 44 BC is Cleopatra VII. The paper argues that there are historical grounds for doubting that Cleopatra and her son were in Rome in 44 BC, and it suggests that the term regina is more likely to be a pseudonym than a title. By consideration of other nicknames used by Cicero, the paper posits Clodia Metelli as the regina. The paper then analyses Cicero’s comments about the regina in the light of this new identification and concludes that Cicero, having struggled in 45 BC to find a suitable property near Rome to serve as a personal retreat and to house a shrine to his recently deceased daughter Tullia, engaged in negotiations to buy Clodia’s Transtiberine horti in early 44, but withdrew his offer after a personal disagreement with Clodia. In addition, Cicero’s reference to Caesar ille (Att. 14, 20, 2), previously identified as Cleopatra’s son, should be understood as mocking Octavius’ recent adoption of Caesar’s name.
L’article remet en question l’hypothèse selon laquelle la femme appelée regina dans les lettres de Cicéron à Atticus de 44 av. J.-C. serait Cléopâtre VII. L’article revendique qu’il y a des raisons historiques de douter de la présence de Cléopâtre et de son fils à Rome en 44 av. J.-C., et suggère que le terme regina a plus de chances d’être un pseudonyme qu’un titre. En prenant en considération d’autres surnoms utilisés par Cicéron, l’article propose Clodia Metelli comme étant la regina. L’article analyse ensuite les commentaires de Cicéron au sujet de la regina à la lumière de cette nouvelle identification et conclut que Cicéron, ayant lutté en 45 avant J.-C. pour trouver une propriété convenable près de Rome pouvant servir de lieu de retraite personnel et abriter un sanctuaire pour sa fille Tullia récemment décédée, s’engagea dans des négociations en vue d’acheter les horti de Clodia dans la région Transtibérine au début de 44, mais retira son offre après un différend personnel avec elle. De plus, la référence de Cicéron à Caesar ille (Att. 14, 20, 2), précédemment identifié comme le fils de Cléopâtre, doit être comprise comme se moquant de l’adoption récente du nom de César par Octave.
Philology. Linguistics, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Works by classical authors had a significant share in the aristocratic libraries of the Slovenian lands. While the selection of authors varied, there were some mainstays: Cicero, Horace, Ovid, Homer. The language of the books was either original or a German or French translation. All publications were furnished with commentaries and introductory chapters containing the authors’ biographies, often even with glossaries and grammar exercises. These additions, however, were considerably reduced in the 19th century. All library owners preserved classical language textbooks as well.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Minijci zdaj na ladji pagaški so rezali morje:
videli vmes so Fineja, kako oslepljen je preživljal
bridko starost, in tedaj Akvilonova mlada sinova
ptice deviške nesrečnemu starcu od ust sta pregnala.
Končno pod Jazonom slavnim, po vsem, kar vmes so prestali,
slednjič dosegli so glenasti Fasid, deroče valove.
Ko so pred kralja prišli, so zahtevali Friksovo runo,
kralj pa je prej zahteval od njih neznanske pogoje.
Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature
Allegorical Interpretation and Place of Myth in Plato
The paper raises the issue of allegorical interpretation, and its role and place in Plato’s philosophy. The first part of the paper shows the theoretical findings and explains the use of terms aίnigma, sýmbolon, hypónoia in Plato’s philosophy. The next part explores Plato’s attitude toward allegorical interpretation and the function of myth (mūthos) in his philosophy. Two important points are presented here regarding Plato’s critique. They serve as the criterion for the validation of myth in the ideal state: the role of myth in paideia and its relation to philosophical discourse.
Ancient history, Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature