Hasil untuk "Costs"

N. Ghaffour, T. Missimer, G. Amy

María Isabel Blanco

Youfa Wang, M. Beydoun, Lan Liang et al.

J. Fearon

Henry Hansmann

Preface Introduction PART 1: A Theory of Enterprise Ownership 1. An Analytic Framework 2. The Costs of Contracting 3. The Costs of Ownership PART 2: Producer-Owned Enterprise 4. Invertor-Owned Firms 5. The Benefits and Costs of Employee Ownership 6. Governing Employee-Owned Firms 7. Agricultural and Other Producer Cooperatives PART 3: Customer-Owned Enterprise 8. Retail, Wholesale, and Supply Firms 9. Utilities 10. Clubs and Other Associative Organizations 11. Housing PART 4: Nonprofit and Mutual Enterprise 12. Nonprofit Firms 13. Banks 14. Insurance Companies Conclusion Notes Sources Index

Jeremy I. Bulow, J. Geanakoplos, P. Klemperer

P. Greenberg, R. Kessler, H. Birnbaum et al.

M. Bradley, G. Jarrell, E. H. Kim

J. Katz

Mohamed Ali Saafi, Michael Traver, Esam Hamad

With both regional authorities and corporate entities declaring net-zero greenhouse gas ambitions over the last decade, the assessment and development of potential solutions has accelerated. One of the key sectors emitting around 25 % of energy-related greenhouse gases is transportation. Although some segments of the transportation sector have instituted concrete plans with strict regulatory requirements, the maritime sector faces significant challenges in decarbonization, driven by the limited availability of low-emission fuels and commercialized zero-emission vessels compared to its high energy demand. In this work, we develop the Mobility and Energy Transportation Analysis Model, a python-based optimization model to investigate the maritime sector’s current and projected energy demand and a technology sales forecast based on different scenarios, including the latest IMO aspirations to reach carbon neutrality by 2050 on a Well to Wake basis. Along with introducing lower carbon fuels as alternative refueling options for conventional vessels, we explore the market opportunities of mobile carbon capture (MCC), also referred to as Onboard Carbon Capture (OCC) through 2050. To accurately assess this technology, a techno-economic analysis is essential to determine marginal abatement costs compared to alternative decarbonization technologies. Considering consumer decision making as a key factor in shaping the future of marine vessels represents the novelty of our methodology. An additional novelty of this work comes from the detailed cost categories taken into consideration in the analysis, including intangible costs associated with MCC system cost components for different capture rates, as well as the total cost of owning each vessel technology. Based on the study results, MCC could be a viable alternative technology to decarbonize the marine fleet towards complying with IMO’s regulations.

Rebeca Martín-Díez, María Saiz-Santos , Natalia Torralba

This research explores the integration of circular economy practices in SMEs within the machinery and equipment sector in the Basque Country (Spain), aiming to identify opportunities for transitioning towards circular models. Using the Circular Business Scan methodology, 11 industrial SMEs are analyzed, identifying eco-design, eco-innovation, and resource valorization as key elements in their business models. The results demonstrate how circular economy practices enhance competitiveness by creating new business lines, reducing costs, and optimizing processes. Furthermore, the importance of practices such as repair, refurbishment, and recovery of products is highlighted. The study also emphasizes the need to develop both technical and cultural internal capabilities to support the transition to circularity. Additionally, the impact of public policies is highlighted, as they can transform the perception of the circular economy within companies, viewing it as a strategic opportunity to improve competitiveness. This work contributes to the theoretical development of circular economy in industrial SMEs, emphasizing the role of organizational and cultural factors, beyond structural variables. It also provides empirical evidence that can contribute to the formulation of public policies and support programs more tailored to the context.

Frymoyer Jw, Cats-Baril Wl

Bano M., Nendissa D.R., Elvani S. et al.

This research explores changes in staple food price trends and their impact on the Farmers' Term of Trade (FTT) as a primary indicator of farmer prosperity. Utilizing secondary data analysis, the study processes monthly staple food price data from January 2018 to July 2023 and FTT data from January 2019 to July 2023. This analysis employs a coefficient of variation method to track food price changes and calculates the FTT value based on the comparison of the price index received by farmers to their expenses, serving as a marker of farmer welfare. The study's findings reveal a significant influence of food price alterations on FTT and farmer welfare. There is a marked difference in the dynamics of staple food prices and FTT across various regions in Indonesia. These price variations are influenced by changes in agricultural input costs, such as fertilizers and labor wages, impacting the FTT value. Sectoral analysis indicates that during the Covid-19 era, food crop farmers have a lower level of prosperity (<100) compared to the livestock sector. Meanwhile, farmers in the horticulture, plantation, and fisheries sectors show higher welfare levels with FTT values above 100. Plantation farmers record the highest FTT values (>>100) during the pandemic. This study highlights the importance of farmers' understanding and adaptation to the dynamics of food prices and FTT. Adaptation strategies may include changes in production strategies, government support, crop diversification, and the adoption of new technologies, even amidst external challenges such as climate change. The interaction between food price dynamics, FTT, and its relation to farmer welfare provides essential insights for formulating more effective policies to support farmer welfare and food security in Indonesia.

Syed Hasan Khuld, Babar Jamal Naqvi, Naeem Samoon et al.

This era is all about energy, humans cannot survive without energy. Conventional energy resources are not enough to fulfill the needs of energy that’s why it is necessary to find alternate energy resources that will be efficient and environment friendly. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is one of the reasonably low costs and is considered as environment friendly It degrades the harmful substance during production of electricity. This technology helps out for the producing of electricity by using the microbes. The generation of electricity is the new form of non-renewable energy by treating of the waste water from different types of effluent. The purpose of this technology is to produce the electricity that is environment friendly and sustainable. This review is also the part of research which is also to make a comparison of different MFC feeds which have unique chemical composition and are rich of various biological species and designing. This report also contains the discussion of MFC principle, necessary components, bacteria that are responsible for electricity production. This MFC contain the different batch type of reactor and in each reactor anode and cathode are dipped for time to check the response of flow of electron. Electrodes are used for drawing the comparison data of the MFC and giving new direction for the researchers. Salt bridge or membrane is connected between the reactor for the flow of proton to the cathode side and oxygen is supplied in the cathode compartment.

Yoojin Park, Yunsick Sung

In unmanned systems, remote sensing is an approach that collects and analyzes data such as visual images, infrared thermal images, and LiDAR sensor data from a distance using a system that operates without human intervention. Recent advancements in deep learning enable the direct mapping of input images in remote sensing to desired outputs, making it possible to learn through imitation learning and for unmanned systems to learn by collecting and analyzing those images. In the case of autonomous cars, raw high-dimensional data are collected using sensors, which are mapped to the values of steering and throttle through a deep learning network to train imitation learning. Therefore, by imitation learning, the unmanned systems observe expert demonstrations and learn expert policies, even in complex environments. However, in imitation learning, collecting and analyzing a large number of images from the game environment incurs time and costs. Training with a limited dataset leads to a lack of understanding of the environment. There are some augmentation approaches that have the limitation of increasing the dataset because of considering only the locations of objects visited and estimated. Therefore, it is required to consider the diverse kinds of the location of objects not visited to solve the limitation. This paper proposes an enhanced model to augment the number of training images comprising a Preprocessor, an enhanced Swin Transformer model, and an Action model. Using the original network structure of the Swin Transformer model for image augmentation in imitation learning is challenging. Therefore, the internal structure of the Swin Transformer model is enhanced, and the Preprocessor and Action model are combined to augment training images. The proposed method was verified through an experimental process by learning from expert demonstrations and augmented images, which reduced the total loss from 1.24068 to 0.41616. Compared to expert demonstrations, the accuracy was approximately 86.4%, and the proposed method achieved 920 points and 1200 points more than the comparison model to verify generalization.

Thiago José Arruda de Oliveira, Stefan Hubertus Dorner, Rodrigo Estevam Munhoz de Almeida

Em vista dos confrontos armados na Ucrânia e as suas consequências negativas para o agronegócio brasileiro, analisou-se o seu nível de dependência com os fertilizantes importados. Justificou-se o estudo devido à elevação nos custos de produção agrícola e às limitações internas no fornecimento de insumos a montante. Para tanto, empregaram-se dados secundários oficiais e análises gráficas e econométricas que identificaram quais os elementos com maior nível de prioridade para os plantadores de soja e milho do Brasil.  Os resultados apontaram que todos os componentes da formulação NPK (nitrogenados, fosfatados e potássios) importados se correlacionam com a produção e produtividade dos grãos em estudo. Nesse contexto, destacou-se a ureia, da qual a Petrobras era um dos fornecedores até 2015. Portanto, a mitigação da subordinação estrangeira no agronegócio brasileiro, passa, a princípio, pela reformulação do setor petroquímico nacional. Abstract: Recent armed conflicts in Ukraine have caused negative effects on Brazilian agribusiness. Fertilizer supply has been strongly dependent on imported products, focus of this research. Increased costs of national food production due to shortage of national fertilizer production were the main motives for this paper. Data was obtained by governmental institutions and submitted to visual and econometric analysis. It was intended to identify which fertilizer inputs have been crucial for soy and maize producers in Brazil. The results suggested that all elements of NPK (nitrogenous, phosphate, and potassium) were correlated to production and profitability. Furthermore, urea is a core input which Petrobras produced until 2015. In conclusion, the mitigation of external dependence on Brazilian agribusiness requires a reframing of national petrochemical industry.    

Joseph Farrell, C. Shapiro

Margaret A. Meyer, Paul R. Milgrom, John E. Roberts

David M. Blau, Philip K. Robins

Hery Sigit Cahyadi, Herlan Suherlan, Muhammad Aldo Dewantara

The purpose of the research is to analyze the cost and benefit analysis and find out the feasibility of sport tourism development at Cikole, Lembang in support the lacal community income. This research was conducted at the Downhill Track Cikole Bike Park in Lembang District and is a tourist attraction in the form of downhill bicycle track facilities. The number obtained is the result of calculating the comparison between benefits and costs and shows the value that can be defined as a feasible activity, because the numbers obtained have a value of more than 1 which is an indication of eligibility with a results in the form of> 1 declared feasible and if <1 (less of) is declared ineligible. Based on the calculation results of the Cost-Benefit Ratio (CBR) analysis with the final result in the form of a comparison value of 3,3128528. With the increase in the number of visits and opening of new jobs, the results of the analysis in the form of downhill activities have been declared feasible.