This article frames the virtual museum as a meaning-modeling system within digital heritage and proposes an operational semiotic method for analysis. Grounded in Modeling Systems Theory and informed by Adorno’s non-identity, we construct a twelve-category coding matrix that combines three modeling levels with four organizational forms. Applying this matrix to five heterogeneous cases (web, VR, and 3D environments), we derive three quantitative ratios that summarize each system’s profile: the Abstraction Ratio (degree of conceptual mediation), the Connectivity Ratio (degree of interlinking and systematic organization), and the Object Primacy Score (degree of object-centered representation). Exploratory clustering on these ratios reveals three recurrent patterns of virtual-heritage mediation: Network-Symbolic, Concept-Dominant, and Object-Preserving. The results articulate how different curatorial and technical choices redistribute attention between objects, contexts, and concepts, and how these redistributions affect the subject–object balance in digital settings. The contribution is twofold: a transparent, reproducible coding protocol that enables cross-case comparison, and an interpretive lens that relates quantitative patterns to critical concerns in heritage, including authenticity, legibility, and over-standardization. We conclude with implications for curators and designers seeking to align immersive interfaces with heritage values while preserving the irreducible remainder of the object.
Zrównoważone archiwa cyfrowe to zasobooszczędne platformy zarządzania atrybutami obiektów cyfrowych, takimi jak: dostępność, autentyczność, integralność, poufność, użyteczność, spójność z wymogami prawa, standardami jakości i celami archiwów. To także podejście w archiwizacji cyfrowej, w którym optymalizowany jest wpływ środowiskowy kompletnego otoczenia zapisu i odczytu obiektów cyfrowych w całym cyklu jego życia. Celem artykułu jest omówienie zagadnienia archiwizacji cyfrowej w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju. W tekście przybliżono koncepcję wielopoziomowych archiwów cyfrowych, wskazując na ich potencjał w zrównoważonym zarządzaniu zasobami cyfrowymi. Scharakteryzowano projekt CREDO, który jest rodzimym przykładem poszukiwania rozwiązań dla efektywnej energetycznie archiwizacji zasobów cyfrowych.
تعتبر الدولة الساسانية (226-651م) من اهم واكبر الدول التي حكمت في الشرق الادنى القديم، اذ امتدت من حدود الهند والصين شرقاً الى نهر الفرات وبلاد الشام غرباً ومن اسيا الصغرى شمالاً الى شبه الجزيرة العربية واليمن جنوباً. وشملت دويلات واسعة وشعوب واعراق مختلفة فضلاً عن التنوع الديني من عبده الاصنام الى الديانات السماوية القديمة اليهودية والمسيحية ، لذا كان موضوع البحث الاقليات الدينية في الدولة الساسانية اليهود نموذجاً وقسم موضوع البحث بعد المقدمة الى مدينتين استعرض المبحث الاول اليهود ماقبل قيام الدولة الساسانية في عصر الدولة السلوقية (313-126ق.م) وعصر الدولة الفرثية(126ق.م-226م) وما قام به اليهود وما واجهوه من مواقف صعبة واضطهاد وماسببوه من مشاكل لهذه الدولتين وموقف كل منهما ضد او مع اليهود . اما المبحث الثاني احوال اليهود في الدولة الساسانية (226-651م) اذ ركز على توزع اليهود واهم جالياتهم داخل اطار الامبراطورية الساسانية وموقف رجال الدين والملوك الساسانيين من هذه الاقلية داخل دولة لها سياسة دينية ومركزية حكم وعلاقتهم بالملوك الساسانيين ، وابرز المشاكل والاحداث التي قاموا بها داخل الدولة وتم الاعتماد على مجموعة مصادر كتاب العهد القديم وكتاب يوسيفوس اليهودي ، وتاريخ اليهود فضلاً عن المصادر التاريخية والاثارية الانجليزية والعربية.
AbstractAdherence to the highest ethical standards is mandatory while handling precious human tissues received through the altruistic act of body donation. In 2019, misconduct at the Body Donation Center in Paris led to its closure. This adversely affected the hands‐on human dissection sessions within the anatomy education program at Université Paris‐Saclay. Consequently, the anatomy education program needed to be modified to bridge the gap between theoretical anatomy knowledge and its reinforcement by hands‐on human dissection. Anatomy educators at Université Paris‐Saclay designed an “illustrator‐anatomist‐clinician” triad‐based pedagogical model, which was incorporated as a core component of an elective module for third‐year medical students. This model involves a combination of live illustration, dissection‐demonstration, and clinical correlation of anatomical details of selected regions of the human body. An illustrator presents and interprets anatomical detail as the anatomist reveals these structures in a stepwise dissection approach, and a clinician completes the triad by presenting clinical cases relevant to the respective anatomical region with their surgical and radiological details. The present study aims to describe the structure, implementation, and outcome of this triad‐based pedagogical model. It may be applicable to other anatomy education programs that face access problems to hands‐on human dissection for various reasons and demonstrate its feasibility as a resource when human dissection is not available.
في هذه الدراسة نسعى إلى بيان مدى إسهام القوى البشرية وأثرها في تكوين الفكر السياسي الإسلامي، بأعتبارها مصدر القوة الحاكم في وضع بعض النظريات السياسية الإسلامية، وكذلك تحديد مسار الحكم ووضع آليات معينة له، مما أسهم وبشكل فعال في تحديد النظام السياسي الإسلامي الحاكم لحقب تاريخية طويلة أمتدت في بعض جوانبها إلى وقتنا الحاضر، ومن هذا المنطلق أتبع الباحث المنهج التاريخي الوصفي والتحليلي، وتبعاً لذلك قسمت إلى ثلاث مباحث سبقتها المقدمة، حيث كان المبحث الأول منها يتعلق بــ (القوى البشرية المفهوم والتطور)، وأما المبحث الثاني فكان بعنوان (اثر القوى البشرية في تأسيس النظريات السياسية الاسلامية) واخيراً جاء المبحث الثالث عن (أثر القوى البشرية في آليات أختيار الحاكم)، ثم تلاهم الخاتمة وقائمة المصادر والمراجع.
Gerald Ikechukwu Onwuka, Wasiu Afolabi Babayemi, Ahmed Audu
et al.
Some existing estimators based on auxiliary attribute have been proposed by many authors. In this paper, we use the concept of power transformation to modify some existing estimators in order to obtain estimators that are applicable when there is positive or negative correlation between the study and auxiliary variable. The properties (Biases and MSEs) of the proposed estimators were derived up to the first order of approximation using Taylor series approach. The efficiency comparison of the proposed estimators over some existing estimators considered in the study were established. The empirical studies were conducted using existing population parameters to investigate the proficiency of the proposed estimators over some existing estimators. The results revealed that the proposed estimators have minimum Mean Square Errors and higher Percentage Relative Efficiencies than the conventional and other competing estimators in the study. These implies that the proposed estimators are more efficient and can produce better estimates of the population mean compared to the existing estimators considered in the study.
Emily G. Simmonds, K. P. Adjei, Christoffer Wold Andersen
et al.
: How do we know how much we know? Quantifying uncertainty associated with our modelling work is the only way we can answer how much we know about any phenomenon. With quantitative science now highly influential in the public sphere and the results from models translating into action, we must support our conclusions with sufficient rigour to produce useful, reproducible results. Incomplete consideration of model-based uncertainties can lead to false conclusions with real world impacts. Despite these potentially damaging consequences, uncertainty consideration is incomplete both within and across scientific fields. We take a unique interdisciplinary approach and conduct a systematic audit of model-related uncertainty quantification from seven scientific fields, spanning the biological, physical, and social sciences. Our results show no single field is achieving complete consideration of model uncertainties, but together we can fill the gaps. We propose opportunities to improve the quantification of uncertainty through use of a source framework for uncertainty consideration, model type specific guidelines, improved presentation, and shared best practice. We also identify shared outstanding challenges (uncertainty in input data, balancing trade-offs, error propagation, and defining how much uncertainty is required). Finally, we make nine concrete recommendations for current practice (following good practice guidelines and an uncertainty checklist, presenting uncertainty numerically, and propagating model-related uncertainty into conclusions), future research priorities (uncertainty in input data, quantifying uncertainty in complex models, and the importance of missing uncertainty in different contexts), and general research standards across the sciences (transparency about study limitations and dedicated uncertainty sections of manuscripts).
The paper addresses the issues of the operation of urban settlements in the territory of the Volga Bolgaria in the second half of the 13th – early 15th centuries. Attention is drawn to their distribution and arrangement in the Middle Volga region after the Mongol conquest, as well as to the specifics of these settlements of this time period. The author makes a conclusion about the different distribution of settlement monuments in the area, as well as the quantitative ratio during the 10th–15th centuries. Based on a complex of archaeological information obtained in the course of their study, a conclusion is made about the continued development of urban planning in the territory of the Bolgar ulus of the Golden Horde and its long-term continuity. One of the examples was the continuity of pre-Mongol traditions in the construction and use of fortifications in individual settlements located in the region, as well as the preservation of technological methods in the construction of fortifications. In this regard, the paper addresses the differences from the cities of the central part of the Golden Horde state. The development of the city of Bolgar and its planning features are given as an example.
The newly uncovered Church No. 16 is situated on the western part of the Cherven hill. The church comprises a narthex, nave area and a single three-walled apse. The building has four entrances – two in the narthex and two in the nave. The walls were constructed of two-faced masonry – stone blocks with yellowwhite non-crumbling mortar, and between them – a fill of small rocks and brick fragments, compounded with mortar.
Together with the large number of fragmented mural paintings from the embankment inside the temple, parts of a fresco layer from the socle area on the walls were also uncovered.
Seven burial chambers have been documented in the nave area. Оutside the walls of the church the necropolis developed in south and east. The borders of the necropolis are to be determined since the excavations are not over yet. The jewellery found inside the graves consists mainly of silver and gilt earrings and a gold finger ring.
We relate the dating of the church’s establishment to the 1320s – 1330s, and the end of its existence – with the march of Ali Pasha in 1388.
The case history in the colonial context was a hybrid form, caught between bureaucratic pressures toward racialization, aggregation, and generalization, on the one hand, and the individualistic bias of the genre, on the other. This tension posed a problem for colonial rulers. In their drive to harvest neat, ideologically reliable knowledge about the minds of colonial subjects, officials and researchers in the 20th-century British Empire read case histories in selective ways, pared them down to simplistic fables, and ultimately bypassed them whenever they could. In other words, although they worked mightily to bend the case history to their purposes, they never fully succeeded. The authority granted to personal testimony and the capaciousness of the detail in case histories always contained a subversive potential. As a result, the politics of the colonial case history were underdetermined, overflowing the categories and resisting the generalizations that colonial rulers sought to impose.
Edición y comentario de un epígrafe latino procedente de Paramio, provincia de Zamora, y que por su situación geográfica, perteneció al conventus Asturum. La inscripción es interesante por su onomática y formulario y porque no es evidente su funcionalidad.
The article presents a reconstruction of “archaeological” costume restored by the Ostrov Krym Scientific Restoration Laboratory (Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan) by the finds uncovered from Early Iron Age graves. The authors examined organic remains of clothes from barrow no. 11 of Berel burial ground (4th – 3rd centuries BC) located on the territory of the Kazakhstan Altai and undertook a partial reconstruction of several items: a fur coat, a headdress and two felt stockings. The accuracy of this reconstruction is confirmed by well-preserved analogues of synchronous Altai barrows on the territory of Russia and Mongolia, belonging to the Pazyryk culture. The article also describes a method by which undisturbed graves can be extracted as one (monolithic) block and contains techniques for formation of such blocks in the dig and lab studies of “archaeological” costumes in such blocks, applied by the Ostrov Krym Laboratory.
Mª Luisa Vázquez de Ágredos Pascual, Patricia Horcajada Campos
Maya architecture was one of the most widely employed backdrops for the colour, and this application extended over a continuous period from the Mid-Preclassic period to the end of the Late Postclassic. The principal buildings of the Maya Lowlands were covered with stucco layers and painted with a rich colour palette that included pigments and colorants, and its archaeometric study offers important information on lime technology and colour technology between ancient Maya. On the other hand, these studies are necessaries for the conservation and restoration of Maya architecture and its polychrome decoration. Some of the analytical techniques more employed in these studies are Optical Microscopy (LM), Scanning Electronic Microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) or Chromatographic Techniques (GC/MS; Pyr-GC/MS; HLPC).
Genuine community participation in research and conservation projects is crucial for sustainable protection, management and development of archaeological sites, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where the scientific value of such resources is less appreciated. Local people often become suspicious of and discontented with field researchers who do not inform them of what they are doing around their courtyard, just as they are displeased with government officials who impose conservation projects upon them. Their discontent often comes for good reasons: either the given research or project is not a priority to them or its objectives differ from theirs. As a result, a conflict of expectations emerges, often leading local communities into disliking the project and hence investing little or just superficial commitment to it. Such feelings may be expressed verbally in formal or informal gatherings or through indifference, resentment, or vandalism, all of which are detrimental to the proper management of the heritage resource in question. Using specific cases of researchers/administrators-villagers differences and conflicts of expectations experienced in various places in Tanzania, the paper discusses causes of such differences, critically examines the Community Participatory technique exposing its strengths and weaknesses, as well as suggests solutions and outlining potential benefits should villagers be genuinely incorporated in such undertakings.
Why do Modern English modal auxiliaries ought to, should, and must, meaning OBLIGATION, occur in the present tense, yet their forms are in the preterite? Why does to accompany ought? One of the solutions to these questions is to look at the history of the English language. This monograph deals with the history of ought to, should, and must, which are of different syntactic and semantic origins: ought to stems from a main verb of Old English āgan ‘to have’ (POSSESSION) along with to; should derives from sculan ‘must’ with its ‘deviation’ to shall, and mōtan originates in ‘to be allowed to’ (PERMISSION). The work concentrates on the transition from Old English (700-1100) to Middle English (1100-1500), which is a crucial period in the history of the English language. Topics addressed include the linguistic review of modality, the philological reading of primary texts, and the occasional reference to the other Germanic languages. Biographische Informationen Kousuke Kaita, born in 1983, studied English philology and linguistics at Chiba University, Japan (MA), and at the University of Munich, Germany (PhD). His research interests include medieval English syntax and Germanic philology. Currently he is a JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow for Research Abroad of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. Reihe Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften - Band 48
Il patrimonio documentario del comune di Milano tra i secoli XII e XIII è solo indirettamente recuperabile ricercando gli atti negli archivi delle istituzioni civili e religiose che hanno intrattenuto rapporti con esso. L’intento del contributo è quello di riesaminare alcuni di questi documenti, focalizzando l’attenzione sulla loro genesi e considerando il peso e l’importanza delle costanti e delle variabili che hanno fortemente inciso sulla loro redazione: in particolare sulle minute, sulle modalità e sulle ragioni della loro scritturazione e sui responsabili della loro conservazione.
Las excavaciones arqueológicas llevadas a cabo en diferentes yacimientos de la Península Ibérica con niveles atribuidos al periodo Solutrense (p. ej. Las Caldas, La Garma A, Chufín o Aitzbitarte IV en la región cantábrica; Caldeirão, Vale Boi, Buraca Grande en Portugal; Reclau Viver, La Cueva de Ambrosio, Santa Maira o Nerja en la costa mediterránea) cuentan entre sus materiales con un gran número de objetos de adorno-colgantes, sobre todo realizados sobre conchas de moluscos marinos y dientes. Este trabajo sintetiza la información disponible sobre este tipo de objetos en la Península Ibérica y los somete a diferentes tipos de análisis: arqueozoológico, tecnológico, tafonómico, funcional, etcétera
The archaeological excavations undertaken at different sites in the Iberian Peninsula with levels attributed to the Solutrean (e. g. Las Caldas, La Garma A, Chufín or Aitzbitarte IV in Cantabrian Spain; Caldeirão, Vale Boi, Buraca Grande in Portugal; Reclau Viver, La Cueva de Ambrosio, Santa Maira or Nerja in the Spanish Mediterranean coast) provided us a large number of personal ornaments made mainly from marine shells and teeth. This study synthesizes the available information about Solutrean personal ornaments in the Iberian Peninsula. The study has been carried out from a number of different analytical perspectives: archaeozoological, taphonomic, technological, functional, etc.
Prehistoric archaeology, Auxiliary sciences of history