Hasil untuk "Special industries and trades"

Hamid Raza, Mukkram Ali Tahir, Noor Us Sabah et al.

Forage crops that contain elevated levels of metals are a serious hygiene and safety concern because they act as the main route through which these elements enter the food chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential health risks associated with cadmium contamination in the food chain by applying different assessment indices, focusing on commonly consumed forage crops grown at contaminated sites near District Khushab, Pakistan. Across the winter and summer seasons of 2023–24, a total of water (n = 100), forage (n = 240), soil (n = 240), ruminant blood (n = 100), and milk (n = 100) samples were obtained from two separate locations: Jauharabad (S_1) and Noorpur Thal (S_2) and tested to measure cadmium content with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Cadmium concentrations averaged 0.09–0.58 mg kg⁻¹ in soil, 0.04–1.02 mg kg⁻¹ in forage, 0.21–1.25 mg L⁻¹ in water, 0.17–2.98 mg L⁻¹ in cow blood, 0.68–4.68 mg L⁻¹ in buffalo blood, 0.24–1.25 mg L⁻¹ in cow milk, and 0.15–0.96 mg L⁻¹ in buffalo milk. A very strong and statistically significant positive correlation was found between water at site S_1 and soil at site S_2 during the winter season. A highly significant strong positive correlation was observed between sites S_1 and S_2 for the crop T. alexandrium during the winter season. In contrast, P. glaucum showed a strong and significant negative correlation in the summer, while no significant effect of cadmium was detected in Z. mays during the same season. In animals, cadmium levels were highest in blood and lowest in milk. All calculated risk indices including BCF, EF, Eri, HRI, and THQ exceeded 1, highlighting potential health hazards for consumers at both sites across both seasons. Regular monitoring of cadmium and other heavy metals in soil, water, and fodder, along with strict enforcement of regulations on industrial waste disposal and wastewater irrigation, is essential to minimize environmental and health risks. Farmers should be guided to use clean water, adopt low metal accumulating forages, and avoid grazing livestock on contaminated pastures. Promoting soil remediation practices and collaboration among agencies, researchers, and farmers will help reduce metal transfer through the food chain and protect both animal and human health.

Yuri Eduardo Souza Andrade, Jean Marcel Sousa Lira, Rodolfo Soares de Almeida et al.

O plantio de essências florestais exóticas é uma alternativa econômica viável para pequenas e médias propriedades rurais. No entanto, a atividade ainda é pouco difundida devido às incertezas quanto à viabilidade econômica. Este estudo analisou a viabilidade econômica do plantio de mogno africano na região do Campo das Vertentes, Minas Gerais (MG). Utilizou-se um plantio misto de Khaya grandifoliola e Khaya senegalensis, implantado em outubro de 2020, em uma área de 2,1 hectares, com espaçamento de 3x2 m e três ciclos de desbaste aos 5, 10 e 15 anos, além de corte raso no vigésimo ano. Os indicadores financeiros analisados foram: custo por hectare, valor presente líquido (VPL), taxa interna de retorno (TIR), custo médio de produção (CMP), valor anual equivalente (VAE), e a relação benefício/custo (B/C), acompanhados por uma análise de sensibilidade. Os resultados indicaram que o plantio de mogno africano é economicamente viável. A análise de sensibilidade mostrou que as variáveis "taxa de juros" e "preço de comercialização da madeira" impactam significativamente a viabilidade, enquanto o custo de preparo da área teve uma influência mínima. Portanto, o plantio de mogno africano se apresenta como uma alternativa promissora para investimentos rurais na região.

Mariana Andrades Fiorini Monteiro Novo, Vania dos Santos Nunes-Nogueira, Lucas Oliveira Cantadori et al.

Introdução: O bortezomibe é uma das medicações mais utilizadas no tratamento do mieloma múltiplo (MM). Objetivo: Realizar um estudo de macrocusteio do uso do bortezomibe no tratamento do MM na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos: Foram considerados os custos diretos relacionados a aquisição do bortezomibe. A partir dos dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS) foram calculadas a incidência anual de casos de MM e a estimativa de pacientes em tratamento. O custo do bortezomibe foi obtido no Banco de Preços de Saúde (BPS). O custo aproximado por paciente foi comparado ao valor reembolsado pela Autorização de Procedimento Ambulatorial (APAC). Foram consideradas duas possibilidades de tratamento: 9 ciclos, utilizados para pacientes candidatos ao transplante autólogo de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TACTH) (30% da população), e 12 ciclos utilizados para pacientes não candidatos ao TACTH (70%). Resultados: Considerando 1,3mg/m² e 1,5mg/m², e um desperdício de dose de 10%, o custo por paciente em 9 ciclos foi de R$17.678,30 e R$18.023,64, respectivamente. Para 12 ciclos o custo foi R$23.569,94 para dose de 1,3mg/m² e R$24.030,39 para dose de 1,5mg/m². De acordo com o valor da APAC atual, que é de R$ 5.224,65, o valor total pago pelo tratamento de 9 ciclos é de R$ 47.021,85 e para 12 ciclos é de R$62.695,80. Discussão e Conclusão: O custo médio do tratamento com bortezomibe por paciente foi de R$22.100,59, e o valor reembolsado pela APAC R$57.993,62. Entretanto, enfatiza-se que foram computados apenas os custos diretos da aquisição do bortezomibe.

Shuyan Li, Peirong Li, Hao Ding et al.

Drought stress significantly inhibits the growth of Astragalus mongholicus, leading to reduced biomass, decreased photosynthetic efficiency, and exacerbated oxidative damage. In our study, the accumulation of saponins and flavonoids in Astragalus roots markedly increased under moderate drought stress. These secondary metabolites further reshaped the rhizosphere microbial community structure, significantly increasing its diversity and interaction network complexity. Notably, drought stress enriched beneficial bacterial genera such as Rhizobium and Pseudomonas in the rhizosphere soil. Combined with the isolation of culturable microorganisms and the co-occurrence network of the rhizosphere bacterial community, we constructed a 13-strain synthetic community (SynCom) and simplified it to 7 strains. Compared with the noninoculated control, under moderate drought stress, inoculation with the simplified SynCom significantly increased plant growth, increasing the aboveground fresh weight by 50.10 %, dry weight by 55.29 %, and underground fresh weight by 76.40 %. Similarly, plants treated with the synthetic community presented significant increases in aboveground fresh weight and dry weight compared with those of the noninoculated control, with increases of 46.98 % and 61.54 %, respectively. Moreover, inoculation with the simplified community significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and improved the catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and leaf photosynthetic parameters (Fv/Fm and Y(II)) of Astragalus. Our findings provide new insight into improving the yield and quality of Astragalus and highlight the potential of synthetic rhizosphere microbial communities for assisting plants in coping with abiotic stress.

Sudhanshu Kalantri, Anuj N. Nahata, Nandan Godani

Abstract In recent years, microneedle (MN) and biosensor technologies have emerged as innovative solutions for non-invasive drug delivery and real-time disease diagnostics. Microneedles offer numerous advantages, including minimal pain, targeted delivery, improved bioavailability, and enhanced patient compliance. Various types—solid, hollow, dissolving, coated, and hydrogel microneedles—are designed to address specific therapeutic needs, each with unique drug release mechanisms. Advanced fabrication techniques such as 3D printing, laser ablation, photolithography, and micro-stereolithography allow for precise design and scalability. Biosensors, composed of bioreceptors and transducers, detect and quantify biological signals with high sensitivity and specificity. These devices are classified based on bioreceptors (enzymes, antibodies, cells), transduction mechanisms (electrochemical, optical, acoustic), and detection principles (mechanical, electronic). The integration of microneedles with biosensors enables continuous, real-time monitoring of biomarkers for chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, and renal dysfunction. Several microneedle-based biosensing devices have been developed for glucose, urea, cholesterol, nitric oxide, and carcinoembryonic antigen detection. Powering these biosensors effectively remains crucial. Emerging technologies such as triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric nanogenerators, and biological fuel cells offer promising self-powered solutions. Moreover, the future scope includes integration with artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and biodegradable materials for personalized and sustainable healthcare. This review highlights the synergistic potential of microneedles and biosensors in diagnostics and therapeutics, emphasizing their role in transforming point-of-care medicine and wearable health monitoring. Graphical abstract

Elias Maritan, Evangelos Anastasiou, Vasilis Psiroukis et al.

Spraying pesticides with uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) in European viticulture is currently only allowed when there are no viable alternatives or if it provides environmental and human health benefits. Using Greece as a case study, this analysis investigated the agroecological performance of UAV spraying in comparison with land-based pesticide application. A multi-objective linear programming model assessed farmer preferences for spraying pesticides with ground equipment or a UAV. Farmers concerned with non-economic goals preferred UAV targeted pesticide application, while production-orientated farmers favoured ground spraying. Depending on disease pressure, UAV spraying generated annual savings of €278–377 ha-1 on a flat vineyard compared to a trailed vine sprayer and €367–538 ha-1 on a steep-slope vineyard compared to a backpack sprayer. However, the estimated costs of custom-hiring UAVs in Greece made UAV spraying less profitable except in conditions of simultaneous extreme labour scarcity and high disease pressure on the steep-slope vineyard. UAV aerial broadcast had an environmental impact comparable to ground spraying, but UAV spot-spraying mitigated ecotoxicological risks of pesticide use by 46–50 %. Both UAV spraying methods substantially reduced human exposure to pesticides. In current regulation, UAV aerial broadcast would only be allowed in steep-slope viticulture if seasonal labour was unavailable. UAV spot-spraying could be permitted on both vineyards, but it would be economically feasible if hiring fees were €43–49 ha-1. The study concludes with recommendations to promote UAV spraying adoption among European farmers thereby contributing to the EU objectives to halve pesticide use and risk while potentially resolving labour availability challenges on abandonment-prone vineyards.

Nikos Tsoulias, Dimitrios S. Paraforos

Real-time automation in agriculture shows great potential in perennial trees and vegetables allowing site-specific management by means of machine vision, and real-time processing. A lack of clarity still remains on the actual effectiveness, scalability, and limitations of such technologies in field conditions. This study critically examines the recent advancements in real-time applications in horticultural crops that are controlled using sensing systems for automating several cultivation tasks including (i) crop protection (ii) fertilization (iii) weeding (iv) harvesting and (v) crop load management. These tasks are individually evaluated, while identifying technological gaps and future research directions. Specifically, this study assesses real-time decision-making challenges and evaluates their impact in terms of processing time, resource efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and decision accuracy. The results revealed that real-time applications can increase precision and operational efficiency, while the need for improved communication and interoperability between the sensing systems and implements was highlighted. However, the effectiveness is often influenced by the sensor accuracy, the plant structure, and adaptability to crop systems. Further development of real-time applications in perennial trees and vegetables should be explored by producing artificial intelligence decision models based on plant information and multi-modal sensor systems.

Bernard Moeketsi Hlalele

Drought is a gradual and persistent hazard resulting from below-average precipitation, which poses a threat to various economic sectors and human life as a whole. This external and insurable risk predominantly affects agriculture and water resource management projects, causing a ripple effect across related sectors and operations. The objective of this study was to analyse drought risk in the Victoria State of Australia using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to monitor and characterize drought occurrences, with the aim of safeguarding and enhancing agricultural and water resource management initiatives. The SPI methodology was employed, computing four temporal scales (SPI-3, 6, 12, and 24) for assessing both agricultural and hydrological drought. The findings indicate a consistent pattern across most stations, revealing significant declines in SPI values on various time scales, suggesting an escalation in drought severity in the near future. Although there is some optimism for agriculture and related projects in the region, caution is warranted due to the decreasing trends observed in SPI-3 and 6. On the other hand, SPI-12 and 24 clearly demonstrate that severe droughts have already affected all stations, with the potential for even more severe episodes in the future. Consequently, it is imperative for the government and relevant stakeholders to exercise extreme caution in water usage, as irresponsible or excessive consumption could have adverse effects on water-intensive projects and activities in the area.

Uri Zamir, Joshua H. Baraban, Peter Fjodorow et al.

Meeting the demands of sustainable energy economy requires diagnostics of the chemical processes surrounding future fuels and contemporary combustion applications. Pioneered in 1970, Intracavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (ICAS) has evolved to be a powerful instrument in the toolbox of combustion diagnostics. It owes its ultra-high sensitivity to the enhancement of the effective absorption pathlength by placing the absorber inside the cavity of a broadband laser. In this review we introduce the complementary strengths of ICAS to other methods: ultra-high sensitivity to narrowband absorption alongside the immunity to broadband losses, multiplexed detection and (µs-scale)-temporal resolution. We outline the basic concepts and features of ICAS, focusing on the laser dynamics regime where an absorbing sample in the laser resonator yields the well-known Lambert-Beer law. We chart the progress made over the years in visible (dye-jet laser) and near infrared (fiber laser) ICAS speciation in flames, by highlighting case studies where species like long considered ''hard-to detect'' 1CH2 and HCO radicals, along with O-atoms, C2, NH2, HNO, CN, and HCN were measured, as well as thermometry and speciation applications demonstrated in shock tubes, flow-cells and flames based on (stationary or time-resolved) measurements of multicomponent spectral matrices containing lines of CH4, C2H2, CO2, CO, OH and H2O. We highlight the contributions of ICAS in gas-phase nanomaterial synthesis, exemplified in prototypical iron-doped flames and discuss prospective applications in spray-flame pyrolysis and metal-powder combustion. Finally, we present advances in the development of lasing media based on Cr2+ and Fe2+-doped chalcogenide crystals and fluoride crystals doped with trivalent lanthanides, that meet the (ICAS-specific) requirement associated with the necessity to have a gain media lasing directly in the desired wavelength range, and therefore to expand this technique into the important mid-infrared and ultraviolet spectral ranges.

Qingchao Gao, Tuo Li, Chanjuan Liu et al.

Abstract Thanks to the high power/energy densities together with lower cost, potassium ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) have broad application prospects. Nevertheless, the significant volume changes during K+ intercalation/deintercalation together with the misfit between anode as well as cathode limit their further development. Herein, hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon (N-HPC) is fabricated and used as two electrodes materials for PIHCs. The three-dimensional hierarchical porous structure and large interlayer distance of N-HPC afford enough space to alleviate the volume expansion of potassium. Furthermore, the suitable N doping enables additional active sites towards K+ storage and improves electrical conductivity of electrodes. Hence, the constructed PIHCs assembled with dual N-HPC electrodes deliver a high energy density of 103.5 Wh kg‒1 at 1000.0 W kg‒1. Meanwhile, the PIHCs devices also display superior cycling stability, achieving a capacity retention rate of 70.2% after 10,000 cycles at 1.0 A g‒1. Graphical Abstract Hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon (N-HPC) is fabricated and used as two electrode materials for PIHCs. The three-dimensional porous structure of N-HPC, the larger inter-layer distance, and the synergy of N-doped introduction of more active sites make it have good magnification properties. At the same time, the assembled PIHCs cycle of 10000 laps has an excellent cycle retention rate.

Houhe Chen, Haoyuan Li, Chuqiao Lin et al.

Abstract The active distribution network (ADN) can provide the reactive power ancillary service (RPAS) to improve the operations of the transmission network operations (such as voltage control and network loss reduction) as distribution generation grows. In this context, an RPAS market is required to motivate the ADN to provide the RPAS to the transmission network since the transmission system operator (TSO) and the distribution system operator (DSO) are different entities. Hence, to obtain the TSO–DSO coordination in the RPAS market, this study proposes a two‐stage market framework on the basis of the successive clearing of the energy and RPAS markets. Additionally, a distributed market‐clearing mechanism based on an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is adopted to guarantee TSO's and DSO's information privacy. Furthermore, a binary expansion (BE) method is used to linearise the non‐convex bilinear terms in the market‐clearing model. The effectiveness of the proposed RPAS market framework and distributed market‐clearing mechanism is validated using two different test systems with different system scales.

Delcio Junior

Lista dos pareceristas que contribuiram avaliando artigos durante o período de elaboração desta edição da revista Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura (v. 29, n. 2, junho a setembro de 2021). - Andréa Maria Narciso Rocha de Paula – Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil - Anelise Dias – Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - Beatriz Medeiros de Melo – Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil - Cátia Antônia da Silva – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - Cristiano Wellington Norberto Ramalho – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil - Daniela Garcez Wives – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil - Eliane Dalmora – Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sergipe (IFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brasil - Evander Eloí Krone – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil - Fabiano Escher – – Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - Flávia Charão-Marques – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil - Flávia Trentini – Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil - Flavio Sacco dos Anjos – Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil - Francisco Carlos Teixeira da Silva – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - Gilson Cássio de Oliveira Santos – Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil - Glauber Lopes Xavier – Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG), Anápolis, Goiás, Brasil - Guélmer Júnior Almeida Faria – Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil - Igor Simoni Homem de Carvalho – Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - Jandir Ferrera de Lima – Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), Toledo, Paraná, Brasil - Janine Helfst Leicht Collaço – Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil - John Wilkinson – Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - Jorge Andres Vélez-Correa – Universidad del Valle, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colômbia - Marcos Otávio Bezerra – Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - Maria Aparecida Chaves Martins – Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil - Mariana de Andrade Soares – Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (Emater/RS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil - Mariana Miggiolaro Chaguri – Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil - Maria Thereza Macedo Pedroso – Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil - Mireya Eugenia Valencia Perafán – Rede Brasileira de Pesquisa e Gestão em Desenvolvimento Territorial, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil - Paulo André Nierdele – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil - Rodica Weitzman – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil - Thais Joi Martins – Universidade Federal do Recôncavo Baiano (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil - Thomas Ludewigs – Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil

M. Ripa, J.J. Cadillo-Benalcazar, M. Giampietro

Biofuels represent a complex issue in the sustainability discourse as they require the simultaneous consideration of different dimensions and scales of analysis. This situation explains the co-existence of contrasting ‘scientific evidence’ about their performance. This paper presents a novel conceptual framework that integrates four key aspects of the performance of biofuels: (1) the social factors determining the desirability of biofuel use on the demand side – why do we want to produce biofuels?; (2) the internal technical and economic constraints affecting the viability of their mode of production on the supply side – how can we produce biofuels?; (3) the external biophysical constraints limiting the feasibility of their production – what are the material limits imposed by the availability of natural resources?; (4) the level of openness of the biofuel system referring to the imports used to overcome local limits – the level of externalization of the requirement of natural resources and technical production factors reducing energy security. The proposed framework generates a biophysical characterization of the supply function of a biofuel system (which inputs are needed to generate the supply) contextualized against a biophysical characterization of the societal demand (what inputs the society is ready to invest in the energy system in order to obtain the supply).

Worlanyo Kwadjo Siabi, Emmanuel Degraft-Johnson Owusu-Ansah, Helen Michelle Korkor Essandoh et al.

Nearly 6494 boreholes with iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentrations above permissible limits of 0.3 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L respectively in Ghana have been abandoned because of ineffective water treatment solutions. Activated carbon prepared from teak (Tectona grandis) and shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) charcoal (ACM), of effective grain sizes 0.075–0.2 mm and 0.2–2.0 mm was found to achieve 92.5–100% Fe and Mn removal in batch tests. The experiments, which were repeated for natural groundwater with a low flow similar to boreholes simulated with handpumps and limited mechanized water systems achieved similar Fe and Mn adsorption levels. Data on Fe and Mn adsorption for varying ACM mass and grain sizes, using fixed columns in continuous flow tests were fitted to Adam-Bohart, Thomas and Yoon-Nelson adsorption models to generate data for improvement in water treatment designs. The objective of this modelling process is to develop a prediction mechanism for ACM mass and grain size needed for the design of Fe and Mn removal plants for groundwater with various characteristics. Adsorption constants obtained for Yoon-Nelson; 0.3095 and Adams-Bohart; 0.07335 at R2 values of 0.9728 and 0.9841 respectively are appropriate for generating ACM mass needed, when the target contaminant is Fe and Mn

Ronaldo Tavares de Souza

Abstract As a growing option for small farmers, alternative food networks (AFN) have attracted the attention of researchers around the world. Nevertheless, not much focus is given to box-schemes as a format itself. The nomenclature is often associated with community-supported agriculture (CSA) and solidarity purchase groups (SPG), but many companies have reduced geographic and informational distances without demanding such a narrow relationship between collaborators. The aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between companies and their customers. A theoretical framework was built based on thoughts about economic integration and the relationship in the retail environment to examine the possibility of reciprocity and redistribution. The fieldwork was conducted in São Paulo, Brazil. Technology is found to be fundamental to the rise of such companies, but the Internet is not the only key, the telephone is also important for a warmer and closer relationship. The interviews revealed different signals of reciprocity supporting a trusting relationship while the occasional buyers demonstrate more opportunistic behaviors. Of the cases studied, one successful company demonstrated signs of reciprocity between companies and customers, as well as customer integration based on redistribution characteristics. This confirmed the possibility of the box-scheme contributing to rural sustainability, related to customers who have built a broader perspective, going beyond price and quality. The article concludes defending that this format of commerce should be further studied to confirm its capacity to support rural development and continue to deepen the understanding of the conditions that can make it successful.

Artur Amirzyanovich Gibadullin

The article describes those approaches to the learning process that combine the methods of neural networks and qualimetry models. The subject of research is game training. It takes place as a part of an interactive action that provides for a specific result. An obvious indicator is the quality of the game and the gameplay itself. The key task is the assessment of intelligence. As a result, we get general estimates for people and for cars, combine them into a single scheme.

Sorrieul Jérémy, Gibory Vincent, Dinh Chau Phi et al.

Intrathecal analgesia has increased over the past two decades based on high level proof of efficacy in patients with cancer. Morphine and Ziconotide remains the reference. Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference IT treatment algorithm recommends as the second line therapy opioids/ziconotide combination. Sufentanil and ziconotide combination can be used. The implantable pumps development helped to improve the comfort of the patient. The refills were prepared under a laminar airflow hood under strictly aseptic conditions, by the hospital pharmacist. In order to secure the process, a new analytical method by simple liquid chromatography ultraviolet spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of two analgesic drugs (sufentanil, ziconotide). The method was validated according to the recommendation of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The method was linear between 0.1 to 4 μg/mL for ziconotide and 3.125 to 50 µg/mL for sufentanil. This routine quality control analysis secures the production process.

Adiyanti Hoar Tetik, Yosefina Marice Fallo

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran usahatani kacang hijau di Kecamatan Wewiku Kabupaten Malaka, mengetahui besarnya pendapatan yang diperoleh petani dari usahatani kacang hijau di Kecamatan Wewiku Kabupaten Malaka, dan mengetahui besarnya keuntungan relatif dari usahatani kacang hijau di Kecamatan Wewiku Kabupaten Malaka. Dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Wewiku Kabupaten Malaka mulai dari bulan Mei sampai dengan bulan Juni 2016. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara random sampling dari populasi yang berjumlah 525 kk sehingga total responden 52 orang. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kuantitatif untuk menegetahui tujuan pertama, analisis pendapatan untuk mengetahui tujuan kedua, dan analisis keuntungan relative untuk mengetahui tujuan ketiga. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat digambarkan bahwa tahapan usahatani kacang hijau terdiri dari persiapan lahan, persiapan benih, penanaman, penyiangan, panen dan pasca panen. Besarnya pendapatan usahatani kacang hijau tertinggi sebesar Rp. 2.225.125 dan terendah Rp. (2.482) dengan rata-rata Rp. 1.493.494. Tinggi rendahnya pendapatan tergantung dari biaya yang dikeluarkan, harga jual dan produksi kacang hijau pada musim tanam 2015/2016. Nilai rata-rata R/C ratio dari usahatani kacang hijau sebesar 2,2 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa usahatani kacang hijau secara ekonomis menguntungkan sehingga usahatani tersebut mempunyai prospek yang lebih baik untuk terus dikembangakan.

Marcos Botton Piccin, Roberto José Moreira

Este trabalho procura elucidar a incorporação da agroecologia nas estratégias produtivas de agricultores-assentados do Assentamento Ceres/RS a partir da análise de suas trajetórias sociais. As reações às experiências do período de luta pela terra proporcionaram determinados comportamentos que estimularam a participação em cursos de agroecologia durante essa fase de suas vidas. No estabelecimento das estratégias produtivas em Assentamento emergiram situações de tensão com a monocultura da soja, que caracterizava os cultivos na região onde essa área reformada está localizada. Sugere-se que a agroecologia está associada mais como uma possibilidade de arranjos produtivos do que com um modo de vida.

David ARBOLEDA C., Ana L. CAÑAS O., Albeiro LÓPEZ H et al.

Los virus causan enfermedades humanas y animales de gran importancia epidemiológica y económica, para la mayoría de las cuales no existen tratamientos satisfactorios, o con las terapias se generan cepas resistentes. Extractos de plantas pertenecientes a la familia Euphorbiaceae han mostrado actividad contra virus de la familia Herpesviridae. Utilizando la técnica de tinción en placa con cristal violeta, se evaluó la citotoxicidad y la actividad antiviral de los extractos en hexano, en acetato de etilo, en metanol y en agua de las especies Caryodendron orinocense y Phyllanthus niruri contra los virus del Herpes Simplex tipo 2 (HSV-2) y del Herpes Bovino tipo 1 (HVB-1). Además, se realizó un estudio fitoquímico preliminar de las dos especies. En general, los extractos de las especies estudiadas muestran citotoxicidad a concentraciones mayores de 250 &mu;g/mL. El extracto en acetato de etilo de la especie Caryodendron orinocense fue el que registró el mayor factor de reducción viral para HSV-2 y HVB-1, el cual fue de 10² a una concentración de 125 &mu;g/ml y de 10(4) a 62.5 &mu;g/ml respectivamente. Las especies estudiadas muestran una composición química determinada principalmente por aminoácidos, compuestos fenólicos, taninos y triterpenoides, metabolitos que podrían estar involucrados en su actividad antiviral.<br>Viruses cause human and animal diseases of both epidemiological and economic importance and for many of them there are no satisfactory treatments or resistant strains are generated during drug therapy. Extracts from the Euphorbiaceae family plants have shown activity against viruses belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Both the toxicity and the antiviral activity of hexanic, ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous extracts from the Euphorbiaceae species Caryodendron orinocense and Phyllanthus niruri against Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 and Herpes Bovine Virus type 1, were evaluated using the crystal violet plaque staining technique. Furthermore, a preliminary phytochemical study of both species is presented. In general, extracts from the studied species showed toxic concentrations higher than 250 &mu;g/ml. The ethyl acetate extract from Caryodendron orinocense showed the greatest viral reduction factor for both HSV-2 and HVB-1, namely, 10² at a concentration of 125 &mu;g/ml and 10(4) a 62.5 &mu;g/ml, respectively. The studied species showed a chemical composition determined primarily by aminoacids, phenolic compounds, tanins and triterpenes, metabolites that could be involved in their antiviral activity.