A comprehensive review on the integration of microneedle technologies with biosensing platforms for advancements in fabrication, biomarker detection, and therapeutic monitoring in precision medicine

Abstract In recent years, microneedle (MN) and biosensor technologies have emerged as innovative solutions for non-invasive drug delivery and real-time disease diagnostics. Microneedles offer numerous advantages, including minimal pain, targeted delivery, improved bioavailability, and enhanced patient compliance. Various types—solid, hollow, dissolving, coated, and hydrogel microneedles—are designed to address specific therapeutic needs, each with unique drug release mechanisms. Advanced fabrication techniques such as 3D printing, laser ablation, photolithography, and micro-stereolithography allow for precise design and scalability. Biosensors, composed of bioreceptors and transducers, detect and quantify biological signals with high sensitivity and specificity. These devices are classified based on bioreceptors (enzymes, antibodies, cells), transduction mechanisms (electrochemical, optical, acoustic), and detection principles (mechanical, electronic). The integration of microneedles with biosensors enables continuous, real-time monitoring of biomarkers for chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, and renal dysfunction. Several microneedle-based biosensing devices have been developed for glucose, urea, cholesterol, nitric oxide, and carcinoembryonic antigen detection. Powering these biosensors effectively remains crucial. Emerging technologies such as triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric nanogenerators, and biological fuel cells offer promising self-powered solutions. Moreover, the future scope includes integration with artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and biodegradable materials for personalized and sustainable healthcare. This review highlights the synergistic potential of microneedles and biosensors in diagnostics and therapeutics, emphasizing their role in transforming point-of-care medicine and wearable health monitoring. Graphical abstract