Hasil untuk "Science"

P. Freyberg, R. Osborne

Jaime Arguello, S. Aylward, Tamara L. Berg et al.

I. Lakatos

Avi Hofstein, Vincent N. Lunetta

P. Johnson-Laird

W. Dashek

This annotated resource list was developed in response to an expressed need by King Drew Medical Magnet High School science teachers for curriculum-related, web-based science information that is reliable, up-to-date, and content and age-appropriate to the high school student. Aided through our year-long collaboration with National Library of Medicine through the Distance Learning Project, we were able to evaluate the best of the best available on the web, and in many instances this meant using NLM’s vast network of resources. A pre-eminent resource for information in the sciences, NLM served as the standard in selecting all other websites. Before each site made it to these pages, we looked for these indicators of quality: Accuracy, Authority, Currency, and Coverage. (See Appendix: Criteria for Evaluating Internet Sites). This web resource is a work in progress as we will continue making revisions and additions to it as needed.

R. Driver, V. Oldham

Bruno Latour

A. Petrie, P. J. Watson

R. Hackett

J. Lebowitz, M. Lewis, P. Schuck

Nathan Taback

Generative AI (GAI) reveals an irreducible human core at the center of data science: advances in GAI should sharpen, rather than diminish, the focus on human reasoning in data science education. GAI can now execute many routine data science workflows, including cleaning, summarizing, visualizing, modeling, and drafting reports. Yet the competencies that matter most remain irreducibly human: problem formulation, measurement and design, causal identification, statistical and computational reasoning, ethics and accountability, and sensemaking. Drawing on Donoho's Greater Data Science framework, Nolan and Temple Lang's vision of computational literacy, and the McLuhan-Culkin insight that we shape our tools and thereafter our tools shape us, this paper traces the emergence of data science through three converging lineages: Tukey's intellectual vision of data analysis as a science, the commercial logic of surveillance capitalism that created industrial demand for data scientists, and the academic programs that followed. Mapping GAI's impact onto Donoho's six divisions of Greater Data Science shows that computing with data (GDS3) has been substantially automated, while data gathering, preparation, and exploration (GDS1) and science about data science (GDS6) still require essential human input. The educational implication is that data science curricula should focus on this human core while teaching students how to contribute effectively within iterative prompt-output-prompt cycles using retrieval-augmented generation, and that learning outcomes and assessments should explicitly evaluate reasoning and judgment.

Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale

Lake Faro is a unique coastal meromictic ecosystem characterized by a permanent density stratification that prevents complete vertical mixing, resulting in a stable oxic-anoxic interface (chemocline). This study aims to characterize microbial diversity and community assembly along the water column, thanks also to the measure of the environmental parameters of the water nutrients which gave us great support to understand how steep environmental gradients shape niche partitioning. Microbial community composition was investigated using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA (using cDNA), revealing interesting insights on taxonomic and functional transitions from surface waters to the reduced bottom layers. The highlighted a pronounced vertical zonation of microbial communities, tightly coupled to sulfur and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles. The monimolimnion (0–12m) is dominated by typical marine aerobic groups, including oxygenic Cyanobacteria (mainly Synechococcus spp.), followed by Bacteroidota and Proteobacteria, which collectively sustain primary production in the nutrient-limited upper layers. Chemocline (12-15m) and Ipolimnion (15–25m), represent a metabolic hotspot where a shift in community composition occurs. Here, bacterial communities are dominated by Desulfobacterota, the second most abundant phylum after Bacteroidota, with Dissulfuribacteraceae, Desulfobulbaceae, Desulfuromonadaceae as most representative families, well adapted to low-light and high-sulfide conditions. Overall, the findings of this study suggests that below 15m depth a complex anaerobic food web develops, primarily structured by dissolved oxygen, sulfide concentration, and redox potential. This study provides a comprehensive baseline for understanding microbial dark matter in meromictic lagoons and highlights the chemocline as a critical ecological filter regulating carbon and sulfur cycling in coastal Mediterranean environments.

Huynh Hoang Khanh Thu, Yulia V. Ostankova, Alexander N. Shchemelev et al.

Vietnam faces a hyperendemic burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but the prevalence of occult HBV infection (OBI) and its underlying molecular mechanisms in healthy populations remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the serological and molecular HBV profile of a healthy Vietnamese adult cohort in Southern Vietnam. We assessed the prevalence of occult HBV infection (OBI) and HBsAg-positivity (serving as a proxy for probable chronic infection). In this cross-sectional study, 397 healthy adults from Southern Vietnam underwent serological screening for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc. All participants were screened for HBV DNA using a high-sensitivity PCR assay (LOD ≥ 5 IU/mL). For all viremic cases, the full Pre-S/S region was sequenced to determine genotype and characterize escape mutations. We uncovered a high prevalence of both HBsAg-positivity (17.6%) and OBI (9.3% HBsAg-negative, HBV DNA-positive). Serological analysis revealed a massive, age-dependent reservoir of past exposure (63.7% anti-HBc) characterized by a high and increasing prevalence of the anti-HBc only profile (31.5%), a key serological marker for OBI. This trend contrasted sharply with a steep age-related decline in protective anti-HBs. The viral landscape was dominated by genotypes B (73.8%) and C (26.2%), with sub-genotypes B4 and C1 being the most prevalent. Critically, individuals with OBI carried a significantly higher burden of S gene escape mutations compared to those with HBsAg-positivity (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Canonical escape variants, including sG145R (21.6%), sK141R/T/E/Q (24.3%), and sT116N/A/I/S (18.9%), were exclusively or highly enriched in the OBI group. A LASSO-logistic model based on this mutational profile successfully predicted occult infection with high accuracy (AUC = 0.83). A substantial hidden reservoir of occult HBV infection exists within the healthy adult population of Vietnam, driven by a high burden of S gene escape mutations. These findings highlight the significant limitations of conventional HBsAg-only screening. They also underscore the need for comprehensive molecular surveillance to address the true scope of HBV viremia, hopefully enabling a reduction in hidden transmission of clinically significant viral variants.

Ryan Harries, Cornelia Lawson, Philip Shapira

This paper examines the impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) on scientific practices, conducting a qualitative review of selected literature to explore its applications, benefits, and challenges. The review draws on the OpenAlex publication database, using a Boolean search approach to identify scientific literature related to GenAI (including large language models and ChatGPT). Thirty-nine highly cited papers and commentaries are reviewed and qualitatively coded. Results are categorized by GenAI applications in science, scientific writing, medical practice, and education and training. The analysis finds that while there is a rapid adoption of GenAI in science and science practice, its long-term implications remain unclear, with ongoing uncertainties about its use and governance. The study provides early insights into GenAI's growing role in science and identifies questions for future research in this evolving field.

Athanase Papadopoulos

Vincenzo Galilei and Constantijn Huygens were both humanists and eminent musicians, the former from the late Renaissance and the latter from the early Modern era. Their respective sons, Galileo and Christiaan, were scientists whose importance cannot be overestimated. My aim in this chapter is to set the scene for a parallel presentation of the legacy of the Galilei on the one hand, and the Huygens on the other. This will give us an opportunity to talk about mathematics, music and acoustics, but also about science in general, at this time of birth of the Modern era.

Matthew O. Jackson, Qiaozhu Me, Stephanie W. Wang et al.

We discuss the three main areas comprising the new and emerging field of "AI Behavioral Science". This includes not only how AI can enhance research in the behavioral sciences, but also how the behavioral sciences can be used to study and better design AI and to understand how the world will change as AI and humans interact in increasingly layered and complex ways.